Understanding Intercultural Communication

by Ting-Toomey, Stella; Chung, Leeva C.

• ISBN13: 9781891487736
• ISBN10: 1891487736
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-10-30
• Publisher: Roxbury Pub Co

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiv
About the Authors	p. xvii
Why Study Intercultural Communication?	p. 1
Practical Reasons to Study Intercultural Communication	p. 3
Adapting to Global and Domestic Workforce Diversity	p. 3
Improving Multicultural Health Care Communication	p. 7
Engaging in Creative Problem Solving	p. 9
Enhancing Intercultural Relationship Satisfaction	p. 10
Deepening Self-Awareness	p. 12
Fostering Global and Intrapersonal Peace	p. 13
Intercultural Communication Flexibility	p. 15
Knowledge, Attitude, and Skills	p. 16
Flexible Intercultural Communication: Four Criteria	p. 17
Mastering Intercultural Communication Flexibility	p. 19
A Staircase Model	p. 19
Communicating Flexibly	p. 21
What Is Intercultural Communication?	p. 25
Culture: A Learned Meaning System	p. 27
Surface-Level Culture: Popular Culture	p. 28
Intermediate-Level Culture: Symbols, Meanings, and Norms	p. 31
Deep-Level Culture: Traditions, Beliefs, and Values	p. 33
Understanding Intercultural Communication: A Process Model	p. 37
Intercultural Communication Process: Overall Characteristics	p. 39
Intercultural Communication: Meaning Characteristics	p. 41
Practicing Intercultural Process Thinking	p. 43
Process Consciousness: Underlying Principles	p. 43
Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints	p. 48
What Are the Essential Cultural Value Patterns?	p. 51
Functions of Cultural Values	p. 53
Analyzing Cultural Values	p. 54
Identity Meaning Function	p. 54
Explanatory Function	p. 55
Boundary Regulation Function	p. 55
Adaptational Function	p. 56
Analyzing Cultural Value Dimensions	p. 56
Discovering Cultural Values	p. 57
Identity: Individualism-Collectivism Value Pattern	p. 59
Power: Small-Large Power Distance Value Pattern	p. 63
Uncertainty: Weak-Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Value Pattern	p. 64
Sex Roles: Feminine-Masculine Value Pattern	p. 66
Additional Value Orientation Patterns	p. 67
Value Orientations: Background Information	p. 68
Meaning: Doing-Being Activity Value Orientation	p. 70
Destiny: Controlling-Yielding People-Nature Value Orientation	p. 71
Time: Future-Past Temporal Value Orientation	p. 73
Space: Privacy-Communal Spatial Value Orientation	p. 74
Individual Socialization Development	p. 75
Independent Versus Interdependent Self-Construal	p. 77
Horizontal Versus Vertical Self-Construal	p. 77
Internal Versus External Locus of Control	p. 79
Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints	p. 81
What Are the Keys to Understanding Cultural and Ethnic Identities?	p. 83
Family and Gender Socialization	p. 85
Family Socialization and Interaction Patterns	p. 87
Gender Socialization and Interaction Patterns	p. 90
Cultural-Ethnic Identity Formation	p. 91
Cultural Identity Conceptualization	p. 91
Ethnic Identity Conceptualization	p. 94
Group Membership: Intercultural Boundary Crossing	p. 98
Defining Acculturation and Enculturation	p. 98
Social Identity	p. 101
Systems-Level Factors	p. 102
Individual-Level Factors	p. 104
Interpersonal-Ethnic Media-Level Factors	p. 105
Ethnic-Cultural Identity Change Process	p. 107
Ethnic-Cultural Identity Typological Model	p. 107
Racial-Ethnic Identity Development Model	p. 108
Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints	p. 110
What Is Culture Shock?	p. 113
Understanding Culture Shock	p. 115
Culture Shock: Defining Characteristics	p. 116
Culture Shock: Pros and Cons	p. 118
Approaching Culture Shock: Underlying Factors	p. 118
Managing Culture Shock: Initial Tips	p. 122
Intercultural Adjustment: Developmental Patterns	p. 123
The U-Curve Adjustment Model	p. 126
The Revised W-Shaped Adjustment Model	p. 127
Culture Shock: Peaks and Valleys	p. 132
Reentry Culture Shock	p. 134
Reentry Culture Shock: Surprising Elements	p. 134
Resocialization: Different Returnees' Profiles	p. 135
Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints	p. 136
What Is the Relationship Between Language and Culture?	p. 139
Human Language: Distinctive Features	p. 141
Arbitrariness	p. 142
Abstractness	p. 143
Meaning-Centeredness	p. 144
Creativity	p. 145
Understanding Multiple Language Rules	p. 145
Phonological Rules	p. 147
Morphological Rules	p. 148
Syntactic Rules	p. 149
Semantic Rules	p. 149
Pragmatic Rules	p. 151
Understanding Diverse Language Functions	p. 153
The Cultural Worldview Function	p. 153
The Cognitive Formation Function	p. 154
The Social Reality Function	p. 156
The Group Identity Function	p. 158
The Social Change Function	p. 161
Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints	p. 163
What Are the Major Differences in Intercultural Verbal Styles?	p. 167
Intercultural Low-Context and High-Context Communication Framework	p. 169
Defining Low-Context and High-Context Communication	p. 169
