Understanding Terrorism : Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

by Martin, Gus

• ISBN13: 9781412927222
• ISBN10: 1412927226
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-02-17
• Publisher: Sage Publications, Inc

Summary

"Let me say that this book is one of the most comprehensive works on the matter that I have ever had the pleasure of reading." '”Timothy N. Cash, STG Safety & Security Institute In the same dynamic spirit as the prior edition, the Second Edition of Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues continues to provide students with an interesting, accessible and comprehensive exploration of contemporary terrorism. This new edition is completely updated to offer the most recent theories and cases related to terrorist activity and efforts to combat terrorism over the last three years.   New to the Second Edition: Offers a new chapter on religious terrorism: Because religious terrorism has become so prominent in the world today, it is important for readers to investigate the different manifestations of religious violence. This new chapter evaluates the historical and modern origins, as well as the quality of religious terrorism to help students develop a contextual perspective on the modern era of religious violence.   Includes coverage of cutting-edge issues: New material on gender-selective terrorism and the nexus between criminal enterprises and terrorist violence is provided to orient readers to these emerging topics and stimulate critical thinking. A consolidated chapter on ideological terrorism is also included, in which the causes of left-wing and right-wing terrorism are identified, as are the qualities of ideological violence.   Provides updated pedagogy: Opening Viewpoints begin each chapter to express in human terms the roots and responses to terrorism. All maps, tables, case studies, and Web exercises have been updated to help students better understand the concepts and issues presented within the text. In addition, more photos are used to help illustrate the violence caused by terrorist activity as well as provide visual context to other areas of the world and different time periods.      &

Table of Contents

About the Author	xix
Acknowledgments	xxi
Introduction and Rationale	xxiii
Part I. Terrorism: A Conceptual Review	1	(108)
Terrorism: First Impressions	2	(31)
Opening Viewpoint: The Ideology of Al Qaeda	2	(3)
The Past as Prologue: Historical Perspectives on Terrorism	5	(3)
Antiquity	6	(1)
The Roman Age	6	(1)
The Ancient and Medieval Middle East	7	(1)
The French Revolution: Prelude to Modern Terrorism	7	(1)
Chapter Perspective 1.1. The Gunpowder Plot of Guy Fawkes	8	(2)
Nineteenth-Century Europe: Two Examples From the Left	8	(1)
The Modern Era and the War on Terrorism	9	(1)
First Considerations: Exploring Definitions, Sources, and Ideologies	10	(4)
First Definitions: Extremism and Terrorism	11	(1)
Sources of Terrorism	12	(1)
Ideologies: The Classical Ideological Continuum	12	(2)
The Morality of Terrorist Violence: Four Quotations	14	(3)
Questions of Morality	14	(1)
``One Person's Terrorist Is Another Person's Freedom Fighter''	15	(1)
``One Man Willing to Throw Away His Life Is Enough to Terrorize a Thousand''	15	(1)
``Extremism in Defense of Liberty Is No Vice''	16	(1)
``It Became Necessary to Destroy the Town to Save It''	16	(1)
Terrorism and Criminal Skill: Three Cases in Point	17	(3)
Case 1: Richard Baumhammers	17	(1)
Case 2: Theodore ``Ted'' Kaczynski	18	(1)
Case 3: Ramzi Yousef	19	(1)
Terrorist Symbolism: Oklahoma City and September 11, 2001	20	(4)
The Oklahoma City Bombing	21	(1)
September 11, 2001	22	(2)
Chapter Perspective 1.2. Waging War in the Era of the New Terrorism	24	(2)
Chapter Summary	26	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	27	(1)
Discussion Box: Total War	27	(2)
Recommended Web Sites	29	(1)
Web Exercise	29	(1)
Recommended Readings	29	(4)
The Nature of the Beast: Defining Terrorism	33	(42)
