Preface | p. xii |
To the Reader | p. xvii |
About the Author | p. xviii |
On Knowing the Political World | |
Politics and Knowledge | p. 3 |
On Politics | p. 3 |
Types of Political Knowledge | p. 4 |
Description | p. 7 |
Explanation | p. 8 |
Prescription | p. 8 |
Sources of Political Knowledge | p. 9 |
Authority | p. 9 |
Personal Thought | p. 12 |
Science | p. 13 |
Political Science | p. 14 |
Political "Science"? | p. 18 |
Criticisms of Political Science as a "Science" | p. 18 |
Political Science as a Means of Understanding the Political World | p. 20 |
Where Is This Book Going? | p. 21 |
Political Behavior | |
Political Theory and Political Beliefs | p. 25 |
Normative Political Theory | p. 26 |
Thomas Hobbes | p. 26 |
Political Ideology | p. 27 |
Conservatism | p. 28 |
Classical Liberalism | p. 30 |
Socialism | p. 31 |
Some Further Points About "Isms" | p. 35 |
Individual Political Beliefs | p. 38 |
Types of Orientations | p. 39 |
Identifying Specific Beliefs | p. 40 |
Belief Systems | p. 41 |
Belief Systems Among Mass Publics | p. 42 |
Belief Systems Among Elites | p. 43 |
Political Culture | p. 44 |
National Character Studies | p. 44 |
Survey Research | p. 45 |
Looking Ahead | p. 48 |
Political Actions | p. 53 |
Individual Political Actions | p. 54 |
Modes of Political Activity | p. 54 |
Political Activists | p. 56 |
Political Participation Studies | p. 58 |
Group Political Actions | p. 62 |
Political Interest Groups | p. 63 |
Activities of Political Interest Groups | p. 63 |
Constraints on a Group's Behavior | p. 66 |
Types of Interest Groups | p. 69 |
Political Parties | p. 71 |
Activities of Political Parties | p. 71 |
Doing Politics | p. 75 |
Influences on Beliefs and Actions | p. 83 |
The Environment | p. 84 |
Agents of Political Socialization | p. 87 |
The Family | p. 87 |
The Schools | p. 88 |
Peer Groups | p. 89 |
The Media and Culture | p. 92 |
Events | p. 96 |
Personal Characteristics | p. 96 |
Political "Personality" | p. 102 |
Personality | p. 102 |
Human Nature | p. 105 |
Concluding Observations | p. 105 |
Political Systems | |
States and Nations | p. 111 |
The State | p. 111 |
A Legal Definition | p. 112 |
A Structural-Functional Definition | p. 115 |
The Domain of State Action | p. 118 |
The Nation | p. 120 |
The Political System | p. 124 |
Systems in General | p. 124 |
The Political System Defined | p. 125 |
Conceptualization of the Political System | p. 129 |
System Persistence | p. 131 |
The Utility of the Political Systems Approach | p. 135 |
Three Major Concepts: A Reprise | p. 135 |
Political Institutions I: Structures | p. 141 |
The Legislature | p. 142 |
Roles of the Legislature | p. 142 |
Structural Arrangements | p. 145 |
The Decline of Legislatures | p. 146 |
Executives | p. 149 |
Roles of Executives | p. 150 |
Structural Arrangements | p. 151 |
The Age of the Executive? | p. 154 |
The Administration | p. 154 |
Bureaucracy as One Form of Administration | p. 155 |
Administrative Functions and Power | p. 157 |
The Judiciary | p. 158 |
Aspects of Adjudication | p. 158 |
Judicial Structures | p. 159 |
Concluding Observations | p. 161 |
Political Institutions II: Institutional Arrangements | p. 169 |
Broad Taxonomies | p. 170 |
Democracies and Nondemocracies | p. 170 |
Defining Democracy | p. 172 |
Defining Nondemocracies | p. 178 |
A Democracy-Nondemocracy Continuum | p. 179 |
Constitutional and Nonconstitutional Regimes | p. 184 |
Constitutions | p. 184 |
Constitutional Regimes | p. 187 |
Nonconstitutional Regimes | p. 187 |
Areal Distribution of Power | p. 188 |
Unitary State | p. 188 |
Federation | p. 188 |
Confederation | p. 190 |
Forms of Executive-Legislative Relations | p. 191 |
Presidential Government | p. 191 |
Parliamentary (Cabinet) Government | p. 192 |
Hybrid Systems | p. 194 |
Council Systems | p. 196 |
Assembly Systems | p. 196 |
Which Form Is Optimal? | p. 197 |
Political Party Systems | p. 197 |
Two-Party Systems | p. 198 |
Multiparty Systems | p. 199 |
Dominant-Party Systems | p. 202 |
One-Party Systems | p. 202 |
No-Party Systems | p. 203 |
Classification and Clarity | p. 203 |
Political Economy | p. 209 |
Politics and Economics | p. 209 |
A Political-Economic Framework | p. 210 |
Factors, Firms, and Households/Consumers | p. 210 |
Getting and Spending | p. 213 |
The State Joins In | p. 214 |
The World Joins In | p. 215 |
The Grand Total | p. 216 |
Two Ideal-Type Political Economies | p. 216 |
The Market Economy: Total Private Control | p. 219 |
The Command Economy: Total State Control | p. 222 |
Key Problems for Each Ideal-Type Political Economy | p. 223 |
Market Economy | p. 224 |
Command Economy | p. 224 |
The Mixed Economy | p. 225 |
Politics Plus Political Economy: The Other "Isms" | p. 226 |
The Three "Isms" | p. 226 |
The Real World | p. 228 |
Concluding Observations | p. 231 |
Political Processes | |
Public Policy, Power, and Decision | p. 237 |
Public Policy | p. 237 |
Taxonomies of Public Policies | p. 238 |
Analysis of the Stages of the Policy Process | p. 240 |
