Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment With Infotrac

by ZASTROW/KIRST-ASHMAN

• ISBN13: 9780534546892
• ISBN10: 0534546897
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-07-13
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Author Biography

Charles Zastrow, Mssw, and PhD, is Professor in the Social Work Department, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater Karen K. Kirst-Ashman, Mssw, PhD, and Certified Independent Clinical Social Worker, is Professor in the Social Work Department, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

Table of Contents

About the Authors	vii
Preface	xvii
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Behavior and the Social Environment	1	(50)
A Prespective	2	(1)
Foundation Knowledge and the Purpose of Social Work	3	(1)
Foundation Knowledge and the Process of Social Work: The Importance of Assessment	4	(1)
Impacts of Systems in the Environment	5	(8)
Understanding Key Concepts in Systems Theories	5	(3)
The Ecological Perspective: Important Concepts	8	(1)
Case Example: Child Abuse	9	(4)
People's Involvement with Multiple Systems	13	(10)
Micro, Mezzo, and Macro Systems	14	(1)
The Social Environment	14	(1)
Interactions Between Micro Systems and Mezzo Systems	14	(1)
Interactions Between Micro Systems and Macro Systems	14	(3)
The Impact of Social Forces	17	(1)
The Relationships among Biological, Psychological, and Social Systems	18	(1)
Bio-Psycho-Social Systems Affect Each Other	19	(1)
Application of Values and Ethics to Bio-Psycho-Social System Assessments	20	(1)
Diversity, Oppression, and Populations-at-Risk	21	(2)
The Systems Impact Model	23	(4)
The Client System	23	(1)
The Relationship Between Organizational Macro Systems and Client Systems	24	(1)
The Relationship Between the Community Macro System and the Client System	24	(1)
The Relationship Between Organization and Community Macro Systems	25	(1)
Institutional Values Macro System	25	(1)
The Effects of Institutional Values and Organizational Macro Systems on Clients	26	(1)
The Social Worker System	26	(1)
The Impacts of Organizations	27	(3)
What Are Organizations?	27	(2)
Organizational Theories	29	(1)
Viewing Organizations from a Systems Perspective	30	(3)
Resource Input	30	(1)
Process	30	(1)
Output	30	(1)
The Exceptional Problems of Social Service Organizations	30	(2)
Goal Displacement	32	(1)
Communities and Human Behavior	33	(8)
Theoretical Perspectives on Communities	34	(3)
Models of Community	37	(1)
Characteristics of Three Models of Community Change	38	(3)
Social Worker System Roles	41	(6)
Enabler	41	(1)
Hispanic Women, Community Development, and Social Action	42	(2)
Mediator	44	(1)
Integrator/Coordinator	44	(1)
Manager	44	(1)
Educator	44	(1)
Analyst/Evaluator	45	(1)
Broker	45	(1)
Facilitator	45	(1)
Initiator	46	(1)
Negotiator	46	(1)
Advocate	46	(1)
Assessment, Problem Solving, and Social Work: The Underlying Theme	47	(1)
Summary	47	(4)
Case Example: Unplanned Pregnancy	48	(3)
Part One Infancy and Childhood
Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood	51	(47)
A Perspective	52	(1)
The Dynamics of Human Reproduction	52	(13)
Conception	53	(1)
Diagnosis of Pregnancy	54	(1)
Fetal Development during Pregnancy	54	(2)
Prenatal Influences	56	(2)
Prenatal Assessment	58	(1)
Access to Prenatal Care: Obstacles in the Macro Environment	59	(1)
Problem Pregnancies	60	(1)
The Birth Process	60	(5)
Early Functioning of the Neonate	65	(1)
Developmental Milestones	66	(2)
