Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (with InfoTrac)

by Zastrow, Charles

• ISBN13: 9780534608316
• ISBN10: 0534608310
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-11
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

1. Theoretical Perspectives on Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Part I: INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD. 2. Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood. 3. Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood. 4. Social Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood. 5. Ethnocentrism and Racism. Part II: ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD. 6. Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood. 7. Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood. 8. Social Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood. 9. Gender Roles and Sexism. Part III.:MIDDLE ADULTHOOD. 10. Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood. 11. Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood. 12 Social Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood. 13. Sexual Orientation. Part IV: LATER ADULTHOOD. 14. Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood. 15. Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood. 16. Social Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood.

Table of Contents

About the Authors	vii
Preface	xvii
Chapter 1 Theoretical Perspectives on Human Behavior and the Social Environment	1	(46)
A Perspective	2	(1)
Foundation Knowledge and the Purpose of Social Work	2	(1)
Foundation Knowledge and the Process of Social Work: The Importance of Assessment	3	(1)
Impacts of Systems In the Environment	4	(7)
Understanding Key Concepts Systems Theories	4	(3)
The Ecological Perspective: Important Concepts	7	(4)
Highlights 1.1 Case Example: Child Abuse	8	(3)
People's Involvement with Multiple Systems	11	(9)
Micro, Mezzo, and Macro Systems	12	(1)
The Social Environment	12	(1)
Interactions Between Micro Systems and Mezzo Systems	12	(1)
Interactions Between Micro Systems and Macro Systems	12	(2)
The Impact of Social Forces	14	(1)
The Relationships among Biological, Psychological, and Social Systems	14	(2)
Bio-Psycho-Social Systems Affect Each Other	16	(2)
Highlight 1.2 Application of Values and Ethics to Bio-Psycho-Social System Assessments	17	(1)
Diversity, Oppression, and Populations-at-Risk	18	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 1.1 Social Work Values and Sensitivity to Diverse Populations	19	(1)
The Systems Impact Model	20	(3)
The Client System	20	(1)
The Relationship Between Organizational Macro Systems and Client Systems	20	(1)
The Relationship Between the Community Macro System and the Client System	21	(1)
The Relationship Between Organizational and Community Macro Systems	21	(1)
Institutional Values Macro System	21	(1)
The Effects of Institutional Values and Organizational Macro Systems on Clients	22	(1)
The Social Worker System	22	(1)
The Impacts of Organizations	23	(2)
What Are Organizations?	23	(1)
Organizational Theories	24	(1)
Viewing Organizations from a Systems Perspective	25	(3)
Resource Input	26	(1)
Process 26 Output	26	(1)
The Exceptional Problems of Social Service Organizations	26	(1)
Goal Displacement	27	(1)
Communities and Human Behavior	28	(8)
Theoretical Perspectives on Communities	29	(3)
Models of Community	32	(4)
Highlight 1.3 Characteristics of Three Models of Community Change	33	(3)
Spotlight on Diversity 1.2 Hispanic Women, Community Development, and Social Action	36	(1)
Social Worker System Roles	36	(5)
Enabler	37	(1)
Mediator	38	(1)
Integrator/Coordinator	38	(1)
Manager	38	(1)
Educator	39	(1)
Analyst/Evaluator	39	(1)
Broker	39	(1)
Facilitator	39	(1)
Initiator	40	(1)
Negotiator	40	(1)
Advocate	40	(1)
Assessment, Problem Solving, and Social Work: The Underlying Theme	41	(1)
Summary	41	(6)
Highlight 1.4 Case Example: Unplanned Pregnancy	42	(5)
Part One
Chapter 2 Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood	47	(39)
A Perspective	47	(1)
The Dynamics of Human Reproduction	48	(11)
Conception	48	(1)
Diagnosis of Pregnancy	49	(1)
