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Summary
Written in a conversational style, this book introduces students to the foundations of intercultural communication, a vibrant discipline within the field. Authors Stella Ting-Toomey and Leeva Chung take a multicontextual, inclusive approach that balances international and intercultural communication issues against U.S. domestic diversity issues. In addition to emphasizing a value-oriented perspective on intercultural encounters, the text contains a robust ethical chapter, complete with specific guidelines that will help students become ethical intercultural communicators. By integrating current empirical research with lively intercultural examples, the authors ask thought-provoking questions and pose ethical dilemmas for students to ponder. The text offers a sprawling treatment of such topics as ethnic and cultural identity change, culture shock and intercultural adjustment, romantic relationships and raising bicultural children, global identity challenges, and decision-making choices in intercultural ethics. NEW TO THIS EDITION: * Two new special features, "Blog Pic" and "Blog Post," which update all the photos and poignant personal stories found throughout the first edition * A greater focus on the impact of technologyon intercultural communication message exchange processes * An updated discussion of multiracial and biracial identity in Chapter 4 * Updates to the popular "Jeopardy Boxes" ยท More than 250 new references * "Live-chat," a special boxed feature, which emphasizes the importance of adaptive code-switching in managing intercultural misunderstanding via lively dialogue
Table of Contents
Dedication Page Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors
Part One: Fundamental Concepts in Intercultural Communication
1: Why Study Intercultural Communication?
Practical Reasons to Study Intercultural Communication Adjusting to Global Workplace Heterogeneity Adapting to Domestic Workforce Diversity Engaging in Creative Multicultural Problem Solving Comprehending the Role of Technology in Global Communication Facilitating Better Multicultural Health Care Communication Enhancing Intercultural Relationship Satisfaction Fostering Global and Intrapersonal Peace Deepening Cultural Self-Awareness and Other-Awareness
Culture: A Learned Meaning System Surface-Level Culture: Popular Culture Intermediate-Level Culture: Symbols, Meanings, and Norms Deep-Level Culture: Traditions, Beliefs, and Values
Stamping Your Intercultural Passport
2: What Is Intercultural Communication Flexibility?
Defining Intercultural Communication: A Process Model Intercultural Communication Process: Overall Characteristics Intercultural Communication: Meaning Characteristics
Practicing Intercultural Communication Flexibility Three Content Components: Knowledge, Attitude, and Skills Three Criteria: Appropriateness, Effectiveness, and Adaptability
Developing Intercultural Communication Flexibility A Staircase Model An Essential Hook: A Mindful Perspective
Deepening Intercultural Process Thinking Process Consciousness: Underlying Principles
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables
3: What Are the Essential Cultural Value Patterns?
Functions of Cultural Values Analyzing Cultural Values Identity Meaning Function Explanatory Function Motivational Function Ingroup-Outgroup Evaluative Function
Analyzing Cultural Value Dimensions Discovering Cultural Values Identity: Individualism-Collectivism Value Pattern Power: Small-Large Power Distance Value Pattern Uncertainty: Weak-Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Value Pattern Sex Roles: Feminine-Masculine Value Pattern
Additional Value Orientation Patterns Value Orientations: Background Information Meaning: Activity Value Orientation Destiny: People-Nature Value Orientation Time: Temporal Value Orientation
Individual Socialization Development Independent Versus Interdependent Self-Construal Horizontal Versus Vertical Self-Construal Internal Versus External Locus of Control
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables
4: What Are the Keys to Understanding Cultural and Ethnic Identities?
Family and Gender Socialization Families Come in Different Shapes Gender Socialization and Interaction Patterns
Group Membership: Intercultural Boundary Crossing The Process of Acculturation and Enculturation Systems-Level Factors Individual-Level Factors F2F and Network-Level Factors Mass Media-Level Factors
Group Affiliation and Identity Formation Cultural Identity Conceptualization Ethnic Identity Conceptualization
Ethnic/Racial Identity Change Process Cultural-Ethnic Identity Typological Model Racial-Ethnic Identity Development Model Multiracial and Biracial Identity
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables
Part Two: Crossing Cultural and Communication Boundaries Adaptively
5: What Is Culture Shock?
