Understanding the Political World: A Comparative Introduction to Political Science

by Danziger, James N.

• ISBN13: 9780321101921
• ISBN10: 0321101928
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Table of Contents

Boxed Features	xv
Preface	xvii
To the Reader	xxi
About the Author	xxii
PART ONE On Knowing the Political World
Politics and Knowledge	3	(22)
On Politics	3	(2)
Types of Political Knowledge	5	(3)
Description	6	(2)
Explanation	8	(1)
Prescription	8	(1)
Sources of Political Knowledge	8	(5)
Authority	8	(4)
Personal Thought	12	(1)
Science	13	(1)
Political Science	13	(5)
Political ``Science''?	18	(2)
Criticisms of Political Science as a ``Science''	18	(2)
Political Science as a Means of Understanding the Political World	20	(1)
Where Is This Book Going?	20	(1)
Key Concepts	21	(1)
For Further Consideration	22	(1)
For Further Reading	22	(1)
On the Web	23	(2)
PART TWO Political Behavior
Political Beliefs	25	(24)
Individual Political Beliefs	26	(2)
Belief Systems	28	(3)
Belief Systems among Mass Publics	28	(2)
Belief Systems among Elites	30	(1)
Political Culture	31	(4)
National Character Studies	31	(1)
Survey Research	32	(3)
Political Ideology	35	(10)
Key Issues	35	(3)
Conservatism	38	(1)
Classical Liberalism	39	(2)
Socialism	41	(2)
Some Further Points about ``Isms''	43	(2)
Looking Ahead	45	(1)
Key Concepts	46	(1)
For Further Consideration	46	(1)
For Further Reading	46	(1)
On the Web	47	(2)
Political Actions	49	(26)
Individual Political Actions	50	(7)
Modes of Political Activity	50	(1)
Political Activists	51	(2)
Political Participation Studies	53	(4)
Group Political Actions	57	(1)
Political Interest Groups	58	(6)
Activities of Political Interest Groups	58	(2)
Constraints on a Group's Behavior	60	(2)
Types of Interest Groups	62	(2)
Political Parties	64	(4)
Activities of Political Parties	64	(4)
Doing Politics	68	(3)
Key Concepts	71	(1)
For Further Consideration	72	(1)
For Further Reading	72	(1)
On the Web	73	(2)
Influences on Beliefs and Actions	75	(28)
The Environment	76	(3)
Agents of Political Socialization	79	(9)
The Family	79	(1)
The Schools	80	(2)
Peer Groups	82	(2)
The Media and Culture	84	(4)
Events	88	(1)
Personal Traits	88	(6)
Political ``Personality''	94	(4)
Personality	94	(3)
Human Nature	97	(1)
Concluding Observations	98	(2)
Key Concepts	100	(1)
For Further Consideration	100	(1)
For Further Reading	100	(1)
On the Web	101	(2)
PART THREE Political Systems
States and Nations	103	(28)
The State	103	(7)
A Legal Definition	104	(3)
A Structural-Functional Definition	107	(1)
The Domain of State Action	108	(2)
The Nation	110	(4)
The Political System	114	(12)
Systems in General	114	(1)
The Political System Defined	115	(4)
Conceptualization of the Political System	119	(3)
System Persistence	122	(4)
The Utility of the Political Systems Approach	126	(1)
Three Major Concepts: A Reprise	126	(1)
Key Concepts	127	(1)
For Further Consideration	127	(1)
For Further Reading	127	(2)
On the Web	129	(2)
Political Institutions I: Structures	131	(24)
The Legislature	132	(8)
Roles of the Legislature	132	(3)
Structural Arrangements	135	(1)
The Decline of Legislatures	136	(4)
Executives	140	(4)
Roles of Executives	140	(2)
Structural Arrangements	142	(2)
The Age of the Executive?	144	(1)
The Administration	144	(4)
Bureaucracy as One Form of Administration	145	(2)
Administrative Functions and Power	147	(1)
The Judiciary	148	(3)
Aspects of Adjudication	148	(1)
Judicial Structures	149	(2)
Concluding Observations	151	(1)
Key Concepts	152	(1)
