Unlocking Eu Law

by Turner,Chris; Birch,Virginia

• ISBN13: 9780340887592
• ISBN10: 0340887591
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2005-09-30
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Unlocking the Law is a completely new series of textbooks with a unique approach to undergraduate study of law. From its conception, the series has been designed specifically so that the subject matter is readable students are not overwhelmed with page after page of continuous prose. The text of each title is broken up with features and activities that have been written to ensure that students are pointed in the right direction when it comes to understanding the purpose of different areas within the course. Ultimately the accessible style of Unlocking the Law will ensure that students not only understand fully the concepts required but are able to apply them with competence. All titles in the series follow the same format and include the same features so that students can move easily from one law subject to another. The series covers all the core subjects required by the Bar Council and the Law Society for entry onto professional qualifications and will expand to include more titles on option areas. Key features - Numerous headings and sub-headings to direct students easily to the specific area of study required - Cases, articles and secondary legislation separated from the main text with full citation for easy access - Key extracts from judgments seperated out from the main text - Highlighted key extracts from academic sources such as leading texts or articles in legal journals with full citation - Summary charts of key facts - Diagrams, flow charts and other key visual aids - Activities including practice of specific undergraduate skills and learning tasks

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements	xv
Preface	xvi
Table of cases	xviii
Table of Treaty Articles and legislation	xliv
Table of equivalent Article numbering prior to Treaty of Amsterdam	lii
List of figures	lv
1 The origins and character of EC law	1	(20)
1.1 The origins of and background to the Treaties	1	(5)
1.1.1 The background to the idea of a single Europe	1	(1)
1.1.2 The origins of the Community	2	(2)
1.1.3 The creation of the Treaties	4	(2)
1.2 The basic aims and objectives of EC law and the concept of supranationalism	6	(2)
1.3 The development of the Treaties (from the European Coal and Steel Community Treaty to the Treaty of Nice)	8	(4)
1.4 Enlargement	12	(2)
1.5 The EU Constitution	14	(1)
1.6 The future	15	(6)
1.6.1 Enlargement — nationally	15	(1)
1.6.2 Enlargement — scope of legislation	15	(1)
1.6.3 Towards full union	15	(6)
2 The Community and the Union	21	(13)
2.1 Introduction	21	(1)
2.2 The Community and the basic legal order	22	(4)
2.2.1 The Community principles	22	(2)
2.2.2 The Community policies	24	(1)
2.2.3 Rules governing the institutions and procedure	25	(1)
2.2.4 The General and Final Provisions	25	(1)
2.2.5 Comment	26	(1)
2.3 The Treaty on European Union	26	(8)
2.3.1 The concept of a European Union	26	(2)
2.3.2 The three-pillar structure of the Union	28	(2)
2.3.3 The institutional and legal character of the EU	30	(4)
3 The political and legal institutions of the European Union	34	(23)
3.1 The origins and development of the institutions	34	(3)
3.2 The Council of Ministers and the European Council	37	(3)
3.2.1 The Council of Ministers	37	(3)
3.2.2 The European Council	40	(1)
3.3 The European Commission	40	(2)
3.4 The European Parliament	42	(2)
3.5 The European Court of Justice (and the Court of First Instance)	44	(6)
3.5.1 The European Court of Justice	44	(2)
3.5.2 The Court of First Instance	46	(4)
3.6 The other major institutions	50	(7)
3.6.1 The Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER)	50	(1)