Low-Context and High-Context Communication Examples	p. 172
Low-Context and High-Context VerbalStyle Comparisons	p. 175
Direct and Indirect Verbal Styles	p. 175
Complementary, Animated, and Understated Verbal Styles	p. 178
Informal and Formal Verbal Styles	p. 179
Beliefs Expressed in Talk and Silence	p. 181
Intercultural Conversation Process: Self-Disclosure	p. 182
Self-Disclosure: Verbal Revealment Versus Concealment	p. 182
Johari Window	p. 186
Intercultural Persuasion Process	p. 188
Linear Logic Versus Spiral Logic Persuasion	p. 188
Self-Credentialing and Self-Humbling Verbal Modes	p. 191
Face-Negotiation and Requesting Strategies	p. 193
Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints	p. 194
What Are the Different Ways to Communicate Nonverbally Across Cultures?	p. 197
The Importance of Nonverbal Communication	p. 199
What Is Nonverbal Communication?	p. 200
Actions or Words?	p. 201
One Code, Many Interpretations	p. 201
Verbal and Nonverbal Similarities	p. 202
Forms of Nonverbal Communication	p. 203
Artifacts and Clothing	p. 203
Paralanguage	p. 205
Facial Expressions	p. 206
Gestures	p. 210
Haptics	p. 212
Boundary Regulations	p. 214
Regulating Interpersonal Boundaries	p. 215
Environmental Boundaries	p. 217
Psychological Boundaries	p. 218
Regulating Time	p. 220
Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints	p. 224
What Causes Us to Hold Biases Against Outgroups?	p. 227
Through Our Lenses: Communication Filters	p. 230
Perception and Communication	p. 230
Ethnocentrism and Communication	p. 233
Stereotypes and Communication	p. 236
Stereotypes and Media	p. 238
Nearsighted Focus: Ingroup/Outgroup Membership Boundaries	p. 239
Us Versus Them	p. 239
Where Do I Fit In?	p. 241
Intergroup Attributions	p. 242
Shattered Lens: Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism	p. 244
Prejudiced Remarks...or Innocent Jokes?	p. 245
Prejudice: Explanations and Functions	p. 247
Discrimination and Practice	p. 248
Different Types of Racism	p. 251
Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination	p. 254
Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints	p. 255
What Are the Best Ways to Manage Intercultural Conflict?	p. 257
Intercultural Conflict: Cultural Background Factors	p. 259
Culture-Based Conflict Lenses	p. 260
Intercultural Conflict Perceptions	p. 263
Intercultural Conflict Goal Issues	p. 265
Perceived Scarce Resources	p. 266
Intercultural Conflict Process Factors	p. 268
Defining Conflict Styles	p. 268
Cross-Cultural Conflict Styles	p. 274
Cross-Ethnic Conflict Styles and Facework	p. 276
Competent Intercultural Conflict Skills	p. 279
Facework Management	p. 280
Mindful Listening	p. 281
Cultural Empathy	p. 282
Mindful Reframing	p. 282
Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints	p. 283
What Are the Challenges in Developing an Intercultural-Intimate Relationship?	p. 287
Developing Intercultural-Intimate Relationships: Invisible Challenges	p. 289
Different Cultural-Ethnic Membership Values	p. 290
Different Expectations of Love	p. 290
Different Expectations of Autonomy-Connection Issues	p. 292
Communication Decoding Issues	p. 293
Intercultural-Intimate Relationship Attraction: Facilitating Factors	p. 296
Perceived Physical Attractiveness	p. 296
Perceived Similarity	p. 297
Self-Disclosure	p. 298
Ethnic Identity and Self-Concept	p. 299
Intercultural-Intimate Conflict: Major Obstacles	p. 300
Encountering Prejudice and Racism	p. 301
Countering Racism and Prejudice: Coping Strategies	p. 304
Raising Secure Bicultural Children	p. 305
Raising Bicultural-Biracial Children	p. 306
Helping Children to Develop a Secure Identity	p. 308
Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints	p. 309
What Are the Communication Issues Facing a Global Identity?	p. 311
The E.net Self: Local Versus Global Outlook	p. 313
Local Versus Global Identity	p. 313
Defining the Background of E.net'ers	p. 314
E.net'ers: Who Are They?	p. 315
The E.net Identity: Dialectical Challenges	p. 317
Spatial Zone Dialectics	p. 318
Temporal Zone Dialectics	p. 319
Identity Zone Dialectics	p. 320
Global Identities in Action	p. 321
The Lens of Television: Identity Imitation	p. 321
Rap and Hip-Hop Music: Identity Expression	p. 324
Fashion and Gadgets: Identity Construction	p. 328
Video: Identity Transformation	p. 330
Intercultural Toolkit: Recaps and Checkpoints	p. 331
How Can We Become Ethical Intercultural Communicators?	p. 333
Comparing Different Ethical Positions	p. 335
Ethical Absolutism Position	p. 335
Ethical Relativism Position	p. 338
Ethical Universalism Position	p. 339
Meta-Ethics Contextualism Position	p. 339
Meta-Ethics: Procedures and Guidelines	p. 340
Identifying Key Meta-Ethics Concepts	p. 341
Meta-Ethical Decisions: Further Guidelines	p. 345
An Intercultural Discovery Path Model	p. 347
From Ethnocentrism to Ethnorelativism	p. 349
Becoming a Dynamic Global Leader	p. 352
In Conclusion	p. 353
References	p. 355
Glossary	p. 373
Author Index	p. 389
Subject Index	p. 393
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