For Further Consideration	152	(1)
For Further Reading	152	(1)
On the Web	153	(2)
Political Institutions II: Institutional Arrangements	155	(36)
Broad Taxonomies	156	(1)
Democracies and Nondemocracies	156	(12)
Defining Democracy	158	(5)
Defining Nondemocracies	163	(2)
A Democracy-Nondemocracy Continuum	165	(3)
Constitutional and Nonconstitutional Regimes	168	(4)
Constitutions	168	(2)
Constitutional Regimes	170	(1)
Nonconstitutional Regimes	171	(1)
Areal Distribution of Power	172	(2)
Unitary State	172	(1)
Federation	172	(1)
Confederation	173	(1)
Forms of Executive-Legislative Relations	174	(7)
Presidential Government	175	(1)
Parliamentary (Cabinet) Government	175	(2)
Hybrid Systems	177	(2)
Council Systems	179	(1)
Assembly Systems	180	(1)
Which Form Is Optimal?	180	(1)
Political Party Systems	181	(6)
Two-Party Systems	183	(1)
Multiparty Systems	184	(1)
Dominant-Party Systems	185	(1)
One-Party Systems	186	(1)
No-Party Systems	186	(1)
Classification and Clarity	187	(1)
Key Concepts	188	(1)
For Further Consideration	188	(1)
For Further Reading	188	(1)
On the Web	189	(2)
Political Economy	191	(26)
Politics and Economics	191	(1)
A Political-Economic Framework	192	(12)
Factors, Firms, and Households/Consumers	192	(3)
Getting and Spending	195	(2)
The State (and the World) Join In	197	(3)
Two Ideal-Type Political Economies	200	(1)
The Market Economy: Total Private Control	200	(3)
The Command Economy: Total State Control	203	(1)
Key Problems for Each Ideal-Type Political Economy	204	(3)
Market Economy	204	(2)
Command Economy	206	(1)
The Mixed Economy	207	(1)
Politics Plus Political Economy: The Other ``Isms''	208	(5)
The Three ``Isms''	208	(2)
The Real World	210	(3)
Concluding Observations	213	(1)
Key Concepts	214	(1)
For Further Consideration	214	(1)
For Further Reading	214	(1)
On the Web	215	(2)
PART FOUR Political Processes
Politics as a Value Allocation Process	217	(20)
The Elite Approach	218	(4)
Key Concepts	218	(1)
Major Theorists	218	(2)
The Value Allocation Process	220	(1)
The Prevalence of Elite-Based Political Systems	220	(2)
The Class Approach	222	(4)
The Group Approach	226	(4)
The Three Approaches Compared	230	(3)
Which Approach Is Correct?	230	(2)
Essential Similarities and Differences	232	(1)
Key Concepts	233	(1)
For Further Consideration	233	(1)
For Further Reading	234	(3)
Change and Political Development	237	(30)
Change	238	(1)
Development	239	(12)
Characteristics of ``More Developed'' Social Systems	239	(2)
The Process of Development	241	(5)
The Dynamics of Economic Development	246	(5)
Political Development	251	(8)
Characteristics of Political Development	252	(1)
The Process of Political Development	253	(1)
Political Development as Democratization	254	(4)
Political Institutionalization and Political Decay	258	(1)
Achieving Political Development	259	(1)
World of Changes	260	(2)
Key Concepts	262	(1)
For Further Consideration	263	(1)
For Further Reading	263	(2)
On the Web	265	(2)
Political Violence	267	(24)
Violence	268	(1)
Political Society	269	(1)
Types of Political Violence	269	(18)
State Violence against Individuals or Groups	270	(2)
Individual Violence against an Individual	272	(1)
Group Violence against an Individual	272	(5)
Group Violence against a Group	277	(1)
Individual or Group Violence against the State	278	(9)
Evaluating Political Violence: Means and Ends	287	(1)
Key Concepts	288	(1)
For Further Consideration	288	(1)
For Further Reading	289	(1)
On the Web	289	(2)
PART FIVE Politics among States
Politics between States	291	(36)
