Upgrading and Repairing Networks

by Mueller, Scott; Ogletree, Terry W.; Soper, Mark Edward

• ISBN13: 9780789735300
• ISBN10: 078973530X
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Que

Summary

The DEFINITIVE book on network upgrading and repair, updated with the latest changes in wireless and wired networking.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(1)
Who Should Use This Book?	1	(1)
What Will You Find Inside?	1	(2)
What's New in This Edition	3	(2)
I. UP FRONT: NETWORK PLANNING AND DESIGN CONCEPTS	5	(66)
A Short History of Computer Networking	7	(4)
Overview of Network Topologies	11	(18)
LAN Topologies	12	(11)
Bus Topology	12	(1)
Star Topology	13	(2)
Ring Topology	15	(2)
Mesh Topology	17	(1)
Hybrid Topologies	18	(3)
Shared and Nonshared Network Media Topologies	21	(1)
Bridged Versus Routed Topologies	22	(1)
Building and Campus Topologies	23	(3)
Connecting Network Segments Within a Building: The Backbone	23	(1)
Design Considerations in a Campus LAN Environment	24	(1)
Scalability	25	(1)
Redundancy	26	(1)
Multi-Tiered Network Topology	26	(3)
Scalability	26	(1)
Redundancy	26	(1)
Fault Tolerance	27	(2)
Network Design Strategies	29	(12)
Planning a Logical Network Design	31	(5)
Who Are Your Clients?	32	(1)
What Kinds of Services or Applications Will the Network Offer?	32	(1)
What Degree of Reliability Do I Require for Each Network Link?	33	(1)
Choosing a LAN Protocol	33	(3)
Planning and Design Components	36	(3)
Document Everything	36	(1)
Test, Test, and Then Test Some More	37	(1)
Creating Policies and Procedures for Network Usage	38	(1)
Providing Training for Technical Personnel	39	(1)
You Can't Forget the Budget (or Can You?)	39	(1)
The Physical Network	39	(1)
Planning Resources	40	(1)
Upgrading Strategies and Project Management	41	(16)
Where Do You Start?	42	(1)
Determining When an Upgrade Is Necessary---The Evaluation Process	43	(5)
Determining User Requirements and Expectations	46	(1)
Maintaining Support for Legacy Applications	47	(1)
What Resources Are Needed for the Upgrade?	48	(1)
Planning an Upgrade	49	(2)
Documenting the Plan	49	(1)
Evaluating the Plan As It Applies to Corporate Policies and Procedures	50	(1)
Setting Goals	50	(1)
Scheduling Downtime	51	(1)
Milestones and Criteria	51	(1)
Back-Out Procedures	51	(1)
Testing the Plan	51	(2)
Evaluating Competing Products	52	(1)
The Pilot Project	52	(1)
Deployment	53	(1)
Team Personnel	53	(1)
Keeping Users Informed	53	(1)
Tracking Progress	54	(1)
User Training	54	(1)
Closing the Book---Documenting What Has Changed and Why	54	(1)
Other Considerations for Upgrading	54	(3)
Protecting the Network: Preventative Maintenance Techniques	57	(14)
Power Conditioning and Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs)	58	(4)
Power Is Money	58	(2)
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) and Standalone UPS Systems	60	(2)
Network Devices	62	(1)
Network Monitoring	62	(1)
Server and Workstation Backups	62	(5)
Backup Media---Tape, Optical Storage, and Hard Disk	63	(2)
Backup Rotation Schedules	65	(1)
Off-Site Storage	66	(1)
Routine Maintenance	67	(1)
Building Redundancy into the Network	68	(1)
Recovery Planning	68	(1)
Justifying Preventative Maintenance	69	(2)
II. PHYSICAL NETWORKING COMPONENTS	71	(114)
Wiring the Network---Cables, Connectors, Concentrators, and Other Network Components	73	(30)
Structured Wiring	74	(3)