Opening Viewpoint: Are ``Hate Crimes'' Acts of Terrorism?	33	(2)
Reactionaries and Radicals: Revisiting the Classical Ideological Continuum	35	(5)
An Ideological Analysis: From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe	36	(4)
The ``New Terrorism''	40	(1)
Understanding Extremism: The Foundation of Terrorism	40	(5)
Defining Extremism	42	(1)
Common Characteristics of Violent Extremists	43	(1)
The World of the Extremist	44	(1)
Defining Terrorism: An Ongoing Debate	45	(2)
A Sampling of Formal Definitions	46	(1)
The American Context: Defining Terrorism in the United States	47	(1)
Chapter Perspective 2.1. The Problem of Labeling the Enemy in the New Era of Terrorism	48	(2)
Types of Terrorism	49	(1)
A Definitional Problem: Perspectives on Terrorism	50	(5)
Perspective 1: Participants in a Terrorist Environment	51	(1)
Perspective 2: Terrorism or Freedom Fighting?	52	(2)
Perspective 3: Extremism or ``Mainstreamism''?	54	(1)
Perspective 4: Ideologies and Ideals	54	(1)
Chapter Perspective 2.2. We the Klan Believe	55	(6)
Chapter Perspective 2.3. The Spanish Falange: A Model for Fascism	61	(3)
The Political Violence Matrix	64	(2)
A Definitional Dilemma: Combatants, Noncombatants, and the Use of Force	64	(2)
Chapter Summary	66	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	67	(1)
Discussion Box: Cold War Revolutionaries	68	(2)
Recommended Web Sites	70	(1)
Web Exercise	71	(1)
Recommended Readings	71	(4)
Beginnings: The Causes of Terrorism	75	(34)
Opening Viewpoint: The Case of Carlos	75	(3)
Extreme Convictions: Motives of Terrorists	78	(2)
Moral Convictions of Terrorists	78	(2)
Chapter Perspective 3.1. A Viet Cong Directive Ordering Selective Terrorism	80	(7)
Simplified Definitions of Good and Evil	82	(1)
Seeking Utopia	82	(1)
Codes of Self-Sacrifice	83	(3)
Understanding Codes of Self-Sacrifice	86	(1)
Chapter Perspective 3.2. Profiles of Violent Extremists: Leila Khaled and Abu Nidal	87	(2)
Extreme Circumstances: Explanations of Terrorism	89	(10)
Making Revolution: Acts of Political Will	89	(2)
The Fruit of Injustice: Sociological Explanations of Terrorism	91	(4)
Rationality and Terrorist Violence: Psychological Explanations of Terrorism	95	(3)
Lighting the Fuse: Adversaries in the War on Terrorism	98	(1)
Chapter Perspective 3.3. Women as Terrorists	99	(3)
Chapter Summary	102	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	103	(1)
Discussion Box: Bloody Sunday and Black September	104	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	105	(1)
Web Exercise	105	(1)
Recommended Readings	106	(3)
Part II. The Terrorists	109	(234)
Terror From Above: State Terrorism	110	(42)
Opening Viewpoint: State Terrorism as Domestic and Foreign Policy	110	(2)
The Problem of Accountability: Monitoring State Terrorism	112	(3)
The State as Terrorist: A State Terrorism Paradigm	115	(8)
Understanding State-Sponsored Terrorism	116	(2)
State Sponsorship: The Patronage Model	118	(1)
State Sponsorship: The Assistance Model	119	(4)
Chapter Perspective 4.1. Chaos as Liberation: State Repression in Zimbabwe	123	(1)
Violence Abroad: State Terrorism as Foreign Policy	123	(7)
Moral Support: Politically Sympathetic Sponsorship	127	(1)
Technical Support: Logistically Supportive Sponsorship	127	(1)
Selective Participation: Episode-Specific Sponsorship	128	(1)
Active Participation: Joint Operations	129	(1)
Chapter Perspective 4.2. Calculation or Miscalculation? The Threat From Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Iraq Case	130	(1)
Violence at Home: State Terrorism as Domestic Policy	131	(6)
Legitimizing State Authority	132	(1)
Unofficial Repression: Vigilante Domestic State Terrorism	133	(2)
Repression as Policy: Official Domestic State Terrorism	135	(2)
Chapter Perspective 4.3. Cleansing Society	137	(3)
Mass Repression: Genocidal Domestic State Terrorism	138	(2)
Chapter Perspective 4.4. The Anfal Campaign: Genocidal State Terrorism in Iraq	140	(1)
Chapter Perspective 4.5. The Khmer Rouge: Genocidal State Terrorism in Cambodia	141	(4)
