Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology

by Mader, Sylvia S.

• ISBN13: 9780697078568
• ISBN10: 0697078566
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1991-01-01
• Publisher: William C Brown Pub

Summary

Renowned for her effective learning systems, respected author Sylvia Mader has helped thousands of entry-level students understand and enjoy the principles of human anatomy and physiology. Mader expertly weaves up-to-date informative content with effective learning systems, piecing together the facts and fascination of human anatomy and physiology. With the fifth edition of Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology, your introductory, one-semester students have the opportunity to experience an effective blend of up-to-date, informational content with several new features and an extensively enhanced multimedia support system.

Table of Contents

Boxed Readings	p. x
Preface	p. xii
Human Organization	p. 1
Organization of the Body	p. 1
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 2
Organization of Body Parts	p. 2
Anatomical Terms	p. 3
Relative Positions of Body Parts	p. 3
Planes and Sections of the Body	p. 4
Regions of the Body	p. 5
Cavities of the Body	p. 6
Organ Systems	p. 9
Integumentary System	p. 9
Support and Movement	p. 9
Integration and Coordination	p. 9
Maintenance of the Body	p. 9
Reproduction and Development	p. 12
Homeostasis	p. 12
Medical Focus: Spare Parts	p. 11
Chemistry of Life	p. 16
Elements and Atoms	p. 17
Isotopes: Atomic Weights Vary	p. 18
Molecules and Compounds	p. 18
Some Important Inorganic Molecules	p. 20
Water	p. 20
Electrolytes	p. 21
Acids and Bases	p. 21
Some Important Organic Molecules	p. 23
Carbohydrates	p. 23
Lipids	p. 24
Proteins	p. 25
Nucleic Acids	p. 29
ATP	p. 29
Medical Focus: Imaging the Body	p. 19
Medical Focus: Nutrition Labels	p. 26
Cell Structure and Function	p. 33
The Plasma Membrane	p. 34
The Nucleus	p. 35
The Cytoplasm	p. 36
Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis	p. 36
Endomembrane System	p. 37
Mitochondria	p. 38
Centrioles and Related Organelles	p. 39
Plasma Membrane Transport	p. 39
Passive Transport	p. 39
Active Transport	p. 41
Endocytosis and Exocytosis	p. 42
Cell Division	p. 42
Mitosis	p. 42
Meiosis	p. 44
Medical Focus: Hemodialysis	p. 40
MedAlert: Cancer	p. 44
Body Tissues and Membranes	p. 48
Body Tissues	p. 49
Epithelial Tissue	p. 49
Connective Tissue	p. 51
Muscular Tissue	p. 55
Nervous Tissue	p. 58
Body Membranes	p. 59
Mucous Membranes	p. 59
Serous Membranes	p. 59
Synovial Membranes	p. 60
Meninges	p. 60
Cutaneous Membrane	p. 60
Medical Focus: Classification of Cancers	p. 57
The Integumentary System	p. 62
Structure of the Skin	p. 63
Epidermis	p. 63
Dermis	p. 64
Subcutaneous Layer	p. 64
Accessory Structures of the Skin	p. 65
Hair and Nails	p. 65
Glands	p. 66
Functions of the Skin	p. 67
Protection	p. 67
Synthesis of Vitamin D	p. 67
Sensory Reception and Communication	p. 67
Regulation of Body Temperature	p. 68
Disorders of the Skin	p. 68
Skin Cancer	p. 68
Burns	p. 71
Wound Healing	p. 72
Effects of Aging	p. 73
Visual Focus: Temperature Control	p. 69
Medical Focus: Link between UV Radiation and Skin Cancer	p. 70
Medical Focus: Epidermis from the Laboratory	p. 71
Working Together: Integumentary System	p. 74
Support and Movement	p. 77
The Skeletal System	p. 77
Skeleton: Overview	p. 78
Functions	p. 78
Anatomy of a Long Bone	p. 78
Growth and Development	p. 80
Fractures	p. 81
Axial Skeleton	p. 81
Skull	p. 81
Hyoid Bone	p. 84
Vertebral Column (Spine)	p. 87
Thoracic Cage	p. 89
Appendicular Skeleton	p. 90
Pectoral Girdle	p. 90
Upper Limb (Arm)	p. 91
Pelvic Girdle	p. 94
Lower Limb (Leg)	p. 97
Joints (Articulations)	p. 99
Classification	p. 99
Movements Permitted by Synovial Joints	p. 103
Effects of Aging	p. 104
Medical Focus: Knee Injuries	p. 100
MedAlert: Arthritic Joints	p. 102
Working Together: Skeletal System	p. 105
The Muscular System	p. 109
Types and Functions of Muscles	p. 110
Types of Muscles	p. 110
Functions of Muscles	p. 110
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Contraction	p. 110
Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle	p. 111