Growth as a Continuous, Orderly Process	67	(1)
Specific Characteristics of Different Age Levels	67	(1)
Individual Differences	67	(1)
The Nature-Nurture Controversy	67	(1)
Relevance to Social Work	68	(1)
Profiles of Normal Development	68	(1)
Significant Issues and Life Events	68	(1)
The Abortion Controversy: Impacts of Social and Economic Forces	68	(18)
Developmental Milestones for Children From Age 4 Months to 11 Years	69	(5)
The Impact of Macro System Policies on Practice and Access to Services	74	(1)
Case Example: Single and Pregnant	75	(4)
Incidence of Abortion	79	(1)
Methods of Abortion	80	(1)
The Importance of Context and Timing	81	(1)
Long-Term Effects of Abortion	81	(1)
Arguments for and Against Abortion	82	(1)
Social Worker Roles and Abortion	83	(1)
Abortion-Related Ethical Dilemmas in Practice	84	(2)
Infertility	86	(10)
Causes of Infertility	87	(1)
Psychological Reactions to Infertility	88	(1)
Treatment of Infertility	88	(1)
Alternatives Available to the Infertile Couple	88	(1)
A Feminist Perspective on Infertility Counseling	89	(4)
An Ethical Dilemma: Fertility Doctor Allegedly Uses His Own Sperm to Impregnate Unknowing Patients	93	(3)
The Effects of Macro Systems on Infertility	96	(1)
Social Work Roles and Infertility	96	(1)
Summary	96	(2)
Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood	98	(48)
A Perspective	99	(1)
Theories of Psychological Development	100	(14)
Psychodynamic Theory	100	(2)
Definitions of Common Defense Mechanisms Postulated By Psychoanalytic Theory	102	(2)
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Psychodynamic Theory	104	(1)
Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic Developments	104	(1)
Behavioral Theories	105	(1)
Phenomenological Theories: Carl Rogers	105	(2)
Feminist Theories	107	(1)
Being Sensitive to Diversity When Examining Psychological Theories	108	(1)
The Relevance of Theory to Social Work: Critical Thinking and Evaluation of Theory	109	(5)
Cognitive Development: Piaget	114	(7)
The Sensorimotor Period	116	(1)
The Preoperational Thought Period	117	(2)
The Period of Concrete Operations	119	(1)
The Period of Formal Operations	119	(1)
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Piaget's. Theory	120	(1)
Emotional Development	121	(3)
Infants' Emotions	122	(1)
Infants and Temperament	123	(1)
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem	124	(3)
The Effects of Positive and Negative Self-Concepts	125	(2)
A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Self-Esteem	127	(1)
Significant Issues and Life Events	127	(17)
Intelligence and Intelligence Testing	127	(5)
People Who Have Cognitive Disabilities: A Population-at-Risk	132	(5)
The Americans With Disabilities Act: A Macro System Addresses a Population-At-Risk	137	(1)
People with Learning Disabilities: A Population-at-Risk	138	(1)
People With Developmental Disabilities: Populations-at-Risk	139	(3)
The Effects of a Learning Disability	142	(2)
Summary	144	(2)
Social Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood	146	(57)
A Perspective	147	(1)
Socialization	148	(1)
The Family Environment	148	(4)
Membership in Family Groups: Variations in Family Structure	148	(1)
Positive Family Functioning	149	(1)
Effects of Social Forces and Policies on Family Systems: Helpful or Hurtful?	150	(2)
The Dynamics of Family Systems	152	(1)
The Family Life Cycle	152	(5)
The Application of Systems Theory Principles to Families	153	(4)
Learning Theory	157	(7)
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Theory	158	(1)