Fetal Development during Pregnancy	50	(1)
Prenatal Influences	51	(2)
Prenatal Assessment	53	(1)
Access to Prenatal Care: Obstacles in the Macro Environment	53	(1)
Problem Pregnancies	54	(1)
The Birth Process	55	(4)
Early Functioning of the Neonate	59	(1)
Developmental Milestones	59	(2)
Growth as a Continuous, Orderly Process	60	(1)
Specific Characteristics of Different Age Levels	60	(1)
Individual Differences	60	(1)
The Nature-Nurture Controversy	60	(1)
Relevance to Social Work	61	(1)
Profiles of Normal Development	61	(1)
Significant Issues and Life Events	61	(1)
The Abortion Controversy: Impacts of Social and Economic Forces	61	(6)
Highlight 2.1 Developmental Milestones for Children From Age 4 Months and 11 Years	62	(4)
Highlight 2.2 Case Example: Single and Pregnant	66	(1)
The Impacts of Macro System Policies on Practice and Access to Services	67	(7)
Spotlight on Diversity 2.1 International Perspectives on Abortion Policy	68	(5)
Incidence of Abortion	71	(1)
Methods of Abortion	71	(1)
The Importance of Context and timing	72	(1)
Arguments For and Against Abortion	72	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 2.2 Effects of Abortion on Women and Men	73	(1)
Social Worker Roles and Abortion	74	(1)
Infertility	74	(10)
Spotlight 2.3 Abortion-related Ethical Dilemmas in Practice	75	(4)
Causes of Infertility	77	(1)
Psychological Reactions to Infertility	78	(1)
Treatment of Infertility	78	(1)
Alternatives Available to the Infertile Couple	78	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 2.3 A Feminist Perspective on Infertility Counseling	79	(4)
Highlight 2.4 Ethical Dilemmas Concerning Surrogate Motherhood	83	(4)
The Effects of Macro Systems on Infertility	84	(1)
Social Work Roles and Infertility	84	(1)
Summary	84	(2)
Chapter 3 Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood	86	(42)
A Perspective	87	(41)
Theories of Psychological Development	87	(13)
Psychodynamic Theory	88	(1)
Highlight 3.1 Definitions of Common Defense Mechanisms Postulated by Psychoanalytic Theory	89	(2)
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Psychodynamic Theory	91	(1)
Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic Developments	91	(1)
Behavioral Theories	92	(1)
Phenomenological Theories: Carl Rogers	92	(1)
Highlight 3.2 Roger's Other Key Concepts	93	(1)
Feminist Theories	94	(1)
Critical Thinking about the Relevance of Theory to Social Work	95	(1)
Highlight 3.3 The Relevance of Theory to Social Work: Critical Thinking and Evaluations of Theory	96	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 3.1 Being Sensitive to Diversity When Examining Psychological Theories	98	(2)
Cognitive Development: Piaget	100	(6)
The Sensorimotor Period	102	(1)
The Preoperational Thought Period	102	(2)
The Period of Concrete Operations	104	(1)
The Period of Formal Operations	104	(1)
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Piaget's Theory	105	(1)
Emotional Development	106	(2)
Infants' Emotions	106	(2)
Infants and Temperament	108	(1)
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem	108	(63)
Highlight 3.4 The Effects of Positive and Negative Self-Concepts and Self-Esteem	109	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 3.2 A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Self-Esteem	111	(60)
Significant Issues and Life Events	171
Intelligence and Intelligence Testing	111	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 3.3 Cultural Biases and IQ Tests	115	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 3.4 What Are People with Disabilities Like?	116	(1)
People Who Have Cognitive Disabilities: A Population-at-Risk	116	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 3.5 The Americans with Disabilities Act: A Macro System Addresses a Population-at-Risk	120	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 3.6 People with Developmental Disabilities: Populations-at-Risk	121	(1)
People with Learning Disabilities: A Population-at-Risk	121	(1)
Highlight 3.5 The Effects of a Learning Disability	123	(2)
Summary	125	(3)
Chapter 4 Social Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood	128	(56)
A Perspective	129	(1)