3.6.2 The Court of Auditors	51	(1)
3.6.3 The Economic and Social Committee	51	(1)
3.6.4 The Committee of the Regions	52	(1)
3.6.5 The European Central Bank	52	(1)
3.6.6 The European Investment Bank	52	(1)
3.6.7 The European Ombudsman	53	(4)
4 The sources of EC law	57	(20)
4.1 Primary sources – the Treaties	58	(1)
4.1.1 The importance of the Treaties	58	(1)
4.1.2 The EC Treaty	58	(1)
4.2 Secondary sources – legislation under Art 249	59	(4)
4.2.1 Introduction	59	(1)
4.2.2 The different types of secondary legislation	60	(3)
4.3 Tertiary sources	63	(14)
4.3.1 The case law of the ECJ	63	(1)
4.3.2 General principles of law	64	(8)
4.3.3 Other tertiary sources	72	(5)
5 The legislative process	77	(13)
5.1 The role of the institutions	77	(1)
5.2 The proposal (consultation) procedure	78	(2)
5.3 The co-operation procedure	80	(3)
5.4 The co-decision procedure	83	(3)
5.5 Assent	86	(4)
6 Enforcement of EC law (through 'direct' and 'indirect' actions)	90	(21)
6.1 The nature and purpose of enforcement	90	(1)
6.2 Indirect actions — Art 226 infringement proceedings against Member States	91	(5)
6.2.1 Actions against Member States under Arts 226 and 227	91	(1)
6.2.2 Actions by the Commission under Art 226	91	(4)
6.2.3 Actions by other Member States under Art 227	95	(1)
6.3 Direct actions against Community institutions	96	(15)
6.3.1 Article 230 actions against EU institutions for exceeding powers	96	(6)
6.3.2 Article 232 actions against institutions for a failure to act	102	(2)
6.3.3 Article 288 actions against institutions for damages	104	(7)
7 Article 234 and the preliminary reference procedure	111	(26)
7.1 The relation with Member States	111	(1)
7.2 The character of the reference procedure	112	(7)
7.2.1 References seeking interpretation of EU law	112	(3)
7.2.2 References challenging validity of EU law	115	(1)
7.2.3 Inadmissible references	116	(3)
7.3 The meaning of 'court or tribunal'	119	(4)
7.3.1 The Dorsch Consult factors	119	(2)
7.3.2 'Independence'	121	(2)
7.4 The discretionary reference procedure	123	(1)
7.5 The mandatory reference procedure	124	(6)
7.5.1 Introduction	124	(2)
7.5.2 Mandatory references and hypothetical questions	126	(1)
7.5.3 Mandatory references and previous rulings	126	(1)
7.5.4 Mandatory references and acte clair	127	(1)
7.5.5 Acte clair and the House of Lords	127	(1)
7.5.6 Academic reaction to acte clair	128	(2)
7.6 Reform of the preliminary reference procedure	130	(7)
7.6.1 Treaty of- Nice	131	(1)
7.6.2 Other reform proposals	132	(5)
8 The relationship between EC law and national law — supremacy	137	(18)
8.1 The origins of supremacy and the link with supranationalism	137	(2)
8.1.1 The basic meaning of 'supremacy'	137	(1)
8.1.2 The reasons for a doctrine of supremacy	137	(2)
8.2 The development of a doctrine of supremacy	139	(7)
8.2.1 The early definitions of 'supremacy'	139	(2)
8.2.2 The wider application of the doctrine of supremacy	141	(2)
8.2.3 The extreme consequences of a doctrine of supremacy	143	(3)
8.3 Supremacy and the UK	146	(3)
8.3.1 UK membership of the European Union	146	(1)
8.3.2 The attitude of English judges	147	(2)
8.4 Supremacy and other Member States	149	(6)
8.4.1 Belgium and supremacy of EC law	150	(1)
8.4.2 France and supremacy of EC law	150	(1)
8.4.3 Italy and supremacy of EC law	151	(1)
8.4.4 Germany and supremacy of EC law	151	(4)
9 The relationship between EC law and national law — direct effect	155	(30)
9.1 Introduction	155	(2)
9.2 The concept of direct effect	157	(6)
9.2.1 The origins of direct effect	157	(2)
9.2.2 The criteria for direct effect	159	(1)
9.2.3 Vertical direct effect and horizontal direct effect	160	(3)
9.3 The application of direct effect	163	(2)
9.3.1 Direct effect and Treaty Articles	163	(1)
9.3.2 Direct effect and Regulations	164	(1)
9.3.3 Direct effect and Decisions	164	(1)