Respondent Conditioning	158	(1)
Modeling	159	(1)
Operant Conditioning	160	(1)
The ABCs of Behavior	160	(1)
Consequences and Recurring Behavior	161	(1)
Reinforcement	161	(1)
Punishment	162	(1)
Extinction	163	(1)
Applications of Learning Theory to Practice	164	(8)
The Use of Positive Reinforcement	165	(1)
Types of Positive Reinforcers	165	(1)
Secondary Reinforcers	165	(2)
Reinforcers versus Rewards	167	(1)
Suggestions for Using Positive Reinforcement	168	(1)
The Use of Punishment	169	(3)
Additional Issues	172	(3)
Accidental Training	172	(1)
Behaviorally Specific Terminology	173	(1)
Accidental Training	173	(1)
Measuring Improvement	174	(1)
The Improtance of Parental Attention	174	(1)
A Specific Treatment Situation: Time-Out from Reinforcement	175	(1)
Improving Effectiveness	175	(1)
``Grounding''	176	(1)
Impacts of Common Life Events on Children	176	(6)
Membership in Family Systems	176	(1)
Membership in Sibling Subsystems	177	(1)
Gender Role Socialization	178	(1)
Ethnic and Cultural Differences in Families	179	(3)
The Social Environment: Peers, Television, and School	182	(7)
The Social Aspects of Play with Peers	182	(3)
The Influence of Television	185	(3)
The School Environment	188	(1)
Child Abuse and Neglect	189	(12)
Incidence and Demographics of Child Abuse and Neglect	190	(1)
Physical Child Abuse	190	(4)
Child Neglect	194	(3)
Sexual Abuse	197	(4)
Suggestions for Talking to Children Victimized by Sexual Assault	201	(1)
Summary	201	(2)
Ethnocentrism and Racism	203	(38)
A Perspective	204	(1)
Ethnic Groups and Ethnocentrism	204	(1)
Race and Racism	205	(2)
Violence Against Minorities in the United States	206	(1)
Aspects of Social and Economic Forces: Prejudice, Discrimination, and Oppression	207	(2)
Racial and Ethnic Streotypes	209	(1)
Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Is the Problem of Whites	209	(1)
White Privilege	210	(1)
Race Is a Social Concept	210	(1)
Institutional Values and Racism: Discrimination in Systems	211	(2)
Discrimination and Oppression in Organizational Macro Systems	211	(1)
Discrimination and Oppression in Community Macro Systems	212	(1)
Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination	213	(4)
Projection	213	(1)
Frustration-Aggression	213	(1)
Countering Insecurity and Inferiority	213	(1)
Authoritarianism	213	(1)
History	213	(1)
Competition and Exploitation	214	(1)
Socialization Patterns	214	(1)
Belief in the One True Religion	214	(1)
Evaluation of Discrimination Theories	214	(1)
Is Racial Discrimination Based on Criminal Thinking?	215	(2)
Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: The Effects and Costs of Discrimination and Oppression	217	(1)
The Effects of Discrimination on Human Growth and Development	218	(5)
History and Culture of African Americans	218	(3)
Effects of Discrimination on Development of Self-Concept	221	(1)
The Africentric Perspective and Worldview	221	(1)
Kwanzaa	222	(1)
Strategies to Promote Social and Economic Justice	223	(8)
Mass Media Appeals: Striving to Change Institutional Values	223	(1)
Greater Interaction Between Minority Groups and the Majority Group	224	(1)
Civil Rights Laws: Changing the Legal Macro System	224	(1)
Activism	224	(1)
Rosa Parks' Act of Courage Sparked the Civil Rights Movement	225	(1)
School Busing: A Community Initiative	225	(1)
Affirmative Action: A Macro System Response	226	(2)
Confronting Racist Remarks and Actions	228	(1)
Minority-Owned Businesses	228	(1)
Confronting Community Problems: Inner Cities	228	(2)