Socialization	129	(1)
The Family Environment	130	(6)
Membership in Family Groups: Variations is Family Structure	130	(1)
Positive Family Functioning	131	(1)
Effects of Social Forces and Policies on Family Systems: Helpful or Hurtful?	132	(1)
The Dynamics of Family Systems	133	(3)
Highlight 4.1 Tie Application of Systems Theory Principles to Families	133	(3)
The Family Life Cycle	136	(4)
Spotlight on Diversity 4.1 Diverse Perspectives on the Family Life Cycle	137	(3)
Lamping Theory	140	(7)
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Theory	141	(1)
Respondent Conditioning	141	(1)
Modeling	142	(1)
Operant Conditioning	143	(1)
The ABCs of Behavior	143	(1)
Highlight 4.2. Consequences and Recurring Behavior	143	(1)
Reinforcement	144	(1)
Punishment	145	(1)
Extinction	146	(1)
Applications of Learning Theory to Practice	147	(7)
The Use of Positive Reinforcement	147	(1)
Types of Positive Reinforcers	147	(1)
Secondary Reinforcers	148	(1)
Reinforcers versus Rewards	149	(1)
Suggestions for Using Positive Reinforcement	150	(1)
The Use of Punishment	151	(3)
Additional Issues	154	(4)
Accidental Training	154	(1)
Behaviorally Specific Terminology	154	(1)
Highlight 4.3 Accidental Training	155	(1)
Measuring Improvement	155	(1)
The Importance of Parental Attention	156	(2)
A Specific Treatment Situation: Time-Out from Reinforcement	158	(1)
Improving Effectiveness	157	(1)
"Grounding"	158	(1)
Impacts of Common Life Events on Children	158	(25)
Membership in Family Systems	158	(1)
Membership in Sibling Subsystems	158	(4)
Spotlight on Diversity 4.2 Cultural Context and Parenting Style	159	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 4.3 Ethnic and Cultural Differences in Families: Empowerment through Appreciation of Strengths	159	(3)
Gender Role Socialization	162	(21)
The Social Environment: Peers, Television, and School	183
The Social Aspects of Play with Peers	163	(3)
The Influence of Television	166	(1)
The School Environment	167	(3)
Spotlight on Diversity 4.4 Educational Programming That Responds to Cultural Values	169	(1)
Child Maltreatment	170	(12)
Incidence of Child Maltreatment	170	(1)
Physical Child Abuse	171	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 4.5 Diverse Cultural Contexts: Discipline or Abuse?	171	(2)
Child Neglect	173	(2)
Emotional Maltreatment	175	(1)
A Macro System Response: Child Protective Services	175	(1)
Treatment of Physical Abuse, Neglect, and Emotional Maltreatment: Social Work Role	176	(1)
A Macro System Response: Involvement of the Courts	177	(1)
Sexual Abuse	177	(8)
Highlight 4.4 Suggestions for Talking to Children Victimized by Sexual-Assault	180	(2)
Summary	182	(2)
Chapter 5 Ethnocentrism and Racism	184	(35)
A Perspective	184	(1)
Ethnic Groups and Ethnocentrism	185	(3)
Spotlight on Diversity 5.1 Violence Against Minorities in the United States	186	(2)
Race and Racism	188
Aspects of Social and Economic Forces: Prejudice, Discrimination; and Oppression	187	(1)
Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes	188	(1)
Racial and Ethnic Discrimination is the Problem of Whites	189	(1)
White Privilege	189	(1)
Race Is a Social Concept	190	(1)
Institutional Values and Racism: Discrimination in Systems	190	(2)
Discrimination and Oppression in Organizational Macro Systems	191	(1)
Discrimination,and Oppression in Community Macro Systems	191	(1)
Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination	192	(6)
Projection	192	(1)
Frustration-Aggression	192	(1)
Countering Insecurity and Inferiority	192	(1)
Authoritarianism	192	(1)
History	193	(1)
Competition and Exploitation	193	(1)
Socialization Patterns	193	(1)
Belief in the One True Religion	193	(1)
Evaluation of Discrimination Theories	193	(5)
Spotlight on Diversity 5.2 Is Racial Discrimination Based on Criminal Thinking?	194	(4)
Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: The Effects and Costs of Discrimination and Oppression	198	(1)
The Effects of Discrimination on Human Growth and Development	198	(3)
History and Culture of African Americans	196	(3)
Effects of Discrimination on Development of Self-Concept	199	(1)