9.4 The problem of enforceability of Directives	165	(20)
9.4.1 Direct effect and Directives	165	(4)
9.4.2 Indirect effect	169	(4)
9.4.3 State liability for breach of EC law obligations	173	(6)
9.4.4 'Incidental- horizontal effect	179	(6)
10 The Internal Market	185	(11)
10.1 The aims of the Internal Market	185	(1)
10.2 The 'Four Freedoms'	186	(10)
10.2.1 Common features	186	(1)
10.2.2 The free movement of capital	187	(4)
10.2.3 The relationship between 'services' and 'goods'	191	(1)
10.2.4 The relationship between 'capital' and 'goods'	192	(4)
11 The free movement of workers	196	(69)
11.1 The objectives of Art 39	196	(1)
11.2 The scope of Art 39	197	(2)
11.3 The definition of 'worker'	199	(7)
11.3.1 Part-time and low-paid employees	200	(2)
11.3.2 Trainees	202	(1)
11.3.3 Work-seekers	203	(2)
11.3.4 The previously employed	205	(1)
11.4 Rights of entry and residence and Directive 68/390	206	(3)
11.4.1 Entry documents	206	(1)
11.4.2 The residence permit	206	(2)
11.4.3 Reasonable post-immigration formalities	208	(1)
11.5 The rights of workers' families and Regulation 1612/68	209	(11)
11.5.1 Rights of entry and residence: Art 10	209	(6)
11.5.2 Rights to employment: Art 11	215	(1)
11.5.3 Access to education: Art 12	216	(4)
11.6 Equality in social and welfare provisions and Regulation 1612/68	220	(10)
11.6.1 Eligibility for employment: Arts 3 and 4	220	(1)
11.6.2 Article 7(1) — prohibition of discrimination in employment	221	(2)
11.6.3 Article 7(2) — 'social and tax advantages'	223	(6)
11.6.4 Membership of trade unions: Art 8	229	(1)
11.6.5 Housing: Art 9	230	(1)
11.7 The right to remain after employment and Regulation 1251/70	230	(1)
11.7.1 The worker	230	(1)
11.7.2 The worker's family	230	(1)
11.8 Limitations on free movement — the derogations in Directive 64/221	231	(15)
11.8.1 Scope of Directive 64/221	231	(1)
11.8.2 'Public policy'	232	(2)
11.8.3 'Public security'	234	(1)
11.8.4 'Public health'	234	(1)
11.8.5 'Personal conduct'	235	(4)
11.8.6 Excluded situations	239	(2)
11.8.7 Procedural safeguards	241	(4)
11.8.8 Application to Member States' own nationals	245	(1)
11.9 Purely internal situations	246	(3)
11.9.1 Workers and the 'purely internal' rule	246	(1)
11.9.2 Workers' family and the 'purely internal' rule	247	(1)
11.9.3 Exceptions to the 'purely internal' rule	248	(1)
11.9.4 Circumventing the 'purely internal' rule	248	(1)
11.10 The public service exemption and Art 39(4)	249	(2)
11.11 Justification for non-discriminatory rules	251	(2)
11.12 Free movement and professional sport	253	(4)
11.12.1 Introduction	253	(1)
11.12.2 Using EU law to challenge transfer restrictions	254	(2)
11.12.3 Using EU law to challenge other sporting rules	256	(1)
11.13 The new Citizens' Free Movement Rights Directive-Directive 2004/38	257	(8)
11.13.1 Key provisions (new)	257	(2)
11.13.2 Key provisions (incorporating ECJ case law)	259	(1)
11.13.3 Potential future preliminary rulings?	260	(5)
12 Freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide and receive services under Articles 43 and 49	265	(34)
12.1 Freedom of establishment and Art 43	265	(2)
12.1.1 The scope of Art 43	266	(1)
12.1.2 Rights of entry and residence and Directive 73/148	267	(1)
12.2 The problem of qualifications	267	(12)
12.2.1 Where a separate harmonising Directive exists	268	(1)
12.2.2 The Mutual Recognition Directive 89/48	268	(5)
12.2.3 Directive 92/51	273	(1)
12.2.4 Obligation to assess equivalence	274	(3)
12.2.5 Qualifications obtained outside the EU	277	(2)
12.3 The freedom to provide services under Art 49	279	(5)
12.3.1 'Services'	279	(1)
12.3.2 'Freedom to provide services'	280	(1)
12.3.3 'Remuneration'	281	(1)
12.3.4 What if the 'service' is illegal?	282	(1)
12.3.5 Article 49 and 'purely internal' situations	283	(1)
12.4 Distinguishing establishment and services	284	(1)
