Understanding Solid State Physics

This textbook presents an accessible treatment of solid state physics for undergraduate physics students as well as materials science and electrical engineering students. The writing style is akin to a popular science book, but the required rigor is not lost. The author emphasizes both the technological applications of the physics and the multi-disciplinary nature of scientific research. The text includes journalistic-style accounts of recent research and covers topics, such as bonding in solids, amorphous materials, polymers, diffraction, lattice vibrations and phonons, free electron models of electrical conduction, energy band formation, simple band theory, superconductivity, dielectrics, and magnetism.

Preface	p. xiii
Author	p. xv
Further Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Crystal Clear: Bonding and Crystal Structures	p. 5
Bonding in Solids	p. 6
Electrons in Atoms	p. 6
Ionic Bonding	p. 8
Covalent Bonding	p. 12
Metallic Bonding	p. 13
van der Waals Bonding	p. 15
Hydrogen Bonding	p. 16
Mixed Bonding	p. 20
Crystalline Solids	p. 21
Describing Crystal Structures	p. 22
Crystalline Structures	p. 29
Quasicrystals	p. 48
Liquid Crystals	p. 49
Allotropes and Polymorphs	p. 49
Single Crystals and Polycrystals	p. 51
Directions, Planes, and Atomic Coordinates	p. 52
Further Reading	p. 57
Selected Questions From Questions and Answers Manual	p. 58
The Rejection of Perfection: Defects, Amorphous Materials, and Polymers	p. 61
Defects	p. 62
Point Defects	p. 62
Dislocations	p. 68
Amorphous Materials	p. 73
Structure of Amorphous Materials	p. 73
Models of Amorphous Structures	p. 75
Glasses	p. 77
A Preparation of Amorphous Materials	p. 80
Polymers	p. 85
Structure of Polymers	p. 86
Thermoplastics	p. 88
Thermosets	p. 90
Elastomers	p. 90
Additives	p. 92
Further Reading	p. 93
Selected Questions From Questions and Answers Manual	p. 93
Stressed Out: The Mechanical Properties of Solids	p. 95
Introduction to Mechanical Properties of Solids	p. 95
Stress and Strain	p. 96
Plastic Deformation	p. 102
Testing, Testing	p. 106
Elasticity	p. 111
Hardness	p. 115
The Right Material for the Job	p. 118
Alloys and Composites	p. 118
Altering the Mechanical Properties of a Solid	p. 119
Recycling	p. 121
Further Reading	p. 123
Selected Questions From Questions and Answers Manual	p. 123
In, Out, Shake It All About: Diffraction, Phonons, and Thermal Properties of Solids	p. 125
Diffraction	p. 126
Propagation of Electromagnetic Radiation	p. 126
How Waves Interact with Crystalline Solids	p. 127
Obtaining X-Ray Diffraction Patterns	p. 32
Electron and Neutron Diffraction	p. 135
Lattice Vibrations and Phonons	p. 139
Atomic Vibrations in Crystalline Solids I41
Phonons	p. 143
Thermal Properties	p. 144
Specific Heat	p. 144
Thermal Conductivity	p. 149
Thermal Expansion	p. 150
Further Reading	p. 154
Selected Questions From Questions and Answers Manual	p. 154
Unable to Resist: Metals, Semiconductors, and Superconductors	p. 157
Free Electron Models of Electrical Conduction	p. 158
Overview of Electrical Conduction	p. 158
Drude's Classical Free Electron Model	p. 164
Pauli's Quantum Free Electron Model	p. 165
Energy Band Formation	p. 174
Nearly Free Electron Model	p. 175
Tight-Binding Model	p. 177
Simple Band Theory	p. 180
Application of Band Theory to Real Solids	p. 180
Density of States in Energy Bands	p. 184
Elemental and Compound Semiconductors	p. 185
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors	p. 185