The Africentric Perspective and Worldview	199	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 5.3 Kwanzaa	200	(1)
Strategies to Promote Social and Economic Justice	201	(7)
Mass Media Appeals: Striving to Change Institutional Values	201	(1)
Greater Interaction Between Minority Groups and the Majority Group	201	(1)
Civil Rights laws: Changing the Legal Macro System	201	(1)
Activism	202	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 5.4 Rosa Parka's Act of Courage Sparked the Civil Rights Movement	202	(1)
School Busing: A Community Initiative	203	(1)
Affirmative Action: A Macro System Response	204	(1)
Confronting Racist Remarks and Actions	205	(1)
Minority-Owned Businesses	206	(1)
Confronting Community Problems: Inner Cities	206	(1)
Grassroots Organizations: Implementing Change in Community Macro Systems	207	(1)
Social Work Practice with Racial and Ethnic Groups	208	(1)
Ethnic-Sensitive Practice	208	(1)
Empowerment	209	(1)
Strengths Perspective	209	(4)
Culturally Competent Practice	209	(3)
Social Work Roles for Countering Discrimination	212	(1)
The Future of U.S. Rape and Ethnic Relations	213	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 5.5 A Dream of the End of Racism	214	(1)
Summary	214	(5)
Part Two Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Chapter 6 Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood	219	(33)
A Perspective	220	(1)
Adolescences	220	(8)
Puberty	221	(1)
The Growth Spurt	221	(1)
The Secular Trend	222	(1)
Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics	222	(6)
Psychological Reactions to Physical Changes	228
Body Image and Self-Concept	223	(1)
Weight, Women, aid Eating Disorders	224	(1)
Critical Thinking About Weight and Body Image	224	(1)
Early and Late Maturation in Boys	225	(1)
Early and Late Maturation in Girls	225	(1)
Young Adulthood	226	(5)
Physical Development	226	(1)
Health Status	226	(3)
Highlight 6.1 Breast Cancer	227	(2)
Lifestyle and Good Health	229	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 6.1 Differential Incidence of Death	231	(1)
Significant Issues and Life Events	231	(29)
Sexual Activity in Adolescence	231	(2)
Highlight 6.2 Masturbation	232	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 6.2 Racial and Other Differences in Adolescent Sexual Activity	232	(1)
Unplanned Pregnancy in Adolescence	233	(1)
Teenage Fathers	234	(1)
Why Do Teens Get Pregnant?	234	(1)
Macro System Treatment of Sex Education	234	(3)
Highlight 6.3 Portrait of a Single Father	235	(2)
Sex Education in the Age of AIDS	237	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 6.3 Empowerment through Sex Education for Native Americans	237	(2)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)	239	(3)
Major Methods of Contraception	242	(18)
Summary	260
Chapter 7 Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood	252	(29)
A Perspective	262	(6)
Identity Formation	268
Highlight 7.1 Erikson's Eight Stages of Development	254	(1)
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory	254	(1)
Implications of Identity Formation in Adolescence	255	(2)
Highlight 7.2 How to Determine Who You Are	256	(1)
Marcia's Categories of Identity	257	(1)
Critical Thinking: The Evaluation of Theory and Application to Client Situations	258	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 7.1 Race, Culture, Ethnicity, and Identity Development	258	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 7.2 Lesbian and Gay Adolescents	260	(1)
Moral Development	260	(6)
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development	260	(2)
Highlight 7.3 Kohlberg's Three Levels and Six Stages of Moral Development	261	(1)
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Kohlberg's Theory	262	(1)
Moral Development and Women: Gilligan's Approach	262	(1)
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Gilligan's Theory	263	(1)
Application of Theory to Client Situations	263	(1)
Fowler's Theory of Faith Development	264	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 7.3 Empowerment Through Spiritual Development	265	(1)
Spirituality and Social Work Practice	266	(1)
Significant Issues and Life Events: Suicide and Assertiveness	266	(21)
Suicide	287