Policy Impact Analysis | p. 241 |
Explaining Public Policy Decision Making | p. 242 |
The Elite Approach | p. 243 |
Key Concepts | p. 243 |
Major Theorists | p. 244 |
The Public Policy Process | p. 244 |
The Prevalence of Elite-Based Political Systems | p. 245 |
The Class Approach | p. 247 |
The Public Policy Process | p. 249 |
The Group Approach | p. 250 |
The Policy Making Process | p. 251 |
The Three Approaches Compared | p. 254 |
Which Approach Is Correct? | p. 254 |
Essential Similarities and Differences | p. 255 |
Change and Political Development | p. 261 |
Change | p. 262 |
Development | p. 263 |
Characteristics of "More Developed" Human Systems | p. 263 |
The Process of Development | p. 264 |
The Dynamics of Economic Development | p. 269 |
Political Development | p. 276 |
Characteristics of Political Development | p. 276 |
The Process of Political Development | p. 277 |
Political Development as Democratization | p. 281 |
Political Institutionalization and Political Decay | p. 282 |
Achieving Political Development | p. 284 |
World of Changes | p. 285 |
Politics Across Borders | p. 291 |
The Goals of States | p. 292 |
Realist and Idealist Perspectives on the State's "Motives" | p. 292 |
Major Goals | p. 293 |
Mechanisms of Cooperation Between States | p. 295 |
Diplomacy and Interstate Agreements | p. 295 |
International Law | p. 299 |
International Organizations | p. 300 |
Competition Among States | p. 307 |
Balance of Power | p. 307 |
Balance of Terror | p. 309 |
Domination and Dependence | p. 310 |
Globalization? | p. 314 |
Competition in the Globalized World | p. 318 |
Political Violence | p. 325 |
Violence | p. 326 |
Political Society | p. 327 |
Types of Political Violence | p. 327 |
State Violence Against Individuals or Groups | p. 328 |
Individual Violence Against an Individual | p. 329 |
Group Violence Against an Individual | p. 330 |
Group Violence Against a Group | p. 333 |
Individual or Group Violence Against the State | p. 337 |
Use of Force Between States | p. 343 |
War | p. 344 |
What Causes War? | p. 348 |
Evaluating Political Violence: Means and Ends | p. 351 |
Politics Among States | |
The Developed Countries | p. 359 |
An Introduction to the Next Three Chapters: Grouping the States in the Contemporary World | p. 359 |
The Developed Countries of the Global North | p. 360 |
The Developing Countries of the Global South | p. 361 |
The Transitional Developed Countries | p. 361 |
Images of the Developed Countries | p. 362 |
Political Culture | p. 364 |
Goal: Prosperity | p. 366 |
Mixed Economy | p. 366 |
Performance | p. 369 |
Challenges | p. 371 |
Goal: Stability | p. 376 |
Political Institutionalization | p. 376 |
Order Maintenance | p. 378 |
Challenges to Stability | p. 380 |
Goal: Security | p. 384 |
The Era of Colonialism | p. 385 |
The Cold War Period | p. 385 |
Challenges to Security in the Post-Cold War Period | p. 386 |
The Developed Countries Overall | p. 387 |
The Developing Countries | p. 393 |
Images of the Developing World | p. 393 |
Developmental Classification | p. 393 |
Regional Classification | p. 394 |
Goal: Prosperity | p. 398 |
Obstacles to Prosperity | p. 400 |
The Quest for Prosperity: Strategic Choices | p. 404 |
Current Outcomes | p. 411 |
Prognosis | p. 416 |
Goal: Security | p. 416 |
Interstate Violence | p. 416 |
Economic Security | p. 420 |
Goal: Stability | p. 421 |
Challenges to Political System Effectiveness | p. 421 |
The Decline of Political Order | p. 422 |
Democratization | p. 425 |
Political Approaches | p. 427 |
Concluding Observations: It's Getting Better all the Time(?) | p. 431 |
The Transitional Developed Countries | p. 437 |
The Postcommunist Developed Countries | p. 437 |
Political Culture | p. 439 |
Under Communism | p. 439 |
Postcommunism | p. 440 |
Goal: Prosperity | p. 440 |
Under Communism | p. 440 |
Postcommunism | p. 441 |
Goal: Stability | p. 447 |
Under Communism | p. 447 |
Postcommunism | p. 451 |
Goal: Security | p. 456 |
Under Communism | p. 456 |
Postcommunism | p. 457 |
The Newly Industrializing Countries | p. 457 |
Political Culture | p. 458 |
Goal: Prosperity | p. 459 |
Goal: Stability | p. 465 |
Goal: Security | p. 466 |
The Future of the Transitional Developed Countries | p. 467 |
The Postcommunist Developed Countries | p. 467 |
The NICs | p. 468 |
Next? | p. 468 |
The Last Chapter: Looking Backward, Looking Forward | p. 473 |
Political Outputs | p. 474 |
Political Structures | p. 475 |
Political Processes | p. 475 |
Political Change | p. 476 |
Direction | p. 476 |
Rate | p. 476 |
Controllability | p. 477 |
Into the Twenty-First Century: Understanding and Action | p. 477 |
The Quest for Harmony with Our Technology | p. 477 |
The Quest for Harmony with Planet Earth | p. 478 |
The Quest for Harmony with One Another | p. 484 |
Choosing a Future | p. 484 |
Political Analysis | p. 487 |
Glossary | p. 501 |
References | p. 511 |
Credits | p. 521 |
Index | p. 522 |
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