12.5 The freedom to receive services	284	(2)
12.6 The 'official authority' derogation in Art 45	286	(1)
12.7 Derogation on grounds of public policy, public security or public health in Art 46	286	(1)
12.8 Justification for non-discriminatory rules	287	(5)
12.9 The free movement of lawyers	292	(7)
12.9.1 Freedom of establishment under Art 43	292	(3)
12.9.2 The Lawyers' Establishment Directive 98/5	295	(1)
12.9.3 The Lawyers' Services Directive 77/249	296	(3)
13 The free movement of goods and Articles 28 and 29	299	(48)
13.1 The removal of non-fiscal barriers to trade	299	(1)
13.2 Prohibition of quantitative restrictions on imports — Art 28 and exports and Art 29 and all measures having equivalent effect	299	(2)
13.2.1 Introduction	299	(1)
13.2.2 Direct effect of Arts 28 and 29	300	(1)
13.2.3 Scope of Arts 28 and 29	300	(1)
13.3 The definition of 'quantitative restrictions'	301	(1)
13.4 Defining 'measures equivalent to quantitative restrictions' (MEQRs) in Art 28: the Dassonville formula	302	(6)
13.4.1 Distinctly applicable MEQRs	303	(2)
13.4.2 Indistinctly applicable MEQRs	305	(3)
13.5 Article 30 and the derogations from Arts 28 and 29	308	(10)
13.5.1 The grounds under Art 30	309	(7)
13.5.2 The second sentence of Art 30	316	(2)
13.5.3 Article 30 and harmonising Directives	318	(1)
13.6 The effects of the Cassis de Dijon principle	318	(10)
13.6.1 Introduction	318	(2)
13.6.2 The 'mandatory requirements'	320	(6)
13.6.3 Application to 'indistinctly applicable' measures only?	326	(2)
13.6.4 Cassis de Dijon: final thought	328	(1)
13.7 General rules concerning derogations: proportionality and mutual recognition	328	(4)
13.7.1 Proportionality	328	(1)
13.7.2 Mutual recognition	329	(3)
13.8 The divisions in Keck and Mithouard	332	(8)
13.8.1 Introduction	332	(2)
13.8.2 Examples of selling arrangements	334	(2)
13.8.3 Failure to satisfy the conditions in Keck and Mithouard	336	(3)
13.8.4 Academic reaction to Keck and Mithouard	339	(1)
13.9 Article 29 and exports	340	(7)
13.9.1 'Distinctly applicable' rules	340	(1)
13.9.2 'Indistinctly applicable' rules	341	(6)
14 Article 25 and Customs tariffs and Art 90 and discriminatory taxation	347	(13)
14.1 The Common Customs Policy	347	(1)
14.2 Article 25 and prohibition of Customs duties and charges having equivalent effect	347	(3)
14.2.1 Introduction	347	(1)
14.2.2 Derogations from Art 25	348	(1)
14.2.3 Repayment of illegal duties and charges	349	(1)
14.3 The Common Customs Tariff	350	(1)
14.4 Article 90 and the prohibition of discriminatory internal taxation	350	(10)
14.4.1 The scope of Art 90	350	(2)
14.4.2 Distinguishing Customs duties and taxes	352	(1)
14.4.3 Discrimination against imports: Art 90(1)	353	(4)
14.4.4 Indirect protection of domestic products: Art 90(2)	357	(3)
15 EC competition law	360	(40)
15.1 The basis of EC competition law	360	(3)
15.1.1 The purpose of competition law	360	(1)
15.1.2 The character of competition law	361	(2)
15.2 Article 81 and provisions on restrictive practices	363	(15)
15.2.1 The scope of Art 81	363	(1)
15.2.2 The concept of 'undertaking'	364	(1)
15.2.3 The character of prohibited agreements	365	(4)
15.2.4 The effect on trade between Member States	369	(1)
15.2.5 The object or effect of preventing, restricting or distorting competition	370	(3)
15.2.6 Exemptions	373	(5)
15.3 Article 82 and abuse of a dominant position	378	(9)
15.3.1 The concept of abuse of a dominant position	378	(1)
15.3.2 The concept of 'undertaking'	379	(1)
15.3.3 The definition of 'dominance'	379	(2)
15.3.4 The relevant market	381	(2)
15.3.5 Calculation of market share	383	(2)
15.3.6 The character of abuse	385	(1)
15.3.7 Affecting trade between Member States	386	(1)
15.3.8 Exemptions	386	(1)
15.4 Merger control	387	(4)
15.4.1 Merger control under Arts 81 and 82	387	(1)