Incidence of Suicide	267	(1)
Causes of Adolescent Suicide	267	(2)
Highlight 7.4 Joany-A Victim of Suicide	268	(1)
Suicidal Symptoms	269	(2)
Highlight 7.5 Suicide Notes	269	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 7.4 Suicide and Adolescent Hispanic Females	271	(1)
How to Use the SAD PERSONS Scale	271	(1)
Guidelines for Helping Suicidal People	272	(2)
Community Responses to Suicide: Prevention and Crisis Intervention	274	(1)
Empowerment through Assertiveness and Assertiveness Training	275	(4)
The Relevance of Assertiveness	276	(1)
Highlight 7.7 Each of Us Has Certain Assertive Rights	276	(1)
Nonassertive, Assertive, and Aggressive Communication	276	(1)
The Advantages of Assertiveness	277	(1)
Assertiveness Training	277	(2)
Application of Assertiveness Approaches to Social Work Practice	279	(1)
Summary	279	(2)
Chapter 8 Social Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood	281	(46)
A Perspective	282	(1)
Social System Changes in Adolescence and Young Adulthood	283	(5)
Movement from Dependence to Independence	283	(3)
Highlight 8.1 Interaction in Families: Effective Communication Between Parents and Children	284	(2)
Interaction in Peer Group Systems	286	(1)
Intimacy versus Isolation	286	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 8.1 Ethnic-Group Identity for Minority Adolescents	287	(1)
Empowerment of Homeless Youth	288	(1)
Interaction In Family Systems: Choosing a Personal Lifestyle	288
Marriage	289	(2)
Highlight 8.2 Theories about Why People Choose Each Other as Mates	289	(1)
Highlight 8.3 Predictive Factors Leading to Marital Happiness/Unhappiness	290	(1)
Cohabitation	291	(2)
Highlight 8.4 Romantic Love versus Rational Love	292	(1)
Highlight 8.5 Guidelines for Building and Maintaining a Happy Marriage	293	(1)
Single Life	293	(1)
Parenthood	293	(2)
Highlight 8.6 Parental Gender Preferences	294	(1)
Childless Couples	295
Social Problems	285	(30)
Eating Disorders	296	(5)
Emotional and Behavioral Problems	301	(9)
Highlight 8.7 Major Mental Disorders According to the American Psychiatric Association	302	(4)
Highlight 8.8 Format for Rational Self-Analysis	306	(1)
Highlight 8.9 A Rational Self-Analysis of Emotions Associated with Ending a Marriage	307	(3)
Macro System Problems: Crime and Delinquency	310	(1)
Highlight 8.10 Our Thinking Determines Our Behavior and Our Emotions	310	(1)
Macro System Problems: Delinquent Ganga	311	(4)
Highlight 8.11 Self-Talk Explanation for Multiple Forgeries	311	(4)
Empowerment Through Social Work with Groups	315	(10)
Types of Groups	315	(4)
Spotlight on Diversity 8.2 The RAP Framework for Leading Multiracial Groups	318	(1)
Models of Group Development over Time	319	(2)
Task and Maintenance Roles	321	(1)
Leadership Theories	322	(3)
Summary	325	(2)
Chapter 9 Gender Roles and Sexism	327	(26)
A Perspective	328	(1)
Gender Role Stereotypes	328	(4)
Childhood	329	(1)
Adolescence	329	(1)
Adulthood	330	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 9.1 Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Gender Role Development	330	(2)
Male/Female Differences	332	(1)
Ability Level	332	(1)
Communication Styles	332	(1)
People as Individuals	333	(1)
Significant Issues and Events In the Lives of Women	333	(1)
Economic Inequality	333	(5)
Spotlight on Diversity 9.2 Gender/Racial Comparison of Median Weekly Earnings	334	(4)
Sexual Harassment	338	(3)
The Definition of Sexual Harassment	336	(1)
Strengthening the Definition: A Macro System Response	337	(1)
Highlight 9.1 Sexual Harassment Allegations Plague High Places	338	(1)
The Extent of Sexual Harassment	338	(1)
Effects of Sexual Harassment	339	(2)
Highlight 9.2 Confronting Sexual Harassment	340	(1)
Sexist Language	341	(1)
Rape and Sexual Assault	341	(1)
Highlight 9.3 Using Nonsexist Language	341	(1)
Incidence of Rape	342	(7)
Theoretical Views of Rape	342	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 9.3 Cultural Differences in the Incidence of Violence Against Women	343	(1)
Common Myths about Rape	343	(1)
Additional Facts about Rape	344	(1)
Profile of a Rapist	344	(3)
Highlight 9.4 Suggestions for Rape Prevention	345	(2)
Survivors' Reactions to Rape	347	(1)