Grass-Roots Organizations: Implementing Change in Community Macro Systems	230	(1)
Social Work Practice with Racial and Ethnic Groups	231	(5)
Ethnic-Sensitive Practice	231	(2)
Learning the Culture of the Group	233	(1)
Self-Awareness of Values, Prejudices, and Stereotypes	234	(1)
Application to Theory to Practice: Techniques of Intervention	234	(1)
Social Work Roles to Counter Discrimination	235	(1)
The Future of American Race and Ethnic Relations	236	(1)
Summary	236	(5)
A Dream of the End of Racism	237	(4)
Part Two Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood	241	(35)
A Perspective	242	(1)
Adolescence	243	(1)
Puberty	243	(3)
The Growth Spurt	243	(1)
The Secular Trend	244	(1)
Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics	244	(2)
Psychological Reactions to Physical Changes	246	(2)
Body Image and Self-Concept	246	(1)
Weight, Women, and Eating Disorders	246	(1)
Critical Thinking About Weight and Body Image	247	(1)
Early and Late Maturation in Boys	247	(1)
Early and Late Maturation in Girls	248	(1)
Young Adulthood	248	(7)
Physical Development	249	(1)
Health Status	249	(1)
Breast Cancer	250	(3)
Life-Style and Good Health	253	(2)
Significant Issues and Life Events	255	(20)
Sexual Activity in Adolescence	255	(1)
Masturbation	256	(1)
Unplanned Pregnancy in Adolescence	257	(1)
Teenage Fathers	258	(1)
Why Do Teens Get Pregnant?	258	(1)
Portrait of a Single Father	259	(1)
Sex Education	260	(2)
Focus on Diversity: Empowerment through Sex Education for Native Americans	262	(1)
Sex Education in the Age of AIDS	263	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)	264	(3)
Major Methods of Contraception	267	(8)
Summary	275	(1)
Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood	276	(30)
A Perspective	277	(1)
Identity Formation	277	(8)
Erickson's Psychosocial Theory	278	(1)
Erikson's Eight Stages of Development	279	(1)
Implications of Identity Formation in Adolescence	280	(1)
How to Determine Who You Are	281	(1)
Marcia's Categories of Identity	282	(1)
Critical Thinking: The Evaluation of Theory and Application to Client Situations	283	(1)
Race, Culture, Ethnicity, and Identity Development	283	(1)
Lesbian and Gay Adolescents	284	(1)
Moral Development	285	(4)
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development	285	(1)
Kohlberg's Six Stages of Moral Development	286	(1)
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Kohlberg's Theory	286	(1)
Moral Development and Women: Gilligan's Approach	287	(1)
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Gilligan's Theory	288	(1)
Application of Theory to Client Situations	289	(1)
Empowerment Through Spiritual Development	289	(3)
Fowler's Theory of Faith Development	290	(1)
Spirituality and Social Work Practice	291	(1)
Significant Issues and Life Events: Suicide and Assertiveness	292	(1)
Suicide	292	(9)
Incidence of Suicide	292	(1)
Causes of Adolescent Suicide	293	(1)
Suicidal Symptoms	294	(1)
Joany---A Victim of Suicide	294	(1)
Suicide Notes	295	(1)
How to Use the Sad Persons Scale	296	(1)
The SAD Persons Scale	297	(1)
Focus On Diversity: Suicide and Adolescent Hispanic Females	297	(1)
Guidelines for Helping Suicidal People	298	(1)
Community Responses to Suicide: Prevention and Crisis Intervention	299	(2)
Empowerment through Assertiveness and Assertiveness Training	301	(4)
The Relevance of Assertiveness	301	(1)
Nanassertive, Assertive, and Aggressive Communication	302	(1)
Each of Us Has Certain Assertive Rights	302	(1)
