Introduction

Part A Introduction to Research Methods

(28)

Introduction to Empirical Research

(2)

Experimental vs. Nonexperimental Studies

(2)

Experimental vs. Causal-Comparative Studies

(2)

Types of Nonexperimental Research

(2)

Variables in Nonexperimental Studies

(2)

Variables in Experimental Studies

(2)

Research Hypotheses, Purposes, and Questions

(2)

Operational Definitions of Variables

(2)

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research: I

(2)

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research: II

(2)

Program Evaluation

(2)

Ethical Considerations in Research

(2)

The Role of Theory in Research

(2)

Part B Reviewing Literature

(8)

Reasons for Reviewing Literature

(2)

Locating Literature Electronically

(2)

Writing Literature Reviews

(2)

Part C Sampling

(14)

Biased and Unbiased Sampling

(2)

Simple Random and Systematic Sampling

(2)

Stratified Random Sampling

(2)

Other Methods of Sampling

(2)

Introduction to Sample Size

(2)

A Closer Look at Sample Size

(2)

Part D Measurement

(26)

Introduction to Validity

(2)

Judgmental Validity

(2)

Empirical Validity

(4)

Judgmental-Empirical Validity

(4)

Reliability and Its Relationship to Validity

(4)

Measures of Reliability

(2)

Norm- and Criterion-Referenced Tests

(2)

Measures of Optimum Performance

(2)

Measures of Typical Performance

(2)

Part E Experimental Design

(12)

True Experimental Designs

(2)

Threats to Internal Validity

(2)

Threats to External Validity

(2)

Pre-Experimental Designs

(2)

Quasi-Experimental Designs

(2)

Part F Understanding Statistics

(44)

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

(2)

Introduction to the Null Hypothesis

(2)

Scales of Measurement

(2)

Descriptions of Nominal Data

(2)

Introduction to the Chi Square Test

(2)

A Closer Look at the Chi Square Test

101

(2)

Shapes of Distributions

103

(2)

The Mean, Median, and Mode

105

(2)

The Mean and Standard Deviation

107

(2)

The Median and Interquartile Range

109

(2)

The Pearson Correlation Coefficient

111

(2)

The t Test

113

(2)

One-Way Analysis of Variance

115

(2)

Two-Way Analysis of Variance

117

(16)

Appendices

A. Examining the Validity Structure of Qualitative Research

119

(6)

B. Excerpt from a Literature Review

125

(1)

C. Indices to Journal Articles

126

(1)

D. Selected Sources of Statistical Information

127

(1)

E. Other Methods of Determining Reliability

128

(1)

F. A Closer Look at the Standard Deviation

129

(2)

Tables

Table of Random Numbers

131

(1)

Table of Recommended Sample Sizes

132

(1)

Index

133

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