Postscript: Death Squads in Latin America	142	(3)
Chapter Summary	145	(2)
Key Terms and Concepts	147	(1)
Discussion Box: Authoritarianism and Democracy	148	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	149	(1)
Web Exercise	149	(1)
Recommended Readings	150	(2)
Terror From Below: Dissident Terrorism	152	(30)
Opening Viewpoint: The Tupamaros	152	(4)
The Rebel as Terrorist: A Dissident Terrorism Paradigm	156	(4)
Revolutionary Dissident Terrorism: A Clear World Vision	157	(1)
Nihilist Dissident Terrorism: Revolution for the Sake of Revolution	158	(1)
Nationalist Dissident Terrorism: The Aspirations of a People	159	(1)
Chapter Perspective 5.1. Child Soldiers	160	(2)
Revolutionaries, Nihilists, and Nationalists: Freedom Fighters?	162	(1)
Operational Shifts: The New Morality and the Rise of Terrorist Cells	162	(2)
The New Dissident Terrorist Morality	163	(1)
Terrorist Cells and Lone Wolves: New Models for a New War	163	(1)
Chapter Perspective 5.2. Chechen Terrorism in Russia	164	(1)
Warring Against the State: Antistate Dissident Terrorism	165	(4)
Intensities of Conflict: Antistate Terrorist Environments	166	(2)
Defeat Is Unthinkable: The Terrorists' Faith in Victory	168	(1)
Chapter Perspective 5.3. The Palestinian Movement	169	(2)
Warring Against a People: Communal Terrorism	171	(5)
Ethno-Nationalist Communal Terrorism	171	(2)
Religious Communal Terrorism	173	(2)
Ideological Communal Terrorism	175	(1)
Chapter Summary	176	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	177	(1)
Discussion Box: The Tamil Tigers	177	(2)
Recommended Web Sites	179	(1)
Web Exercise	179	(1)
Recommended Readings	180	(2)
Violence in the Name of the Faith: Religious Terrorism	182	(38)
Opening Viewpoint: The Journey of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi	182	(3)
Primary and Secondary Motives: The Idiosyncratic Quality of Religious Terrorism	185	(2)
Understanding Jihad as a Primary Religious Motive: An Observation and Caveat	187	(1)
Chapter Perspective 6.1. Jihad: Struggling in the Way of God	187	(2)
A Case of Secondary Religious Motive: The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion	188	(1)
Chapter Perspective 6.2. The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion: A Conspiracy of the Extreme Right	189	(2)
Historical Cases in Point: Fighting, Dying, and Killing in the Name of the Faith	191	(1)
Judeo-Christian Antiquity	191	(1)
Chapter Perspective 6.3. The Conquest of Canaan	192	(5)
Christian Crusades	192	(2)
The Assassins	194	(1)
A Secret Cult of Murder	194	(1)
Modern Arab Islamist Extremism	195	(1)
Cult Case: Mysticism and Rebellion in Uganda	196	(1)
State-Sponsored Religious Terrorism in the Modern Era	197	(4)
National Case: Iran	197	(2)
Regional Case: Pakistan and India	199	(2)
Dissident Religious Terrorism in the Modern Era	201	(11)
Regional Case: Religious Zealotry in the Middle East	201	(4)
Movement Case: The International Mujahideen---Holy Warriors for the Faith	205	(1)
Organization Case: Al Qaeda's Religious Foundation	206	(4)
National Case: The Algerian Jihadis	210	(1)
Cult Case: Aum Shinrikyo (Supreme Truth)	211	(1)
The Future of Religious Terrorism	212	(2)
Chapter Summary	214	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	214	(1)
Discussion Box: The One True Faith	215	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	216	(1)
Web Exercise	216	(1)
Recommended Readings	217	(3)
Violent Ideologies: Terrorism From the Left and Right	220	(49)
Opening Viewpoint: Racist Skinheads as a Supportive Environment	220	(1)
Chapter Perspective 7.1. The Racist Skinhead Counterculture	221	(1)
Radicals and Reactionaries: A Comparison	222	(2)
Violent Radicals: Characteristics of the Extreme Left	223	(1)
Chapter Perspective 7.2. Supportive Environments on the Left---Paris in 1968	224	(3)
Violent Reactionaries: Characteristics of the Extreme Right	225	(2)
Left-Wing Ideologies and Activism	227	(6)
For the Exploited: Class Struggle	228	(2)
For the People: Leftist Nationalism	230	(1)