Suggestions for Counseling Rape Survivors	348	(1)
Battered Women	349	(5)
The Abusive Perpetrator	380
The Battering Cycle	351	(1)
Why Does She Stay?	351	(1)
Community Responses to Battered Women: Their Alternatives	352	(2)
Working with Women	354	(1)
Summary	354
Spotlight on Diversity 9.4 Strategies for Empowering Women and Achieving Sexual Equality	355
Part Three Middle Adulthood
Chapter 10 Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood	353	(30)
A Perspective	359	(1)
The Age Span of Middle Adulthood	360	(1)
Physical Changes In Middle Age	360	(1)
Changes in Physical Functioning	360	(1)
Health Changes	360	(1)
Changes in Physical Appearance	361	(1)
The Double Standard of Aging	361	(1)
Changes in Sense Organs	361	(1)
Changes in Physical Strength and Reaction Time	361	(1)
Highlight 10.1 An Identity Crisis: When the Applause Stops	362	(1)
Changes in Intellectual Functioning	362	(21)
Female Menopause	383	(5)
Spotlight on Diversity 10.1 Cultural Differences in Women's Experience of Menopause	364	(1)
Highlight 10.2 Osteoporosis	365	(23)
Male Climacteric	388
Midlife crisis: True or False?	387	(1)
Sexual Functioning In Middle Age	388
Sex in Marriage	368	(1)
Extramarital Sexual Relationships	369	(1)
Sex Following Divorce	370	(1)
Sex in Widowhood	370	(1)
Sex among the Never-Married	370	(1)
Celibacy	370	(1)
People Living with AIDS: A Population-at-risk	370	(14)
Highlight 10.3 Magic Johnson, an American Hero, Joins the Battle Against the AIDS Virus	371	(6)
What Causes AIDS?	372	(1)
How Is AIDS Contracted?	372	(1)
Diagnosis	373	(1)
Origin of AIDS	374	(1)
The Effects of HIV	374	(2)
Treatment and Prevention of AIDS	376	(1)
Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: AIDS Discrimination and Oppression	376	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 10.2 AIDS in Africa	377	(6)
Professional Values and AIDS	377	(1)
Ethical Dilemmas: Confidentiality	377	(2)
Ethical Dilemmas: HIV Testing	379	(1)
Macro System Responses to AIDS	379	(1)
Social Work Roles: Empowering Persons Living with AIDS	380	(3)
Highlight 10.4 Persons Living with AIDS	383	(1)
Summary	384	(1)
Chapter 11 Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood	385	(44)
A Perspective	385	(3)
Generativity versus Stagnation	388
Peck's Theories of Psychological Development	387	(1)
Levinson's Theories of Life Structure, Life Eras, and Translations for Men	387	(2)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	389	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 11.1 Application of Levinson's Theories to Women: An Evaluation	390	(1)
Game Analysis and Script Analysts	391	(6)
Game Analysis	391	(2)
Life Scripts	393	(4)
Spotlight on Diversity 11.2 Cultural Scripts Are a Determinant of Sexual Behavior	395	(2)
Mezzo System Interactions: Nonverbal Communication	397	(7)
The Functions of Nonverbal Communication	397	(1)
Posture	398	(1)
Highlight 11.1 Nonverbal Behavior among Poker Players	398	(1)
Body Orientation	399	(1)
Gestures	399	(1)
Touching	399	(1)
Clothing	400	(1)
Personal Space	400	(1)
Territoriality	401	(1)
Facial Expressions	402	(1)
Voice	402	(1)
Physical Appearance	403	(1)
The Environment	404	(1)
Control Theory	404	(4)
Intuition	408
Chemical Substance Use and Abuse	407	(21)
Specific Drugs-What They Are and What They Do	407	(13)
Highlight 11.2 Drugs of Abuse: Facts and Effects	408	(4)
Highlight 11.3 Date-Rape Drugs	412	(3)
Highlight 11.4 Crack Babies	415	(5)
Dependence on Alcohol and Other Drugs	420	(1)
Interaction in Family Systems: It Theoretical Approach to Drug Abuse	421	(1)
The Application of Theory to Client Situations: Treatment for the Chemically Dependent Person and His or Her Family	422	(4)
Highlight 11.5 An AA Meeting	424	(2)
Understanding and Treating Codependency	426	(1)
Highlight 11.6 Working with Alcoholic Clients: The Problem of Denial	426	(1)
The Relationship Between Knowledge and Assessment	427	(1)
A Treatment Model from Another Culture: The Dutch Approach	427	(1)
Summary	428	(1)
Chapter 12 Social Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood	429	(51)
A Perspective	429	(1)
Macro Social System Theories	430	(3)
The Functionalist Perspective	430	(1)