The Advantages of Assertiveness	303	(1)
Assertiveness Training	304	(1)
Application of Assertiveness Approaches to Social Work Practice	305	(1)
Summary	305	(1)
Social Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood	306	(50)
A Perspective	307	(1)
Social System Changes in Adolescence and Young Adulthood	308	(7)
Movement from Dependence to Independence	308	(1)
Interaction in Peer Group Systems	309	(1)
Interaction in Families: Effective Communication Between Parents and Children	310	(3)
An Educational Program for Ethnic Minority Adolescents That's Making a Difference	313	(1)
Intimacy versus Isolation	313	(2)
Empowerment of Homeless Youth	315	(1)
Interaction in Family Systems: Choosing a Personal Life-Style	315	(9)
Marriage	315	(1)
Theories about Why People Choose Each Other as Mates	316	(1)
Predictive Factors Leading to Marital Happiness/Unhappiness	317	(1)
Romantic Love versus Rational Love	318	(2)
Guidelines for Building and Maintaining a Happy Marriage	320	(1)
Cohabitation	320	(1)
Single Life	321	(1)
Parenthood	321	(1)
Parental Gender Preferences	322	(1)
Childless Couples	323	(1)
Social Problems	324	(20)
Eating Disorders	324	(5)
Emotional and Behavioral Problems	329	(2)
Major Mental Disorders According to the American Psychiatric Association	331	(1)
Format for Rational Self-Analysis	331	(5)
A Rational Self-Analysis of Emotions Associated with Ending a Marriage	336	(3)
Macro System Problems: Crime and Delinquency	339	(1)
Our Thinking Determines Our Behavior and Our Emotions	340	(1)
Macro System Problems: Delinquent Gangs	340	(1)
Self-Talk Explanation for Multiple Forgeries	341	(3)
Empowerment Through Social Work with Groups	344	(10)
Types of Groups	345	(3)
Models of Group Development Over Time	348	(2)
Task and Maintenance Roles	350	(1)
Leadership Theories	351	(3)
Summary	354	(2)
Gender Roles and Sexism	356	(41)
A Perspective	357	(1)
Gender Role Stereotypes	357	(4)
Childhood	358	(1)
Adolescence	359	(1)
Adulthood	360	(1)
Male/Female Differences	361	(1)
Ability Level	361	(1)
Communication Styles	362	(1)
People as Individuals	362	(1)
Significant Issues and Events in the Lives of Women	363	(1)
Comparable Worth and Economic Inequality	363	(3)
Sexual Harassment	366	(4)
The Definition of Sexual Harassment	366	(1)
Strengthening the Definition: A Macro System Response	367	(1)
Anita Hill Versus Clarence Thomas: A Case of Sexual Harassment?	368	(1)
The Extent of Sexual Harassment	369	(1)
Effects of Sexual Harassment	370	(1)
Sexist Language	370	(2)
Sexual Harassment Allegations Plague High Places	371	(1)
Rape and Sexual Assault	372	(12)
Confronting Sexual Harassment	373	(1)
Using Nonsexist Language	374	(1)
Incidence of Rape	374	(1)
Theoretical Views of Rape	375	(1)
Common Myths about Rape	376	(1)
Additional Facts about Rape	376	(1)
Suggestions for Rape Prevention	377	(1)
Profile of a Rapist	378	(2)
Survivors' Reactions to Rape	380	(1)
Suggestions for Counseling Rape Survivors	380	(2)
My Place''	382	(2)
Battered Women	384	(8)
The Abusive Perpetrator	385	(1)
The Battering Cycle	385	(1)
Revered American Hero and Spouse Batterer	386	(1)
O.J. Simpson
Why Does She Stay?	387	(1)
Community Responses to Battered Women: Their Alternatives	388	(1)
Prince Charming Redefined	389	(3)
Special Counseling Needs of Women	392	(1)
Working with Women	392	(2)
Strategies for Combating Sexism and Achieving Sexual Equality	393	(1)
Summary	394	(3)
Part Three Middle Adulthood
Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood	397	(29)
A Perspective	398	(1)