Special-Interest Extremism	231	(1)
Problems on the Radical Left	232	(1)
Chapter Perspective 7.3. Required Reading on the ``New Left''	233	(2)
Class Struggle and National Liberation: The Terrorist Left	235	(9)
Regional Case: Latin America	235	(4)
Regional Case: Europe	239	(5)
Right-Wing Ideologies and Activism	244	(7)
Political Parties and Dissident Movements	246	(2)
Tradition and Order	248	(1)
Right-Wing Nationalism	249	(1)
Religion and Mysticism	250	(1)
Race and Order: The Terrorist Right	251	(5)
Regional Case: Europe	252	(4)
Violent Ideologies in the New Era of Terrorism	256	(4)
The Terrorist Left in the New Era	256	(2)
The Terrorist Right in the New Era	258	(2)
Chapter Summary	260	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	261	(1)
Discussion Box 7.1: Young Nationalist Idealists	261	(3)
Discussion Box 7.2: Order From Chaos	264	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	265	(1)
Web Exercise	265	(1)
Recommended Readings	266	(3)
Terrorist Spillovers: International Terrorism	269	(39)
Opening Viewpoint: Terrorism in the Age of Globalization	269	(2)
Chapter Perspective 8.1. The Changing Environment of International Terrorism	271	(2)
Defining International Terrorism	273	(7)
Expanding the Struggle: The Spillover Effect	274	(4)
International Terrorism and Terrorist Environments	278	(2)
Globalized Revolution: Reasons for International Terrorism	280	(3)
Ideological Reasons: Modern ``isms'' and International Revolutionary Solidarity	281	(2)
Chapter Perspective 8.2: Cooperation Between Terrorists: The European Connection	283	(4)
Practical Reasons: Perceived Efficiency	283	(1)
Tactical Reasons: Adaptations of Revolutionary Theory to International Operations	284	(1)
Historical Reasons: Perceptions of International Terrorism	285	(2)
Globalized Solidarity: International Terrorist Networks	287	(1)
Chapter Perspective 8.3. A Remarkable Example of International Terrorism: The Japanese Red Army and the Lod (Lydda) Airport Massacre	288	(3)
Cold War Terrorist-Networking Theory	288	(1)
International Terrorist Environments	289	(2)
The New Era of International Terrorism	291	(6)
Movement Case: The Afghan Arabs at War	291	(2)
Organization Case: Al Qaeda and International Terrorism	293	(4)
Chapter Perspective 8.4. Beyond Al Qaeda	297	(3)
Incident Case: The Madrid Train Bombings	298	(1)
Incident Case: The London Transportation System Attacks	299	(1)
Wartime Case: Terrorist Violence in Iraq	299	(1)
Postscript: The ``Stateless Revolutionaries''	300	(1)
Chapter Summary	301	(2)
Key Terms and Concepts	303	(1)
Discussion Box: Understanding Terrorist ``Spillovers'': Middle Eastern and North African Spillovers in Europe	303	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	304	(1)
Web Exercise	305	(1)
Recommended Readings	305	(3)
Emerging Terrorist Environments: Gender-Selective Terrorism and Criminal Dissident Terrorism	308	(35)
Opening Viewpoint: The Janjaweed Campaign Against ``Enemy'' Women in Darfur, Sudan	308	(2)
Culture and Conflict: Gender-Selected Victims of Terrorist Violence	310	(9)
Gender-Selective Terrorism Against Men	311	(1)
Background to Terrorism Against Women: Cultural Repression and Violence	312	(3)
An Emerging Recognition: Terrorism Against Women	315	(3)
Responding to Gender-Selective Political Violence	318	(1)
Protecting the Enterprise: Criminal Dissident Terrorism	319	(1)
The Criminal and Political Terrorism Nexus	319	(1)
Chapter Perspective 9.1: The Beka'a Valley	320	(3)
Traditional Criminal Enterprises	321	(1)
Criminal-Political Enterprises	321	(1)
Case in Point: The Logic of Narco-Terrorism	322	(1)
A Global Problem: Regional Cases of Criminal Dissident Terrorism	323	(11)
Regional Case: Asia	323	(3)
Regional Case: Europe	326	(3)
Regional Case: Latin America	329	(5)
Chapter Summary	334	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	335	(1)
Discussion Box: Political Violence Against Women: Gender Communal Terrorism?	335	(2)
Recommended Web Sites	337	(1)
Web Exercise	337	(1)