15.4.2 Merger control under Regulation 4064/89	388	(1)
15.4.3 Procedure	389	(1)
15.4.4 Reform of procedures on merger control	390	(1)
15.5 Enforcement procedures and remedies in EC competition law	391	(9)
15.5.1 Introduction	391	(1)
15.5.2 The Commission and enforcement of competition law	391	(3)
15.5.3 Enforcement of competition law by national authorities	394	(6)
16 Social policy	400	(15)
16.1 Introduction	400	(1)
16.2 Safety and health of workers at work: Directive 89/391	401	(1)
16.3 Safety and health at work of pregnant workers: Directive 92/85	401	(3)
16.3.1 Personal scope	402	(1)
16.3.2 Material scope	402	(2)
16.4 Protection of young workers: Directive 94/33	404	(2)
16.4.1 Work by children	404	(1)
16.4.2 Work by adolescents	405	(1)
16.4.3 Work by young people	405	(1)
16.4.4 Derogations	405	(1)
16.4.5 Working time and night work	405	(1)
16.5 Parental leave: Directive 96/34	406	(1)
16.6 Protection for part-time workers: Directive 97/81	406	(1)
16.7 Protection for fixed-term workers: Directive 99/70	407	(1)
16.8 Working time: Directive 2003/88	407	(8)
16.8.1 Rest periods: Art 3	408	(1)
16.8.2 Maximum weekly working time: Art 6(2)	408	(1)
16.8.3 Annual leave: Art 7	409	(2)
16.8.4 Night work: Art 8	411	(1)
16.8.5 Derogations	412	(3)
17 Discrimination law and Art 141	415	(59)
17.1 Introduction	415	(1)
17.2 'Discrimination'	415	(4)
17.2.1 'Direct discrimination'	416	(1)
17.2.2 'Indirect discrimination'	416	(1)
17.2.3 Discrimination based on 'sex'	417	(2)
17.3 Article 141 and equal pay	419	(9)
17.3.1 The definition of 'pay'	422	(3)
17.3.2 Equal work or work of equal value	425	(3)
17.4 The Equal Treatment Directive — Directive 76/207	428	(6)
17.4.1 Relationship between the ETD and Art 141	428	(1)
17.4.2 Access to employment: Art 3(1) ETD and vocational training: Art 4(1) ETD	429	(1)
17.4.3 Working conditions and dismissal: Art 5(1) ETD	430	(1)
17.4.4 Derogations	430	(4)
17.5 Justifications for indirect discrimination	434	(2)
17.5.1 'A real need on the part of the undertaking'	434	(2)
17.5.2 Rejected examples of 'real needs'	436	(1)
17.6 Positive action and positive discrimination	436	(3)
17.6.1 Positive action	437	(1)
17.6.2 Positive discrimination	437	(2)
17.7 Pregnancy	439	(8)
17.7.1 Maternity pay and related issues	440	(1)
17.7.2 Refusal to employ a woman on grounds of pregnancy	441	(2)
17.7.3 Dismissal from employment on grounds of pregnancy	443	(1)
17.7.4 Dismissal from employment on grounds of pregnancy-related illness	444	(2)
17.7.5 Discrimination in conditions of employment	446	(1)
17.8 Equal treatment in matters of social security: Directive 79/7	447	(8)
17.8.1 Personal scope	447	(2)
17.8.2 Material scope	449	(2)
17.8.3 The principle of equal treatment	451	(2)
17.8.4 Derogation regarding 'the determination of pensionable age'	453	(1)
17.8.5 Remedies for breach of Directive 79/7	454	(1)
17.9 Equal treatment in occupational pension schemes: Directive 86/378	455	(1)
17.10 Equal treatment for self-employed persons: Directive 86/613	456	(1)
17.10.1 Personal scope	456	(1)
17.10.2 Material scope	456	(1)
17.11 Beyond sex: the EU's new anti-discrimination agenda	457	(10)
17.11.1 Common elements	457	(6)
17.11.2 Race and ethnic origin	463	(1)
17.11.3 The Framework Directive	464	(3)
17.12 The 'new' Equal Treatment Directive – Directive 2002/73	467	(7)
18 The wider social influence of the EU	474	(13)
18.1 Protection of consumers	475	(3)
18.2 Environmental protection	478	(3)
18.3 Transport	481	(1)
18.4 Research and technological development	481	(1)
18.5 Education	482	(1)
18.6 Public health	483	(4)
19 Citizenship of the Union	487	(9)
19.1 Introduction	487	(1)
19.2 Nationality requirements: Art 17	487	(1)
19.3 Citizens' rights of free movement and residence: Art 18	488	(4)
19.4 Citizens' political rights: Arts 19-21	492	(4)
Index	496