The Age Span of Middle Adulthood	398	(1)
Physical Changes in Middle Age	398	(4)
Changes in Physical Functioning	398	(1)
Health Changes	398	(1)
Changes in Physical Appearance	399	(1)
The Double Standard of Aging	399	(1)
Changes in Sense Organs	400	(1)
Changes in Physical Strength and Reaction Time	400	(1)
Changes in Intellectual Functioning	400	(1)
An Identity Crisis: When the Applause Stops	401	(1)
Female Menopause	402	(3)
Cultural Differences in Women's Experience of Menopause	403	(1)
Osteoporosis	404	(1)
Male Climateric	405	(1)
Midlife Crisis: True or False?	406	(1)
Sexual Functioning in Middle Age	407	(3)
Sex in Marriage	407	(1)
Extramarital Sexual Relationships	408	(1)
Sex Following Divorce	409	(1)
Sex in Widowhood	409	(1)
Sex among the Never-Married	409	(1)
Celibacy	410	(1)
People Living with AIDS: A Population-at-Risk	410	(15)
What Causes AIDS?	410	(1)
How Is AIDS Contracted?	411	(1)
Magic Johnson, an American hero, Joins the Battle Against the AIDS Virus	411	(2)
Diagnosis	413	(1)
Origin of AIDS	413	(1)
The Effects of HIV	414	(1)
Treatment and Prevention of AIDS	415	(1)
Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: AIDS Discrimination and Oppression	416	(1)
Professional Values and AIDS	416	(1)
When a Friend Has AIDS	417	(1)
Ethical Dilemmas: Confidentiality	418	(2)
Ethical Dilemmas: HIV Testing	420	(1)
Macro System Responses to AIDS	420	(2)
Social Work Roles: Helping Persons Living with AIDS	422	(2)
Persons Living with AIDS	424	(1)
Summary	425	(1)
Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood	426	(47)
A Perspective	427	(1)
Generativity versus Stagnation	428	(1)
Peck's Theories of Psychological Development	428	(1)
Levinson's Theories of Life Structure, Life Eras, and Transitions for Men	429	(3)
Application of Levinson's Theories to Women: An Evaluation	431	(1)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	432	(1)
Game Analysis and Script Analysis	433	(5)
Game Analysis	433	(2)
Life Scripts	435	(3)
Mezzo System Interactions: Nonverbal Communication	438	(9)
The Functions of Nonverbal Communication	439	(1)
Posture	440	(1)
Body Orientation	440	(1)
Gestures	440	(1)
Nonverbal Behavior among Poker Players	441	(1)
Touching	441	(1)
Clothing	442	(1)
Personal Space	442	(1)
Territoriality	443	(1)
Facial Expressions	444	(1)
Voice	444	(1)
Physical Appearance	445	(1)
The Environment	446	(1)
Control Theory	447	(1)
Intuition	448	(1)
Chemical Substance Use and Abuse	449	(22)
Specific Drugs---What They Are and What They Do	450	(1)
Drugs of Abuse: Facts and Effects	451	(4)
Date-Rape Drug	455	(3)
Crack Babies	458	(5)
Dependence on Alcohol and Other Drugs	463	(2)
Interaction in Family Systems: A Theoretical Approach to Drug Abuse	465	(1)
Application of Theory to Client Situations: Treatment for the Chemically Dependent Person and His or Her Family	465	(3)
An AA Meeting	468	(2)
Understanding and Treating Codependency	470	(1)
The Relationship Between Knowledge and Assessment	470	(1)
Working with Alcoholic Clients: The Problem of Denial	471	(1)
Summary	471	(2)
Social Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood	473	(51)
A Perspective	474	(1)
Macro Social System Theories	474	(4)
The Functionalist Perspective	475	(1)
The Conflict Perspective	476	(1)
The Interactionist Perspective	477	(1)
Poverty: Impacts of Social and Economic Forces	478	(8)
The Rich and the Poor	478	(1)
Personal Income Disparities Are Astounding	479	(1)
The Problem	480	(1)
The Ideology of Individualism	481	(1)
Who Are the Poor?	481	(1)
