Understanding Statistics/Book and Disk

by Ott, R. Lyman; Mendenhall, William

• ISBN13: 9780534209223
• ISBN10: 053420922X
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1994-04-01
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This modern text focuses on data and its importance to problem solving in the real world. It is organized around the theme of making sense of data: generating, organizing, analyzing, and presenting data. This edition includes:
-- An "Experiences With Real Data" section in every chapter
-- Many real data sets in exercises and a data disk included with each book
-- Increased emphasis on graphical methods of data analysis

Table of Contents

Part 1 Statistics: Making Sense of Data	3	(20)
An Introduction to Making Sense of Data	4	(19)
What Is Statistics?	4	(4)
Why Study Statistics?	8	(1)
Some Current Applications of Statistics	9	(5)
Acid Rain: A Threat to Our Environment
Determining the Effectiveness of a New Drug
Applications in the Courts
The Energy Crisis: A Search for New Energy Sources and a Search for Oil
Opinion and Preference Polls
Quality and Process Improvement
What Do Statisticians Do?	14	(1)
Using Computers to Help Make Sense of Data	15	(3)
A Note to the Student	18	(5)
Summary	19	(1)
Key Terms	19	(1)
Supplementary Exercises	19	(4)
Part 2 Step One: Gathering Data	23	(28)
Using Surveys and Experimental Studies to Gather Data	24	(27)
Introduction	25	(1)
Surveys	25	(6)
Sampling Techniques
Data Collection Techniques
Some Hints on Designing a Questionnaire	31	(6)
Question Ordering
Open Versus Closed Questions
Response Options
Wording of Questions
Experimental Studies	37	(6)
Experimental Designs
Factorial Experiments
More Complicated Designs
Observational Studies	43	(1)
Data Management: Preparing Data for Summarization and Analysis	44	(7)
Summary	48	(1)
Key Terms	48	(1)
Supplementary Exercises	48	(3)
Part 3 Step Two: Methods for Summarizing Data	51	(96)
Tabular and Graphical Methods for Summarizing Data	52	(42)
Introduction	52	(1)
Types of Data	53	(2)
Nominal Data
Ordinal Data
Discrete Data
Continuous Data
Pie Charts	55	(2)
Bar Charts	57	(3)
Frequency Histograms	60	(7)
Stem-and-Leaf Plots	67	(3)
Time Series Plots	70	(6)
Using Computers to Help Make Sense of Data	76	(18)
Summary	82	(1)
Key Terms	83	(1)
Supplementary Exercises	83	(9)
Experiences with Real Data	92	(2)
Numerical Methods for Summarizing Data	94	(53)
Introduction	94	(1)
Measures of Central Tendency	95	(10)
Measures of Variability	105	(11)
The Box Plot	116	(3)
Summarizing Data from More than One Variable	119	(5)
Using Computers to Help Make Sense of Data	124	(23)
Summary	131	(1)
Key Terms	131	(1)
Key Formulas	132	(1)
Supplementary Exercises	133	(10)
Experiences with Real Data	143	(4)
Part 4 Background for Analyzing Data	147	(84)
Probability and Probability Distributions	148	(50)
Introduction	148	(1)
Interpretations of Probability	149	(2)
Finding the Probability of an Event	151	(1)
Basic Event Relations and Probability Laws	152	(4)
Conditional Probability and Independence	156	(5)
Random Variables	161	(2)
Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables	163	(1)
A Useful Discrete Random Variable: The Binomial	164	(11)
Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables	175	(2)
A Useful Continuous Random Variable: The Normal	177	(21)
Summary	187	(1)
Key Terms	188	(1)
Key Formulas	189	(1)
Supplementary Exercises	189	(8)
Experiences with Real Data	197	(1)
Sampling Distributions	198	(33)
Introduction	198	(1)
Random Sampling	199	(4)
The Sampling Distribution for y and the Central Limit Theorem	203	(9)
Interpretations for Sampling Distributions
Explanations for Why Some Sampling Distributions Are Normal
Broad Applicability of the Central Limit Theorem
Normal Approximation to the Binomial	212	(4)
Sampling Distribution for p	216	(3)
Using Computers to Help Make Sense of Data	219	(12)
Summary	222	(1)
Key Terms	222	(1)
Key Formulas	222	(1)
Supplementary Exercises	223	(5)
Experiences with Real Data	228	(3)
Part 5 Step Three: Analyzing Data: Means, Variances, and Proportions	231	(212)
Inferences About μ	232	(61)
Introduction	232	(3)
Estimating μ	235	(6)
Choosing the Sample Size for Estimating μ	241	(3)
Quality Control: y-Charts	244	(4)
A Statistical Test for μ	248	(11)
Choosing the Sample Size for Testing μ	259	(4)
The Level of Significance of a Statistical Test	263	(3)
Inferences About μ, with σ Unknown	266	(8)
Assumptions Underlying the Analysis Methods of This Chapter	274	(1)
Using Computers to Help Make Sense of Data	275	(18)
Summary	279	(1)
Key Terms	280	(1)