Motion of Charge Carriers in Semiconductors	p. 197
Superconductivity	p. 201
Introduction to Superconductivity	p. 201
Superconductor Technology	p. 211
Further Reading	p. 213
Selected Questions From Questions and Answers Manual	p. 213
Chips with Everything: Semiconductor Devices and Dielectrics	p. 215
Introduction to Semiconductor Devices	p. 216
p-n Junctions	p. 216
Bipolar Junction Transistors	p. 223
Field-Effect Transistors	p. 225
Optoelectronic Devices	p. 230
Interaction Between Light and Semiconductors	p. 230
LEDs	p. 235
Semiconductor Lasers	p. 238
Solar Cells	p. 240
MOS Capacitor	p. 242
Device Manufacture	p. 243
Crystal Growth	p. 244
Epitaxial Growth Methods	p. 247
Deposition	p. 249
Doping Semiconductors	p. 252
MEMS	p. 254
Dielectrics	p. 254
Introduction to Dielectrics	p. 254
Ferroelectricity	p. 259
Piezoelectricity	p. 262
Further Reading	p. 264
Selected Questions From Questions and Answers Manual	p. 264
Living in a Magnetic World: Magnetism and Its Applications	p. 267
Introduction to Magnetism	p. 268
The Origins of Magnetism	p. 268
Magnetic Properties and Quantities	p. 269
Types of Magnetism	p. 272
Diamagnetism	p. 272
Paramagnetism	p. 273
Ferromagnetism	p. 278
Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism	p. 282
Technological Applications of Magnets and Magnetism	p. 285
Solenoids	p. 285
Electromagnets	p. 286
Permanent Magnets	p. 287
Magnetic Resonance	p. 288
Magnetic Recording	p. 289
Further Reading	p. 292
Selected Questions From Questions and Answers Manual	p. 293
Some Useful Maths	p. 295
Vectors	p. 295
Vector vs. Scalar	p. 295
Unit Vectors	p. 295
Addition of Vectors	p. 296
Cartesian Coordinates	p. 296
Derivation of Selected Equations	p. 298
Derivation of Equation 6.17	p. 298
Derivation of Equation 6.18	p. 299
Proof that n_i² = np (equation 6.14[b]) is valid for extrinsic as well as intrinsic semiconductors	p. 300
Vibrations and Waves	p. 301
Properties of Waves	p. 301
Electromagnetic and Elastic Waves	p. 301
Longitudinal and Transverse Waves	p. 302
Describing Waves	p. 302
Velocity of Propagation	p. 305
Wave Behaviour	p. 305
Interference	p. 305
Diffraction	p. 305
Diffraction Gratings	p. 307
Revision of Atomic Physics	p. 309
Atomic Structure and Properties	p. 309
Atomic Structure	p. 309
Atomic Number	p. 309
Mass Number and Isotopes	p. 309
Atomic Mass Units	p. 310
Electron Shell Notation	p. 310
Atomic Shells	p. 310
Principal Quantum Number	p. 312
Orbital Quantum Number	p. 312
Magnetic Quantum Number	p. 313
Spin Quantum Number	p. 313
Electron Configuration of an Atom	p. 314
Filling of Subshells	p. 314
The Periodic Table	p. 315
Revision of Quantum Mechanics	p. 321
Fundamental Ideas of Quantum Theory	p. 321
Wave-Particle Duality	p. 321
Wave Functions	p. 322
Quantisation	p. 323
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle	p. 323
Quantum Behaviour of Particles	p. 324
Fermions and Bosons	p. 324
The Pauli Exclusion Principle	p. 324
Particle in a Box	p. 324
Revision of Statistical Mechanics	p. 329
Use of Statistics in Solid State Physics	p. 329
Probability	p. 329
The Concept of Probability	p. 329
Simple Probability Calculations	p. 330
Classical Statistical Mechanics	p. 330
Gas Model	p. 330
Configurations	p. 331
Boltzmann's Distribution Law	p. 332
Boltzmann Occupation Factor	p. 332
Equipartition of Energy	p. 332
Quantum Statistics	p. 333
Configurations of Indistinguishable Particles	p. 333
Fermi-Dirac Statistics	p. 333
Bose-Einstein Statistics	p. 335
Glossary of Terms	p. 337
Index	p. 345
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