Physiology of Muscle Contraction	p. 113
Chemistry of Muscle Contraction	p. 113
Aspects of Muscle Contraction	p. 114
Skeletal Muscles of the Body	p. 117
Naming Muscles	p. 117
Muscles of the Head	p. 120
Muscles of the Neck and Trunk	p. 121
Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Limb (Arm)	p. 123
Muscles of the Thigh and Lower Limb (Leg)	p. 126
Effects of Aging	p. 129
Visual Focus: Contraction of a Muscle	p. 112
Medical Focus: Muscular Dystrophy	p. 115
MedAlert: Benefits of Exercise	p. 116
Working Together: Muscular System	p. 131
Integration and Coordination	p. 135
The Nervous System	p. 135
Nervous System	p. 136
Divisions of the Nervous System	p. 136
Functions of the Nervous System	p. 137
Cells of Nervous Tissue	p. 137
Nerve Impulses	p. 140
The Synapse	p. 140
Nerves	p. 142
Reflexes and the Reflex Arc	p. 142
Central Nervous System	p. 144
Brain	p. 144
Spinal Cord	p. 150
Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid	p. 150
Peripheral Nervous System	p. 152
Somatic Nervous System	p. 152
Autonomic Nervous System	p. 155
Effects of Aging	p. 158
Medical Focus: The Left and Right Brain	p. 146
Medical Focus: EEG	p. 149
Medical Focus: Spinal Cord Injuries	p. 150
Working Together: Nervous System	p. 159
MedAlert: Alzheimer Disease	p. 160
The Sensory System	p. 165
General Receptors	p. 166
Skin	p. 166
Visceral Organs	p. 167
Muscles and Joints	p. 167
Chemoreceptors	p. 168
Photoreceptors	p. 169
Accessory Organs of the Eye	p. 170
Structure of the Eye	p. 172
Mechanoreceptors	p. 179
External Ear	p. 180
Middle Ear	p. 180
Inner Ear	p. 180
Hearing	p. 180
Balance (Equilibrium)	p. 183
Effects of Aging	p. 183
Medical Focus: Myasthenia Gravis	p. 171
MedAlert: Age-Related Macular Degeneration	p. 174
Medical Focus: Corrective Lenses	p. 178
Medical Focus: Hearing Damage and Deafness	p. 182
The Endocrine System	p. 186
Endocrine System	p. 187
Hormone Action	p. 187
Endocrine Glands	p. 187
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland	p. 190
Posterior Pituitary	p. 190
Anterior Pituitary	p. 191
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands	p. 193
Thyroid Gland	p. 193
Parathyroid Glands	p. 194
Adrenal Glands	p. 194
Adrenal Medulla	p. 195
Adrenal Cortex	p. 195
Pancreas	p. 197
Diabetes Mellitus	p. 197
Testes and Ovaries	p. 199
Testosterone	p. 199
Estrogen and Progesterone	p. 199
Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones	p. 199
Hormones Not Associated with Glands	p. 202
Effects of Aging	p. 202
Visual Focus: Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary	p. 191
Medical Focus: Glucocorticoid Therapy	p. 195
MedAlert: Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids	p. 200
Working Together: Endocrine System	p. 203
Maintenance of the Body	p. 207
Blood	p. 207
Composition of Blood	p. 208
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)	p. 208
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)	p. 208
Types of White Blood Cells	p. 209
Platelets (Thrombocytes)	p. 212
Hematopoiesis	p. 212
Plasma	p. 212
Functions of Blood	p. 214
Transport	p. 214
Blood Clotting	p. 215
Blood Groups and Typing	p. 217
ABO System	p. 217
Rh System	p. 217
Blood Typing	p. 218
Effects of Aging	p. 219
Medical Focus: Abnormal Red and White Blood Cell Counts	p. 210
Medical Focus: Who Should Not Give Blood	p. 218
The Circulatory System	p. 222
Anatomy of the Heart	p. 223
Pericardial Membranes	p. 223
Chambers of the Heart	p. 223
Path of Blood in the Heart	p. 227
Double Pump	p. 227
Heartbeat	p. 227
Cardiac Disorders	p. 232
Vascular System	p. 234
Blood Vessels	p. 234
Path of Circulation	p. 236
Features of the Circulatory System	p. 244
Pulse	p. 244
Blood Pressure	p. 244
Effects of Aging	p. 246
Medical Focus: Congestive Heart Failure	p. 227
Medical Focus: The Electrocardiogram	p. 230
MedAlert: Preventing Heart Attacks	p. 232
Working Together: Circulatory System	p. 247
The Lymphatic System and Immunity	p. 251
Lymphatic System	p. 252
Lymphatic Vessels	p. 252
Lymphoid Organs	p. 253
Immunity	p. 256
Nonspecific Defenses	p. 256
Specific Defenses	p. 258
Immunotherapy	p. 262
Active Immunity	p. 262
Passive Immunity	p. 262
Lymphokines	p. 264
Immunological Side Effects and Illnesses	p. 266
Allergies	p. 266