Key Formulas	280	(1)
Supplementary Exercises	281	(10)
Experiences with Real Data	291	(2)
Inferences About μ1 -- μ2	293	(63)
Introduction	293	(2)
Inferences About μ1 -- μ2: Independent Samples	295	(13)
A Nonparametric Alternative: The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test	308	(4)
Inferences About μ1 -- μ2: Paired Data	312	(6)
A Nonparametric Alternative: The Wilcoxon Signed-rank Test	318	(4)
Choosing Sample Sizes for Inferences About μ1 -- μ2	322	(3)
Using Computers to Help Make Sense of Data	325	(31)
Summary	330	(1)
Key Terms	331	(1)
Key Formulas	331	(2)
Supplementary Exercises	333	(19)
Experiences with Real Data	352	(4)
Inferences About Variances	356	(28)
Introduction	356	(1)
Estimation and Tests for a Population Variance	357	(6)
Quality Control: r-Charts and s-Charts	363	(2)
Estimation and Tests for Comparing Two Population Variances	365	(6)
Using Computers to Help Make Sense of Data	371	(13)
Summary	377	(1)
Key Terms	377	(1)
Key Formulas	378	(1)
Supplementary Exercises	378	(5)
Experiences with Real Data	383	(1)
Analyzing Count Data	384	(59)
Introduction	384	(1)
The Multinomial Experiment	385	(1)
Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test	386	(8)
Inferences About the Binomial Parameter p	394	(7)
Operating Characteristic Curves and Control Charts for p	401	(5)
Comparing Two Binomial Proportions	406	(6)
r X c Contingency Tables: Chi-Square Test of Independence	412	(6)
Multiway Contingency Tables	418	(4)
Using Computers to Help Make Sense of Data	422	(21)
Summary	424	(1)
Key Terms	424	(1)
Key Formulas	425	(2)
Supplementary Exercises	427	(11)
Experiences with Real Data	438	(5)
Part 6 Step Three: Analyzing Data: Regression, Correlation, and Analysis of Variance	443	(144)
Regression and Correlation	444	(61)
Introduction	444	(2)
Scatter Plots and the Freehand Regression Line	446	(7)
Method of Least Squares	453	(9)
Correlation	462	(9)
Multiple Regression	471	(3)
Using Computers to Help Make Sense of Data	474	(31)
Summary	481	(1)
Key Terms	482	(1)
Key Formulas	482	(1)
Supplementary Exercises	483	(21)
Experiences with Real Data	504	(1)
Inferences Related to Linear Regression and Correlation	505	(53)
Introduction	505	(1)
Inferences About β0 and β1	506	(13)
Inferences About E(y)	519	(5)
Predicting y for a Given Value of x	524	(5)
Statistical Tests About ρ and ρs	529	(3)
Using Computers to Help Make Sense of Data	532	(26)
Summary	539	(1)
Key Terms	540	(1)
Key Formulas	540	(2)
Supplementary Exercises	542	(14)
Experiences with Real Data	556	(2)
Analysis of Variance	558	(29)
Introduction	558	(1)
The Logic Behind an Analysis of Variance	559	(1)
A Statistical Test About More Than Two Population Means: An Example of an Analysis of Variance	560	(7)
Checking on the Equal Variance Assumption	567	(2)
Using Computers to Help Make Sense of Data	569	(18)
Summary	571	(1)
Key Terms	572	(1)
Key Formulas	572	(1)
Supplementary Exercises	573	(11)
Experiences with Real Data	584	(3)
Part 7 Step Four: Communicating Results	587	(11)
Communicating the Results of Analyses	588	(10)
Introduction	588	(1)
Good Communication Is Not Easy	588	(2)
Communication Hurdles: Graphical Distortions	590	(1)
Communication Hurdles: Biased Samples	591	(2)
Communication Hurdles: What's the Sample Size?	593	(1)
The Statistical Report	594	(2)
Documentation and Storage of Results	596	(2)
Summary	597	(1)
Supplementary Exercise	598
Appendix 1 Databases	A1
Murder Rate Database and Murder Rate Sample Means Database	A1
Clinical Trial Database	A2
Insurance Claims Database	A14
Automatic Transmission Database	A15
Violent Crime Rates Database	A16
Crimes Perception Database	A17
Patient Treatment Times Database	A23
Bonus Level Database	A24
Annual Returns Database	A25
Progress of Banks Database	A27
Appendix 2 Useful Statistical Tests and Confidence Intervals	A32
Appendix 3 Statistical Tables	A40
Table 1 Binomial Probabilities, P(x) for n ≤ 20	A40
Table 2 Normal Curve Areas	A46
Table 3 Critical Values of t	A47
Table 4 Critical Values of x2	A48
Table 5 Upper-Tail Values of F, a = .10	A50
Table 6 Upper-Tail Values of F, a = .05	A52
Table 7 Upper-Tail Values of F, a = .025	A54
Table 8 Upper-Tail Values of F, a = .01	A56
Table 9 Upper-Tail Values of F, a = .005	A58
Table 10 Wilcoxon Signed-rank Test (n = 50)	A60
Table 11 Random Numbers	A61
Table 12 Fmax = s2max/s2min	A62
Table 13 Values of dn	A63
Table 14 Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test	A63
Table 15 Values of Dn and Dn	A64
Glossary of Common Statistical Terms	A65
References	A71
Answers to Selected Exercises	A73
Index	A113