The Work Area	75	(1)
The Backbone Cabling System Structure	75	(1)
The Horizontal Cabling System Structure	76	(1)
The Telecommunications Closet	77	(1)
Important Definitions	77	(4)
Physical Cable Types	81	(11)
Twisted-Pair Cabling	81	(4)
Coaxial Cables	85	(3)
Fiber-Optic Cables	88	(4)
Terminations and Connections	92	(7)
Crimping	92	(1)
Insulation Displacement Contact	92	(1)
Modular Jacks and Plugs	92	(1)
Modular Plug Pair Configurations	93	(1)
Common Outlet Configurations	93	(2)
Patch Panels	95	(1)
Terminating Fiber	95	(2)
Fiber-Optic Splicing	97	(1)
Fiber-Optic Patch Panels	98	(1)
General Considerations for Fiber-Optic Cabling	98	(1)
Small Form Factor Connectors (SFF)	99	(1)
Telecommunications Rooms	99	(4)
Open Office Cabling	99	(1)
Consolidation Points	99	(1)
General Horizontal Cabling Subsystem Specifications	100	(1)
Documenting and the Administration of the Installation	100	(1)
Records	100	(1)
Drawings	101	(1)
Work Orders	101	(1)
Reports	101	(2)
Network Interface Cards	103	(22)
Choosing a Hardware Bus Type	104	(6)
ISA	105	(1)
PCI	105	(2)
PCMCIA	107	(1)
CardBus	108	(1)
Different Cards, Different Speeds	109	(1)
Network Cable Connectors and Terminators	109	(1)
The Wired for Management (WfM) Initiative	110	(3)
Universal Network Boot	110	(1)
Asset Management	110	(1)
Power Management	111	(1)
Remote Wake-Up	111	(2)
Should You Enable WOL?	113	(1)
Multi-Homed Systems	113	(1)
Load Balancing and Dual-Redundant Network Controllers	114	(1)
Software Drivers	114	(2)
Packet Drivers	115	(1)
The Open Data-Link Interface (ODI)	115	(1)
The Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS)	116	(1)
IRQs and I/O Ports	116	(3)
IRQs	116	(2)
Base I/O Ports	118	(1)
Troubleshooting Network Cards	119	(6)
Checking the NIC Configuration on Linux	119	(2)
Checking the LEDs---Activity and Link Lights	121	(2)
Running the Adapter's Diagnostic Program	123	(1)
Contiguration Conflicts	123	(1)
Checking the Computer's Network Configuration	124	(1)
Preventative Steps to Take	124	(1)
Network Switches	125	(12)
How Switches Work	126	(6)
Segmenting the Collision Domain	128	(1)
Full-Duplex Ethernet Switches	129	(1)
Using Switches to Create a Collapsed Backbone	130	(2)
Switch Hardware Types	132	(3)
Cut-Through Switches	133	(1)
Store-and-Forward Switches	133	(1)
Layer 3 Switches	133	(1)
Putting a Switch in Your Home Office	134	(1)
Stackable and Chassis Switches	135	(1)
Switch Troubleshooting and Management	135	(2)
Virtual LANs	137	(10)
Virtual LANs and Network Topologies	138	(1)
Switching Based on Network Frames	139	(2)
Implicit and Explicit Tagging	141	(3)
Implicit Tagging	141	(1)
Explicit Tagging	141	(1)
MAC Address VLANs	142	(1)
Protocol Rule-Based VLANs	142	(1)
Using Explicit Tagging on the Network Backbone	143	(1)
IEEE Standards for Virtual LANs	144	(2)
What Kind of Switch Should You Buy?	146	(1)
Routers	147	(16)
What Routers Do	148	(2)
Hierarchical Network Organization	149	(1)
Providing Security	149	(1)
The Difference Between Routable Protocols and Routing Protocols	150	(1)
When Do You Need to Use a Router?	151	(6)
Growing LAN Sizes	151	(4)
Delegating Responsibility for Local Area Networks	155	(1)
Connecting Branch Offices	156	(1)
Using a Router to Protect Your Network---NAT and Packet Filtering	156	(1)
Router Ports and Connections	157	(1)
Configuring Routers	158	(1)
Router Chassis Types	159	(4)
Using Routers over Wide Area Networks (WANs)	161	(1)