The Conflict Perspective	431	(1)
The Interactionist Perspective	432	(1)
Poverty: Impacts of Social and Economic Forces	433	(8)
The Rich and the Poor	433	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 12.1 Personal Income Disparities Are Astounding	434	(1)
The Problem	435	(1)
Highlight 12.1 The ideology of individualism	436	(1)
Who Are the Poor?	436	(1)
What Causes Poverty?	436	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 12.2 Poverty Perpetuates Poverty	437	(1)
The Culture of Poverty: Evaluation of Theory and Its Application to Client Situations	437	(1)
Poverty Is Functional	438	(1)
Application of Functionalism to Poverty	439	(1)
Application of Conflict Theory to Poverty	440	(1)
Application of Interactionist Theory to Poverty	440	(1)
Family Mezzo System Problems	441	(17)
Empty-Shell Marriages	441	(3)
Highlight 12.2 Conflict Resolution Strategies	442	(2)
Divorce	444	(8)
Highlight 12.3 Analyzing Love Relationships	446	(2)
Highlight 12.4 Facts about Divorce	448	(3)
Highlight 12.5 The Effects of a Divorce on Children Depend on What Happens after the Divorce	451	(1)
Single-Parent Families	452	(1)
Blended Families	453	(4)
Highlight 12.6 Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)	454	(3)
Mothers Working Outside the Home	457	(1)
The "Sandwich" Generation	458	(1)
Assessing and intervening In Family Systems	458	(10)
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication	458	(1)
Family Norms	459	(1)
Family System Assessment: The Ecomap	460	(3)
Family System Assessment: The Genogram	463	(1)
Family Problems and Social Work Roles	464	(4)
Social Work with Organizations	468	(6)
The Autocratic Model	468	(1)
The Custodial Model	468	(1)
Highlight 12.7 Analyzing a Human Services Organization	469	(1)
The Scientific Management Model	469	(1)
The Hunan Relations Model	470	(1)
Theory X and Theory Y	471	(1)
The Collegial Model	471	(1)
Theory Z	472	(1)
Management by Objectives	472	(1)
Total Quality Management	473	(1)
Summary Comments about Models of Organizational Behavior	474	(1)
Value Orientations In Organizational Decision Making	474	(1)
Liberal, Conservative, and Developmental Perspectives on Human Services Organizations	475	(2)
Conservative Perspective	475	(1)
Liberal Perspective	476	(1)
Developmental Perspective	476	(1)
Summary	477	(3)
Chapter 13 Sexual Orientation	480	(29)
A Perspective	482	(1)
Homosexuality and Bisexuality	482	(2)
Highlight 13.1 Stereotypes about Gay and Lesbian People	483	(1)
What Does Being a Homosexual Mean?	484	(1)
Definition of Bisexual	485	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 13.1 Transsexual and Transgender People	486	(1)
Numbers of Lesbian and Gay People	486	(1)
Why Are Some People Lesbian or Gay?	487	(3)
Biological Theories	487	(2)
Psychosocial Theories	489	(1)
The Evaluation of Theory: What Is the Answer?	489	(1)
Interactionist Theory	489	(1)
Ethical Issues Related to Theory	489	(1)
Other Research on the Origins of Homosexuality	490	(1)
Lesbian and Gay Lifestyles	490	(3)
Spotlight on Diversity 13.2 Discrimination and the Impacts of Homophobia	491	(2)
Lesbian and Gay Relationships	492	(1)
Sexual Interaction	492	(1)
Significant Issues and Life Events	493	(12)
The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces Legal Issues	493	(4)
Spotlight on Diversity 13.3 Gay and Lesbian Pride and a Sense of Community	494	(3)
Community Responses: Violence Against Lesbian and Gay People	497	(1)
Coming Out	498	(4)
Spotlight on Diversity 13.4 Ethnicity and Sexual Orientation	500	(1)
Highlight 13.2 Cheryl's Exploration of Her Self-Identity and Sexual Orientation	501	(1)
Lesbian and Gay Parents	502	(1)
As Lesbians and Gay Men Age	503	(1)
Gay and Lesbian People and AIDS	504	(8)
Spotlight on Diversity 13.5 Social Work with Lesbian and Gay People: Promoting Optimal Well-Being	505	(1)
Summary	505	(4)
Part Four Later Adulthood
Chapter 14 Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood	509	(26)
A Perspective	511	(1)
What Is Later Adulthood?	511	(1)
Senescence	512	(7)
Spotlight on Diversity 14.1 Internationally Noted Individuals Prove That Age Need Not Be a Barrier to Being Productive	513	(3)