Poverty Perpetuates Poverty	482	(1)
What Causes Poverty?	482	(1)
The Culture of Poverty: Evaluation of Theory and Its Application to Client Situations	482	(2)
Poverty Is Functional	484	(1)
Application of Functionalism to Poverty	484	(1)
Application of Conflict Theory to Poverty	485	(1)
Application of Interactionist Theory to Poverty	486	(1)
Family Mezzo System Problems	486	(17)
Empty-Shell Marriages	486	(1)
Conflict Resolution Strategies	487	(3)
Divorce	490	(2)
Analyzing Love Relationships	492	(2)
Facts about Divorce	494	(3)
The Effects of a Divorce on Children Depend on What Happens after the Divorce	497	(2)
Single-Parent Families	499	(1)
Blended Families	499	(3)
Mothers Working Outside the Home	502	(1)
The ``Sandwich'' Generation	503	(1)
Assessing and Intervening in Family Systems	503	(10)
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication	503	(1)
Family Norms	504	(1)
Family System Assessment: The Eco-Map	505	(2)
Family System Assessment: The Genogram	507	(4)
Family Problems and Social Work Roles	511	(2)
Social Work with Organizations	513	(6)
Analyzing a Human Services Organization	514	(1)
The Autocratic Model	514	(1)
The Custodial Model	515	(1)
The Scientific Management Model	515	(1)
The Human Relations Model	516	(1)
Theory X and Theory Y	517	(1)
The Collegial Model	517	(1)
Theory Z	517	(1)
Total Quality Management	518	(1)
Summary Comments About Models of Organizational Behavior	519	(1)
Value-Orientations in Organizational Decision Making	519	(1)
Liberal, Conservative, and Developmental Perspectives on Human Service Organizations	520	(3)
Conservative Perspective	520	(1)
Liberal Perspective	521	(1)
Developmental Perspective	522	(1)
Summary	523	(1)
Sexual Orientation	524	(29)
A Perspective	526	(1)
Homosexuality and Bisexuality	526	(5)
What Does Being a Homosexual Mean?	527	(1)
Stereotypes about Gay and Lesbian People	528	(2)
Definition of Bisexual	530	(1)
Numbers of Lesbian and Gay People	530	(1)
Why Are Some People Lesbian or Gay?	531	(3)
Biological Theories	531	(2)
Psychosocial Theories	533	(1)
The Evaluation of Theory: What Is the Answer?	533	(1)
Interactionist Theory	533	(1)
Ethical Issues Related to Theory	533	(1)
Other Research on the Origins of Homosexuality	534	(1)
Discrimination: The Impacts of Homophobia	534	(2)
Lesbian and Gay Lifestyles	536	(2)
Lesbian and Gay Relationships	536	(1)
Sexual Interaction	537	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Pride and a Sense of Community	537	(1)
Significant Issues and Life Events	538	(12)
The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: Legal Issues	538	(3)
Community Responses: Violence Against Lesbian and Gay People	541	(1)
Coming Out	542	(3)
Cheryl's Exploration of Her Self-Identity and Sexual Orientation	545	(1)
Lesbian and Gay Parents	546	(2)
As Lesbians and Gay Men Age	548	(1)
Gay and Lesbian People and AIDS	549	(1)
Social Work with Lesbian and Gay People: Promoting Optimal Well-Being	549	(1)
Summary	550	(3)
Part Four Later Adulthood
Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood	553	(26)
A Perspective	555	(1)
What Is Later Adulthood?	556	(10)
Senescence	556	(1)
Internationally Noted Individuals Document Age Need Not be a Barrier to being Productive	557	(3)
Values and Aging: The Myth of Senility	560	(4)
What Causes Aging?	564	(1)
Factors That Influence the Aging Process	565	(1)
Health Practices and Longevity	566	(1)
Diseases and Causes of Death of the Elderly	566	(1)
Leading Causes of Death among the Elderly	567	(1)