Routers and the Internet	161	(2)
Network Attached Storage (NAS) and Storage Area Networks (SANs)	163	(22)
Local Versus Networked Storage Devices	165	(2)
Defining Network Attached Storage (NAS)	165	(1)
Defining a Storage Area Network (SAN)	166	(1)
Network Attached Storage	167	(2)
Network Appliances	167	(1)
NAS Protocols	168	(1)
NAS Capacity Limitations---Bandwidth and Storage	168	(1)
Storage Area Networks	169	(3)
SAN and NAS---Mix and Match	170	(1)
Using Fibre Channel as a Network Transport	170	(1)
Encoding Data on Fibre Channel Networks	170	(2)
Basic SANs: Arbitrated Loops	172	(4)
Initializing the Loop	173	(2)
Arbitrating for Loop Access	175	(1)
Using a Fabric Switched Topology for SANs	176	(2)
A Mixed Topology of Loops and Switches	178	(2)
IP SANs and iSCSI	180	(2)
What Kind of NAS or SAN Solution Should You Use?	182	(3)
III. LOW-LEVEL NETWORK PROTOCOLS	185	(40)
The IEEE LAN/MAN Committee Networking Standards	187	(8)
What Is the LAN/MAN Committee?	189	(4)
IEEE 802: Overview and Architecture	189	(2)
IEEE 802.1: Bridging and Management	191	(1)
IEEE 802.2: Logical Link Control	191	(1)
IEEE 802.3: CSMA/CD Access Method	192	(1)
IEEE 802.4: Token-Passing Bus Access Method and IEEE 802.5: Token-Ring Access Method	192	(1)
IEEE 802.7: Recommended Practices for Broadband Local Area Networks	193	(1)
IEEE 802.10: Security	193	(1)
IEEE 802.11: Wireless	193	(1)
Obtaining the IEEE 802 Standards Documents Free	193	(2)
Ethernet: The Universal Standard	195	(30)
A Short History of Ethernet	196	(3)
Variations on a Theme: How Many Kinds of Ethernet Are There?	197	(2)
Collisions: What Are CSMA/CA and CSMA/CD?	199	(4)
The Backoff Algorithm	202	(1)
Defining the Collision Domain---Buses, Hubs, and Switches	202	(1)
Restrictions on Legacy Ethernet Topologies	203	(1)
Limiting Factors of Ethernet Technologies	203	(1)
Interconnecting Devices and Cable Segment Length	203	(1)
The 5-4-3 Rule	204	(1)
Using a Bus Topology	204	(1)
Using a Star Topology	205	(1)
Hybrid LAN Topologies	206	(2)
Tree	206	(1)
Hierarchical Star	207	(1)
Using a Backbone to Connect the Enterprise	208	(1)
Ethernet Frames	208	(5)
XEROX PARC Ethernet and Ethernet II	209	(1)
The 802.3 Standard	210	(1)
The 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) Standard	211	(2)
Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3u) and Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z)	213	(4)
Fast Ethernet	213	(2)
Gigabit Ethernet	215	(1)
10Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ae)	216	(1)
Ethernet Problems	217	(3)
Collision Rates	217	(1)
Collision Types	218	(1)
Sampling Intervals	219	(1)
Reducing Collisions	219	(1)
Ethernet Errors	220	(3)
Simple Error Detection	220	(1)
Bad FCS and Misaligned Frames	220	(1)
Short Frames (Runts)	221	(1)
Giant Frames and labber	222	(1)
Multiple Errors	222	(1)
Broadcast Storms	222	(1)
Monitoring Errors	223	(2)
IV. DEDICATED CONNECTIONS AND WAN PROTOCOLS	225	(52)
Dial-Up Connections	227	(12)
The Point-to-Point Protocol and the Serial Line Internet Protocol	229	(1)
The Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)	230	(1)
The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)	231	(5)
Establishing a Link: The Link Control Protocol (LCP)	234	(2)
Network Control Protocols (NCPs)	236	(1)
Configuring a Windows XP Professional Client for Dial-Up	236	(2)
When Dial-Up Isn't Fast Enough	238	(1)