Highlight 14.1 Values and Aging: The Myth of Senility	516	(3)
What Causes Aging?	519	(2)
Factors That Influence the Aging Process	521	(1)
Diseases and Causes of Death among the Elderly	521	(4)
Highlight 14.2 Health Practices and Longevity	522	(1)
Highlight 14.3 Leading Causes of Death among the Elderly	522	(1)
Highlight 14.4 Alzheimer's Disease	523	(2)
Life Expectancy	525	(3)
Spotlight on Diversity 14.2 Longevity: Cross-Cultural Research on Centenarians	526	(2)
Wellness: The Impacts of Different Systems on Health	528	(5)
Physical Exercise	526	(1)
Mental Activity	526	(1)
Sleep Patterns	527	(1)
Nutrition and Diet	528	(1)
Stress and Stress Management	528	(5)
Summary	533	(2)
Chapter 15 Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood	535	(25)
A Perspective	536	(2)
Developmental Tasks of Later Adulthood	538	(1)
Theoretical Concepts about Developmental Tasks In Later Adulthood	538	(4)
Integrity versus Despair	538	(1)
Three Key Psychological Adjustments	539	(1)
Life Review	539	(1)
Self-Esteem	539	(1)
Life Satisfaction	540	(1)
Low Status and Ageism	540	(1)
Depression and Other Emotional Problems	540	(2)
Spotlight on Diversity 15.1 Triple Jeopardy: Being Female, African American and Old	541	(1)
Spirituality and Religion	542	(1)
Theories of Successful Aging	542	(5)
Activity Theory	542	(3)
Spotlight on Diversity 15.2 Spirituality and Religion	543	(2)
Disengagement Theory	545	(1)
Social Reconstruction Syndrome Theory	546	(1)
The Impact of Life Events on the Elderly	547	(3)
Marriage	547	(1)
Death of a Spouse	548	(1)
Widowhood	548	(1)
Never Married	548	(1)
Remarriage	548	(1)
Family System Relationships	548	(1)
Grandparenthood	549	(1)
Great-Grandparenthood	550	(1)
Guidelines for Positive Psychological Propagation for Later Adulthood	550	(1)
Grief Management and Death Education	551	(7)
Death in Out Society: The Impact of Social Forces	551	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 15.3 The Cultural-Historical Context of Death and Bereavement	551	(1)
The Grieving Process	552	(1)
The Kubler-Ross Mode1	552	(1)
The Westberg Model	552	(2)
Application of Grief Management Theory to Client Situations	554	(1)
How to Relate to a Dying Person	555	(1)
How to Relate to Survivors	555	(1)
Highlight 15.1 Questions about Grief, Death, and Dying	556	(1)
How to Become Comfortable with the Idea of Your Own Eventual Death	556	(26)
Highlight 15.2 Life after Life	558	(1)
Summary	558	(2)
Chapter 16 Social Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood	560
A Perspective	561	(21)
The Elderly: A Population-at-Risk	582	(1)
Problems Faced by the Elderly	582
Emphasis on Youth: The Impacts of Social and Economic Foes	563	(1)
The Increasing Elderly Population	563	(1)
Spotlight on Diversity 16.1 High Status for the Elderly in China, Japan and Other Countries	564	(1)
The Fastest Growing Age Group Is the Old-Old	564	(1)
Early Retirement: The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces	565	(1)
Financial Problems of the Elderly	566	(1)
The Social Security System	567	(1)
Death	567	(1)
Highlight 16.1 Critical Thinking about an Ethical Issue: Should Assisted Suicide Be Legalized?	568	(1)
Elder Abuse	568	(2)
Where the Elderly Live	570	(1)
Transportation	570	(1)
Crime Victimization	570	(1)
Malnutrition	570	(1)
Health Problems and Cost of Care	570	(1)
Cultural Differences in Seeking Health Care: The Case of Elderly Mexican Americans	571	(1)
Current Services: Macro System Responses	572	(9)
Older Americans Act of 1965	572	(1)
Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance (OASDHI)	572	(1)
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)	573	(1)
Medicare	573	(1)
Medicaid	573	(1)
Food Stamps	574	(1)
Adult Protective Services	574	(1)
Additional Programs	574	(1)
Highlight 16.2 Adult Protective Services	575	(1)
Nursing Homes	575	(2)
Highlight 16.3 Community Options Program: Providing Alternatives to Nursing Home Placement	577	(1)
Social Work with the Elderly	577	(1)
The Elderly Are a Powerful Political Force	578	(1)
Charging a Macro System: Finding a Social Role for the Elderly	579	(2)
Summary	581	(7)
Bibliography	588	(29)
Name Index	617	(10)
Subject Index	627	(20)
Photo Credits	647