Unpacking Culture Shock Characteristics of Culture Shock Pros and Cons of Culture Shock Approaching Culture Shock: Underlying Factors Initial Tips To Manage Culture Shock
Intercultural Adjustment: Developmental Patterns The U-Curve Adjustment Model The Revised W-Shaped Adjustment Model Culture Shock: Peaks and Valleys
Reentry Culture Shock Reentry Culture Shock: Surprising Elements Resocialization: Different Returnees' Profiles
Intercultural reality Check: Do-Ables
6: What Is the Connection Between Verbal Communication and Culture?
Human Language: Distinctive Features and Rule Patterns Distinctive Language Features: Arbitrariness, Abstractness, Meaning-Centeredness, and Creativity Multiple Rule Patterns: Phonological, Morphological, Syntactic, Semantic, and Pragmatic Rules
Appreciating Diverse Language Functions: The Cultural Worldview Function The Everyday Social Reality Function The Cognitive Shaping Function The Group Membership Identity Function The Social Change Function
Verbal Communication Styles: A General Framework Defining Low-Context and High-Context Interaction Patterns Direct and Indirect Verbal Styles Self-Enhancement and Self-Humbling Verbal Styles Beliefs Expressed in Talk and Silence
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables
7: What Are the Different Ways to Communicate Nonverbally Across Cultures?
The Impact of Nonverbal Communication Making Sense of Nonverbal Communication One Code, Countless Interpretations Verbal and Nonverbal Comparisons
Forms of Nonverbal Communication Physical Appearance Paralanguage Facial Expressions Gestures Haptics
Part Three: Managing Challenges in Intercultural Relationships Flexibly
8: What Causes Us to Hold Biases Against Outgroups?
Human Perception Tendencies: Some General Principles Selective Attention Selective Organization and Labeling Selective Interpretation
Biased Intergroup Filters: Ethnocentrism and Stereotypes Ethnocentrism and Communication Distances of Indifference, Avoidance, and Disparagement Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) Stereotypes and Communication Stereotypes: We Are What We Watch
Marking Ingroup/Outgroup Membership Boundaries Us versus Them Group Membership Struggles Intergroup Attribution Biases
Shattered Lens: Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism Prejudice: Multiple Explanations and Functions Prejudiced Remarks or Innocent Jokes? Four Discriminatory Practices Different Types of Racism Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables
9: How Can We Manage Intercultural Conflict Flexibly?
10: What Are the Challenges in Developing an Intercultural-Intimate Relationship?
Developing Intercultural-Intimate Relationships: Invisible Challenges Cultural-Ethnic Membership Values Love Expectations and Expressions Autonomy-Connection Issues Communication Decoding Issues
Intercultural-Intimate Relationship Attraction: Facilitating Factors Perceived Physical Attractiveness Perceived Similarity Cross-Cultural Self-Disclosure Comparisons Online Disclosure of Affection Third Party Matchmakers: Online and Mobile Dating Intercultural/Interracial Romantic Relationship Development
Intercultural-Intimate Conflict: Obstacles and Stumbling Blocks The Encounter: Prejudice and Racism Countering Racism and Prejudice: Coping Strategies Relational Transgressions and Terminations
Raising Secure Bicultural Children Bicultural Identity Struggles Cultivating a Secure Multifaceted Identity
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables
11: What Are the Communication Issues Facing a Global Identity?
Wired and On: The Roar of the Internet The Internet as our Central Station Wired Communication
The Transformation of Local and Global Identities The Lens of Television: Identity Imitation Global Television Impact Be Hip, be Hot, and Pop Culture Impact Outsourced Beats: You are What You Can Dance To You are What you Wear: Pop Culture as Fashion
Who and What are e.netizens? Defining the Background of e.netizens Characteristics of an e.netizen Identity
The Dialectics Pulls of an e.netizen Spatial Zone Dialectics Temporal Zone Dialectics
The Tipping Point: Communication Pattern Changes Gadget Communication Patterns: Fast and Furious Sharing Intimate Partners with a Gadget Language Styles: Text, Tweet, Talk Communicating to be Social Change Agents Present but Virtual
Personal Identities in Flux: The Global Face
Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables
12: How Can We Become Ethical Intercultural Communicators?
Intercultural Communication Ethics: Contemporary Issues Global Standard Procedure and Local Justice Issues Corporate Responsibility and Local Customary Practice Cultural Value Clash and Communication Preference
Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Absolutism Position Ethical Relativism Position Ethical Universalism Position Meta-Ethics Contextualism Position
Becoming Ethical and Flexible Intercultural Communicators Becoming Ethical: Ten Questions to Consider Becoming Flexible: Final Passport Do-Ables