Dedicated Connections	239	(18)
Leased Lines	240	(4)
The T-Carrier System	242	(1)
Fractional T1	243	(1)
Diagnosing Problems with T-Carrier Services	243	(1)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)	244	(7)
ATM Frames	245	(1)
ATM Connections	246	(1)
The ATM Architecture Model (B-ISDN/ATM Model)	247	(2)
LAN Emulation (LANE)	249	(1)
ATM Service Categories	250	(1)
The Importance of Frame Relay and the X.25 Interface	251	(6)
The Frame Relay Header	252	(1)
Network Congestion Signaling	253	(1)
The Local Management Interface Signal Mechanism	254	(1)
Using Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs)	254	(1)
Possible Problems Using Frame Relay	255	(2)
Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) Technology	257	(12)
DSL and Cable Modems	258	(9)
Topological Differences Between Cable and DSL	259	(2)
A Quick Primer on the PSTN	261	(1)
xDSL	262	(5)
The Future of DSL	267	(2)
Using a Cable Modem	269	(8)
How Cable Modems Work	270	(3)
Providing IP Addresses to Cable Modems	271	(2)
First Generation Cable Modem Systems	273	(1)
How Cable Modems Differ from xDSL Broadband Access	273	(1)
The Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)	274	(1)
Choosing Between Cable and DSL	275	(2)
V. WIRELESS NETWORKING PROTOCOLS	277	(80)
Introduction to Wireless Networking	279	(12)
Why Wireless Networks Have Proliferated	281	(2)
Access Points and Ad Hoc Networks	283	(3)
Ad Hoc Networks	283	(1)
Using an Access Point to Mediate Wireless Communications	284	(2)
Physical Transmission Technologies	286	(2)
Frequency Hopping Versus Spread Spectrum	286	(2)
The IEEE 802.11 Wireless Standard	288	(2)
The Physical Layer	288	(1)
The MAC Layer	288	(1)
Other Services Performed at the MAC Layer	289	(1)
Sources of Interference for Wireless Networks	290	(1)
IEEE 802.11b: Wi-Fi Pioneer	291	(10)
Components of an 802.11-Based Wireless Network	292	(1)
802.11b---First, But Fading Away	292	(2)
802.11b/g Channels	292	(1)
Proprietary Extensions to 802.11b	293	(1)
What to Look for in an Access Point	294	(3)
Distance Limitations	296	(1)
Firewalls	296	(1)
Access Points with VPN Support	297	(1)
Do You Need a Wireless Network?	297	(1)
Connecting the Wireless Network to a Wired LAN	298	(1)
Dual-Mode Access Points	298	(1)
Why Wi-Fi?	299	(2)
Faster Service: IEEE 802.11a	301	(8)
Overview of the IEEE 802.11a Standard	302	(4)
Interference from Consumer Devices	302	(1)
Increased Bandwidth in the 5GHz Band	303	(1)
802.11a Signal Modulation	304	(1)
802.11a Channels	304	(1)
Proprietary Extensions to 802.11a	305	(1)
Using Wireless Networking in Public Places	305	(1)
Security Concerns	306	(1)
Comparing 802.11a with 802.11b and 802.11g	306	(3)
The IEEE 802.11g Standard	309	(22)
Overview of the 802.11g Standard	310	(2)
Installing a Wireless-G Broadband Router	312	(9)
Installing and Configuring a Wireless Network Adapter	321	(6)
Using the Setup CD	321	(3)
Using the Windows XP Service Pack 2 Wireless Network Setup Wizard	324	(3)
Proprietary Extensions to the IEEE 802.11g Standard	327	(1)
Improving Network Performance with Dual-Band Wireless Technology	328	(1)
Which Wireless Protocol Should You Use?	329	(2)
Bluetooth Wireless Technology	331	(16)
The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)	333	(1)
General Overview of Bluetooth	333	(2)
Piconets and Scatternets	335	(3)
Piconets	336	(1)
Scatternets	336	(2)
Bluetooth Device Modes	338	(1)