Recommended Readings	338	(5)
Part III. The Terrorist Trade	343	(80)
Tools of the Trade Tactics and Targets of Terrorists	344	(46)
Opening Viewpoint: The Engineer	344	(3)
The Purpose: Terrorist Objectives	347	(7)
Typical Objectives	347	(3)
Playing to the Audience: Objectives, Victims, and Constituencies	350	(2)
The New Terrorism and New Objectives	352	(2)
The Means: Terrorist Methods	354	(14)
Concept: Asymmetrical Warfare	355	(2)
An Introduction to Common Methods of Terrorists	357	(1)
Weapons Old and New	358	(10)
Chapter Perspective 10.1. The Al Qaeda ``Terrorist Manual''	368	(3)
The Focus: Terrorist Targets	371	(3)
The Symbolism of Targets	372	(2)
Chapter Perspective 10.2. The Symbolism of Targets: Terrorist Attacks Against the United States	374	(1)
The Outcome: Is Terrorism Effective?	375	(2)
Media and Political Attention	376	(1)
Having an Impact on an Audience	376	(1)
Chapter Perspective 10.3. Tactical Horror: Digital, Video, and Audio Terrorism	377	(6)
Forcing Concessions From an Enemy Interest	378	(1)
Disruption of Normal Routines	379	(1)
Provoking the State to Overreact	379	(1)
Effective Terrorism: The King David Hotel Bombing	380	(3)
Chapter Summary	383	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	384	(1)
Discussion Box: Attacks Against the U.S. Marine and French Paratrooper Headquarters in Beirut	385	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	386	(1)
Web Exercise	386	(1)
Recommended Readings	386	(4)
The Information Battleground: Terrorist Violence and the Role of the Media	390	(33)
Opening Viewpoint: Media-Oriented Terror and Lebanon's Hezbollah	390	(1)
Two Perspectives: The Media and Governments	391	(2)
The Perspective of the Media	391	(1)
The Perspective of Governments	392	(1)
Exploring the Role of the Media	393	(2)
Publicizing the Cause	393	(1)
Spreading the Word: Mass Communications and the Terrorists' Message	394	(1)
Chapter Perspective 11.1. Delivering the Message	395	(8)
No More Printing Presses: Mass Communications and the ``New Media''	399	(1)
Truth and Consequences: The Reporting of Terrorism	400	(3)
A New Battleground: The War for the Information High Ground	403	(9)
Revisiting the Participants in a Terrorist Environment	404	(2)
Practical Considerations: Using the Media	406	(3)
Information Is Power: The Media as a Weapon	409	(3)
Problems on the New Battleground: The Risk of Backlash	412	(1)
The Public's Right to Know: Regulating the Media	412	(1)
The Free Press	413	(1)
Chapter Perspective 11.2. Self-Regulation and the American Media	413	(4)
The State-Regulated Press	416	(1)
Chapter Summary	417	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	417	(1)
Discussion Box: Freedom of Reporting and Security Issues	418	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	419	(1)
Web Exercise	419	(1)
Recommended Readings	420	(3)
Part IV. Final Analysis	423
The American Case: Terrorism in the United States	424	(51)
Opening Viewpoint: Lynching---Vigilante Communal Terrorism in the United States	424	(2)
An Introduction to the American Case	426	(3)
Chapter Perspective 12.1. American Cults and Terrorist Violence	429	(2)
Weighing the Origins of Terrorism in the United States	430	(1)
Background to Terrorism: Leftist Activism and Ideological Extremism in America	431	(3)
Origins of the Modern Civil Rights Movement	431	(1)
The Rise of Black Power	432	(1)
Growth of the New Left	433	(1)
Left-Wing Terrorism in the United States	434	(1)
Chapter Perspective 12.2. Seeds of Terrorism: Radicals on the American Left	435	(13)
Generational Rebellion: New Left Terrorism	437	(3)
Civil Strife: Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism on the Left	440	(4)
The Revolution Continues: Leftist Hard Cores	444	(2)
Case in Point: The United Freedom Front	446	(1)
Single-Issue Violence on the Left	446	(2)
Background to Terrorism: Rightist Activism and Ideological Extremism in America	448	(2)
Religious Politics and the ``Christian Right''	448	(1)
Rise of the Antigovernment Patriots	449	(1)