Life Expectancy	567	(3)
Alzheimer's Disease	568	(2)
Wellness: The Impacts of Different Systems on Health	570	(8)
Physical Exercise	570	(1)
Mental Activity	571	(1)
Sleep Patterns	571	(1)
Nutrition and Diet	572	(1)
Stress and Stress Management	572	(2)
Conceptualizing Stressors, Stress, and Stress-Related Illnesses	574	(4)
Summary	578	(1)
Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood	579	(26)
A Perspective	580	(1)
Developmental Tasks of Later Adulthood	581	(2)
Theoretical Concepts about Developmental Tasks in Later Adulthood	583	(4)
Integrity versus Despair	583	(1)
Three Key Psychological Adjustments	583	(1)
Life Review	584	(1)
Self-Esteem	584	(1)
Life Satisfaction	585	(1)
Low Status and Ageism	585	(1)
Depression and Other Emotional Problems	585	(1)
Triple Jeopardy: Being Female, African American, and Old	586	(1)
Spirituality and Religion	587	(1)
Theories of Successful Aging	587	(5)
Activity Theory	587	(1)
Spirituality and Religion	588	(3)
Disengagement Theory	591	(1)
Social Reconstruction Syndrome Theory	592	(1)
The Impact of Life Events on the Elderly	592	(4)
Marriage	592	(1)
Death of Spouse	593	(1)
Widowhood	593	(1)
Never Married	594	(1)
Remarriage	594	(1)
Family System Relationships	594	(1)
Grandparenthood	595	(1)
Guidelines for Positive Psychological Preparation for Later Adulthood	596	(1)
Grief Management and Death Education	597	(6)
Death in Our Society: The Impact of Social Forces	597	(1)
The Grieving Process	598	(1)
The Kubler-Ross Model	598	(1)
The Westberg Model	598	(2)
Application of Grief Management Theory to Client Situations	600	(1)
How to Relate to a Dying Person	601	(1)
How to Relate to Survivors	601	(1)
Questions about Grief, Death, and Dying	602	(1)
How to Become Comfortable with Your Own Eventual Death	603	(1)
Summary	603	(2)
Life After Life	604	(1)
Social Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood	605
A Perspective	607	(1)
The Elderly: A Population-at-Risk	607	(1)
Problems Faced by the Elderly	608	(10)
Emphasis on Youth: The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces	608	(1)
The Increasing Elderly Population	608	(1)
High Status for the Elderly in China, Japan, and Other Countries	609	(1)
The Fastest Growing Age Group Is the Old-Old	610	(1)
Early Retirement: The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces	610	(2)
Financial Problems of the Elderly	612	(1)
The Social Security System	613	(1)
Death	613	(1)
Critical Thinking about an Ethical Issue: Should Assisted Suicide Be Legalized?	614	(1)
Elder Abuse	615	(1)
Where the Elderly Live	616	(1)
Transportation	616	(1)
Crime Victimization	616	(1)
Malnutrition	616	(1)
Health Problems and Cost of Care	616	(1)
Cultural Differences in Seeking Health Care: The Case of Elderly Mexican Americans	617	(1)
Current Services: Macro System Responses	618	(6)
Older Americans Act of 1965	618	(1)
Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance (OASDHI)	618	(1)
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)	619	(1)
Medicare	619	(1)
Medicaid	619	(1)
Food Stamps	620	(1)
Adult Protective Services	620	(1)
Additional Programs	620	(1)
Adult Protective Services	621	(1)
Nursing Homes	622	(1)
Community Options Program: Providing Alternatives to Nursing Home Placement	623	(1)
Social Work with the Elderly	624	(1)
The Elderly Are a Powerful Political Force	625	(1)
Changing a Macro System: Finding a Social Role for the Elderly	626	(1)
Summary	627
Bibliography	A-1	(1)
Name Index	B-1	(1)
Subject Index	C-1	(1)
Photo Credits	D-1