Tissue Rejection	p. 266
Autoimmune Diseases	p. 267
Immune Deficiency	p. 267
Effects of Aging	p. 267
Medical Focus: Lymph Nodes and Illnesses	p. 254
Medical Focus: Bone Marrow Biopsy and Transplant	p. 255
Visual Focus: The Inflammatory Reaction	p. 257
Medical Focus: Immunization: The Great Protector	p. 263
MedAlert: AIDS Epidemic	p. 264
Working Together: Lymphatic System	p. 268
The Respiratory System	p. 271
Respiratory Organs	p. 272
Nose	p. 273
Pharynx	p. 273
Larynx	p. 274
Trachea	p. 275
Bronchi and Bronchioles	p. 275
Lungs	p. 276
Mechanisms of Breathing	p. 277
Inspiration	p. 277
Expiration	p. 279
Lung Capacities	p. 280
Respiration Mechanisms and Transport of Gases	p. 281
Partial Pressures of Gases	p. 281
Transport of Gases	p. 282
Respiratory Infections and Lung Disorders	p. 284
Respiratory Infections	p. 284
Lung Disorders	p. 285
Effects of Aging	p. 287
Medical Focus: Modified Breathing Rates	p. 277
Visual Focus: Inspiration Versus Expiration	p. 279
Medical Focus: Heimlich Maneuver	p. 281
MedAlert: The Most Often Asked Questions about Smoking, Tobacco, and Health, and ... the Answers	p. 288
Working Together: Respiratory System	p. 290
The Digestive System	p. 294
Digestive System	p. 295
Mouth	p. 296
Pharynx	p. 298
Esophagus	p. 299
Stomach	p. 299
Small Intestine	p. 301
Large Intestine	p. 303
Accessory Organs	p. 306
Pancreas	p. 306
Liver	p. 306
Gallbladder	p. 308
Chemical Digestion	p. 309
Nutrition	p. 309
Vitamins	p. 310
Minerals	p. 311
Effects of Aging	p. 314
Medical Focus: Human Teeth	p. 297
MedAlert: Constipation	p. 304
Medical Focus: Viral Hepatitis	p. 308
Medical Focus: Antioxidants	p. 311
Working Together: Digestive System	p. 315
The Urinary System	p. 319
Urinary System	p. 320
Functions of the Urinary System	p. 320
Urinary Organs	p. 320
Urination	p. 322
Urine Formation	p. 323
Steps in Urine Formation	p. 323
Concentrated Urine	p. 325
Special Features of the Nephron	p. 327
Regulatory Functions of the Kidney	p. 327
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance	p. 327
Acid-Base Balance	p. 329
Effects of Aging	p. 331
Visual Focus: Steps in Urine Formation	p. 324
Medical Focus: Illnesses Detected by Urinalysis	p. 325
MedAlert: Prostate Enlargement	p. 330
Working Together: Urinary System	p. 332
Reproduction and Development	p. 335
The Reproductive System	p. 335
Male Reproductive System	p. 336
Testes	p. 336
Genital Tract	p. 336
External Genitals	p. 339
Orgasm in Males	p. 339
Regulation of Male Hormone Levels	p. 340
Female Reproductive System	p. 341
Ovaries	p. 341
Genital Tract	p. 343
External Genitals	p. 345
Orgasm in Females	p. 345
Regulation of Female Hormone Levels	p. 345
Control of Reproduction and Sexually Transmitted Diseases	p. 349
Infertility	p. 349
Birth Control	p. 351
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	p. 353
Effects of Aging	p. 355
Visual Focus: Anatomy of Ovary and Follicle	p. 342
Medical Focus: Ovarian Cancer	p. 344
Visual Focus: Regulation of Estrogen and Progesterone Secretion by Negative Feedback	p. 346
MedAlert: Endometriosis	p. 350
Medical Focus: Alternative Methods of Reproduction	p. 351
Working Together: Reproductive System	p. 356
Human Development and Birth	p. 360
Fertilization	p. 361
Development	p. 364
Extraembryonic Membranes	p. 364
Placenta	p. 364
Pre-Embryonic and Embryonic Development	p. 365
Fetal Development	p. 368
Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother	p. 370
Birth	p. 371
Stages of Birth	p. 371
Female Breast and Lactation	p. 373
MedAlert: Detecting Birth Defects	p. 362
Medical Focus: Teratogens	p. 367
Medical Focus: Premature Babies	p. 372
Human Genetics	p. 377
Inheritance of Autosomes	p. 379
Down Syndrome	p. 379
Other Autosomal Abnormalities	p. 381
Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes	p. 381
Gene Inheritance	p. 383
Genetic Disorders	p. 384
Biochemical Genetics	p. 385
Biotechnology	p. 387
Gene Therapy	p. 388
Visual Focus: Ex Vivo Gene Therapy in Humans	p. 388
Reference Figures: The Human Organism	p. 391
Understanding Medical Terminology	p. 398
Answers to Objective Questions	p. 406
Further Readings	p. 411
Glossary	p. 413
Credits	p. 430
Index	p. 433
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