The Goals of States	292	(3)
Realist and Idealist Perspectives on the State's ``Motives''	292	(1)
Major Goals	293	(2)
Mechanisms of Cooperation between States	295	(8)
Diplomacy and Interstate Agreements	295	(3)
International Law	298	(2)
International Organizations	300	(3)
Competition among States	303	(12)
Balance of Power	303	(1)
Balance of Terror	304	(1)
Domination and Dependence	305	(4)
Competition in the Post-Cold War World	309	(6)
Violence between States	315	(7)
Threat of Force	315	(1)
Display of Force	315	(1)
Use of Force	316	(1)
War	317	(2)
What Causes War?	319	(2)
Is War Justifiable?	321	(1)
Key Concepts	322	(1)
For Further Consideration	323	(1)
For Further Reading	323	(2)
On the Web	325	(2)
The Developed Countries	327	(34)
An Introduction to the Next Three Chapters: Grouping the States in the Contemporary World	327	(4)
The Developed Countries	329	(1)
The Developing Countries	329	(1)
The Transitional Developed Countries	329	(2)
Images of the Developed Countries	331	(2)
Political Culture	333	(2)
Goal: Prosperity	335	(10)
Mixed Economy	335	(3)
Performance	338	(2)
Challenges	340	(5)
Goal: Stability	345	(8)
Political Institutionalization	346	(2)
Order Maintenance	348	(1)
Challenges to Stability	349	(4)
Goal: Security	353	(3)
The Era of Colonialism	353	(1)
The Cold War Period	354	(1)
Challenges to Security in the Post-Cold War Period	354	(2)
The Developed Countries Overall	356	(1)
Key Concepts	357	(1)
For Further Consideration	357	(1)
For Further Reading	358	(1)
On the Web	359	(2)
The Developing Countries	361	(48)
Images of the Developing World	361	(5)
Developmental Classification	361	(1)
Regional Classification	362	(4)
Goal: Prosperity	366	(20)
Obstacles to Prosperity	368	(4)
Strategies for Prosperity	372	(5)
Overall Performance	377	(8)
Prognosis	385	(1)
Goal: Security	386	(4)
Interstate Violence	386	(3)
Economic Security	389	(1)
Goal: Stability	390	(14)
Challenges to Political System Effectiveness	391	(1)
The Decline of Political Order	392	(4)
Democratization	396	(1)
Political Approaches	397	(7)
Concluding Observations: It's Got to Get Better(?)	404	(1)
Key Concepts	405	(1)
For Further Consideration	405	(1)
For Further Reading	406	(1)
On the Web	407	(2)
The Transitional Developed Countries	409	(40)
The Post-Communist Developed Countries	409	(2)
Political Culture	411	(2)
Under Communism	411	(1)
Post-Communism	412	(1)
Goal: Prosperity	413	(7)
Under Communism	413	(1)
Post-Communism	414	(6)
Goal: Stability	420	(9)
Under Communism	420	(4)
Post-Communism	424	(5)
Goal: Security	429	(3)
Under Communism	429	(1)
Post-Communism	430	(1)
The Newly Industrializing Countries	431	(1)
Political Culture	432	(1)
Goal: Prosperity	433	(4)
Goal: Stability	437	(6)
Goal: Security	443	(2)
The Future of the Transitional Developed Countries	444	(1)
Key Concepts	445	(1)
For Further Consideration	446	(1)
For Further Reading	446	(1)
On the Web	447	(2)
The Last Chapter: Looking Backward, Looking Forward	449	(14)
Political Outputs	450	(1)
Political Structures	451	(1)
Political Processes	451	(1)
Political Change	452	(1)
Direction	452	(1)
Rate	452	(1)
Controllability	453	(1)
Into the Twenty-First Century: Understanding and Action	453	(7)
Challenge 1: The Quest for Harmony with Our Technology	454	(4)
Challenge 2: The Quest for Harmony with Planet Earth	458	(1)
Challenge 3: The Quest for Harmony with One Another	459	(1)
Choosing a Future	460	(3)
Appendix: Political Analysis	463	(13)
Glossary	476	(15)
References	491	(22)
Credits	513	(2)
Index	515