Chapter Perspective 12.3. Conspiracy Theories on the American Right	450	(4)
Racial Supremacy: An Old Problem With New Beginnings	451	(2)
Racial Mysticism	453	(1)
Race and the Bible: The Christian Identity Creation Myth	453	(1)
Right-Wing Terrorism in the United States	454	(1)
Chapter Perspective 12.4. Seeds of Terrorism: Reactionaries on the American Right	454	(11)
Homegrown Racism: The Legacy of the Ku Klux Klan	456	(3)
Racial Mysticism: Neo-Nazi Terrorism	459	(1)
Patriot Threats	460	(2)
Case in Point: Moralist Terrorism	462	(3)
International Terrorism in the United States	465	(3)
The Spillover Effect in the United States	465	(2)
The New Terrorism in the United States	467	(1)
Chapter Summary	468	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	469	(1)
Discussion Box: Domestic Terrorism in the American Context	470	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	471	(1)
Web Exercise	472	(1)
Recommended Readings	472	(3)
Responding to Terror: The Options	475	(52)
Opening Viewpoint: Extraordinary Renditions	475	(2)
Background: The Scope of Options	477	(2)
Use of Force	477	(1)
Operations Other Than War	477	(1)
Legalistic Options	478	(1)
Warlike Operations: Counterterrorism and the Use of Force	479	(5)
Maximum Use of Force: Suppression Campaigns	481	(3)
Chapter Perspective 13.1. Operation El Dorado Canyon	484	(7)
War in the Shadows, Part 1: Coercive Covert Operations	485	(2)
Surgical Use of Force: Special Operations Forces	487	(4)
Chapter Perspective 13.2. Hostage Rescues	491	(2)
Operations Other Than War: Repressive Options	493	(8)
War in the Shadows, Part 2: Nonviolent Covert Operations	493	(2)
Knowing the Enemy: Intelligence	495	(3)
Hardening the Target: Enhanced Security	498	(2)
Long-Term Coercion: Economic Sanctions	500	(1)
Operations Other Than War: Conciliatory Options	501	(6)
Reasoned Dialogue: Diplomatic Options	501	(5)
Responding to Grievances: Social Reform	506	(1)
Giving Them What They Want: Concessionary Options	506	(1)
Applying the Rule of Law: Legalistic Options	507	(2)
Law Enforcement and Counterterrorism	508	(1)
Chapter Perspective 13.3. The Capture of Mir Aimal Kansi	509	(7)
Domestic Laws and Counterterrorism	512	(4)
Chapter Perspective 13.4. The Torture Debate	516	(4)
International Law: Legalistic Responses by the World Community	518	(2)
Chapter Summary	520	(2)
Key Terms and Concepts	522	(1)
Discussion Box: The Utility of Elite Counterterrorist Units	523	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	524	(1)
Web Exercise	524	(1)
Recommended Readings	525	(2)
What Next? The Future of Terrorism	527
Opening Viewpoint: The Technology of Surveillance	527	(2)
An Overview of Near-Term Projections	529	(2)
Terrorism by States and Dissidents	530	(1)
Whither the ``Old Terrorism''?	531	(1)
The Future of Terrorism: New Threats	531	(12)
Terrorist Environments in the 21st Century	532	(2)
The World in Conflict: Future Sources of Terrorism	534	(4)
High-Tech Terrorism	538	(4)
Soft Targets and Terrorist Symbolism	542	(1)
Controlling Terrorism: New Challenges	543	(8)
Government Responses	543	(1)
Societal Responses	544	(1)
Countering Extremism	545	(1)
New Fronts in a New War	545	(1)
The Continued Utility of Force	546	(1)
Countering Terrorist Financial Operations	547	(2)
Counterterrorist Surveillance Technologies	549	(1)
The Case for International Cooperation	550	(1)
Prospects for Terrorism in the United States	551	(3)
The Future of International Terrorism in the United States	552	(1)
The Future of the Violent Left in the United States	553	(1)
The Future of the Violent Right in the United States	553	(1)
Chapter Perspective 14.1. Holocaust Denial	554	(5)
Reorganization of Homeland Security and Intelligence in the United States	554	(5)
Chapter Summary	559	(2)
A Final Thought	560	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	561	(1)
Discussion Box: Toward Big Brother?	561	(1)
Recommended Readings	562
Appendix A: Map References	1	(1)
Appendix B: Historical Examples	1	(1)
Glossary/Index	1