SCO and ACL Links	339	(1)
SCO Links	339	(1)
ACL Links	339	(1)
Bluetooth Packets	339	(1)
What Are Bluetooth Profiles?	340	(5)
The Generic Access Profile	341	(1)
The Service Discovery Application Profile	342	(1)
The Cordless Telephony Profile and the Intercom Profile	342	(1)
The Serial Port Profile	343	(1)
The Headset Profile	343	(1)
The Dial-Up Networking Profile	343	(1)
Other Bluetooth Profiles	344	(1)
Bluetooth Is More Than a Wireless Communication Protocol	345	(2)
Security and Other Wireless Technologies	347	(10)
Instant Messaging and Consumer Devices	348	(1)
Comparing Mobile Information Devices	348	(1)
BlackBerry PDAs	349	(1)
Wireless Security	349	(7)
WEP	350	(2)
Wired Protected Access (WPA), WPA2, and 802.11i	352	(3)
How Well Do You Know Your Users?	355	(1)
Personal Area Networks (PANs)	356	(1)
VI. LAN AND WAN NETWORK, SERVICE, AND APPLICATION PROTOCOLS	357	(304)
Overview of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite	359	(44)
TCP/IP and the OSI Reference Model	360	(4)
TCP/IP Is a Collection of Protocols, Services, and Applications	362	(1)
TCP/IP, IP, and UDP	362	(1)
Other Miscellaneous Protocols	363	(1)
The Internet Protocol (IP)	364	(16)
IP Is a Connectionless Transport Protocol	365	(1)
IP Is an Unacknowledged Protocol	365	(1)
IP Is an Unreliable Protocol	365	(1)
IP Provides the Address Space for the Network	365	(1)
Just What Does IP Do?	366	(1)
Examining IP Datagram Header Information	366	(3)
IP Addressing	369	(11)
The Address Resolution Protocol---Resolving IP Addresses to Hardware Addresses	380	(6)
Proxy ARP	385	(1)
RARP---The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol	385	(1)
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)	386	(9)
TCP Provides a Reliable Connection-Oriented Session	386	(1)
Examining TCP Header Information	386	(2)
TCP Sessions	388	(7)
TCP Session Security Issues	395	(1)
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP)	395	(2)
Examining UDP Header Information	395	(1)
Interaction Between UDP and ICMP	396	(1)
Ports, Services, and Applications	397	(1)
Well-Known Ports	397	(1)
Registered Ports	398	(1)
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)	398	(5)
ICMP Message Types	399	(4)
Basic TCP/IP Services and Applications	403	(32)
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP)	404	(15)
FTP Ports and Processes	405	(1)
Data Transfers	406	(1)
FTP Protocol Commands	407	(2)
Server Replies to FTP Commands	409	(2)
Using a Windows FTP Command-Line Client	411	(3)
Using Red Hat Linux FTP	414	(1)
Using the Red Hat Linux Command-Line FTP Client	415	(2)
The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)	417	(2)
The Telnet Protocol	419	(5)
What Is a Network Virtual Terminal and NVT ASCII?	419	(1)
Telnet Protocol Commands and Option Negotiations	420	(3)
Telnet and Authentication	423	(1)
Using Telnet and FTP with a Firewall	424	(1)
The R-Utilities	425	(6)
How the Traditional R-Utilities Authorize Access to Your Network's Resources	425	(1)
The rlogin Utility	426	(2)
Using rsh	428	(1)
Using rcp	429	(1)
Using rwho	430	(1)
Using ruptime	430	(1)
The Finger Utility	431	(2)
Other Services and Applications Built on the TCP/IP Suite	433	(2)
Secure Network Services	433	(2)
Internet Mail Protocols: POP3, SMTP, and IMAP	435	(16)
How SMTP Works	436	(6)
The SMTP Model	438	(1)
SMTP Service Extensions	439	(1)
SMTP Commands and Response Codes	439	(2)
SMTP Response Codes	441	(1)
Putting It All Together	442	(1)
The Post Office Protocol (POP3)	443	(2)
The Authorization State	444	(1)
The Transaction State	444	(1)
The Update State	445	(1)
The Internet Message Access Protocol Version 4 (IMAP4)	445	(6)
Transport Protocols	446	(1)
Client Commands	446	(1)
System Flags	446	(1)
Retrieving the Message Header and Body of the Message	447	(1)
Data Formatting	447	(1)
The User's Inbox and Other Mailbox Naming	447	(1)
Universal Commands	447	(1)
Other IMAP Commands	448	(1)
Non Authenticated Commands	448	(1)
Authenticated Commands	448	(3)
Troubleshooting Tools for TCP/IP Networks	451	(30)
Checking the Host System's Configuration First	452	(5)
Using hostname and Related Commands	452	(1)
Using ipconfig and ifconfig to Check Host Configurations	453	(4)
Using ping and tracert to Check Connectivity	457	(19)
The ping Command	458	(4)
The traceroute Command	462	(4)
The netstat and route Commands	466	(6)
The arp Command	472	(1)
The tcpdump Utility	473	(2)
The WinDump Utility	475	(1)
Using the nslookup Command to Troubleshoot Name Resolution Issues	476	(1)
Other Useful Commands	477	(1)
Using Network Connection Repair in Windows XP	478	(3)
BOOTP and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)	481	(42)
What Is BOOTP?	482	(7)
Format of the BOOTP Packet	483	(1)
The BOOTP Request/Reply Mechanism	484	(1)
BOOTP Vendor-Specific Information Options	485	(3)
Downloading an Operating System	488	(1)
Taking BOOTP One Step Further: DHCP	489	(8)
The DHCP Packet Format and Additional Options	491	(2)
The DHCP Client/Server Exchange	493	(4)
Installing and Configuring a DHCP Server on Windows 2000/2003	497	(26)
Installing the DHCP Server Service on Windows 2000 or Server 2003	497	(1)
Authorizing the Server	497	(2)
Using the MMC Action Menu	499	(5)
Configuring the DHCP Server and Scope Options	504	(3)
Providing Support for BOOTP Clients	507	(1)
Enabling the DHCP Relay Agent	508	(2)
What Is a DHCP Cluster?	510	(1)
Considerations for Using DHCP in Large or Routed Environments	510	(1)
How DHCP Interacts with Microsoft's Dynamic Domain Name Service (DNS)	511	(2)
Reservations and Exclusions	513	(1)
What Is APIPA?	514	(1)
Troubleshooting Microsoft DHCP	515	(1)
Managing Logging	516	(1)
Using DHCP with Red Hat Linux	517	(1)
The DHCP Server Daemon	517	(1)
The DHCP Relay Agent	518	(1)
Configuring a Router or WAP to Provide DHCP Services	519	(2)
Using MAC Address Filtering to Stop Unauthorized Users	521	(2)
Network Name Resolution	523	(32)
Hardware Versus Protocol Addresses	525	(1)
NetBIOS	525	(9)
The LMHOSTS File	525	(3)
Windows Internet Name Service	528	(6)
Installing and Configuring WINS on Windows 2000/2003 Servers	534	(7)
Managing the Windows 2000 WINS Server	535	(4)
Managing the Windows Server 2003 WIN Service	539	(1)
Using netsh Commands to Manage WINS	540	(1)
TCP/IP Names	541	(11)
The HOSTS File	543	(1)
Domain Name System	543	(7)
Configuring DNS Clients	550	(1)
Using nslookup	550	(1)
Dynamic DNS	551	(1)
Installing DNS on a Windows Server	552	(1)
Network Information Service	553	(2)
Using the Active Directory Service	555	(38)
Early Directory Technologies	556	(6)
The Difference Between the Directory and the Directory Service	557	(1)
Interesting Objects	557	(1)
What Active Directory Delivers	558	(1)
Evolution of Directory Services from X.500 to LDAP	559	(2)
The Active Directory Schema	561	(1)
Objects and Attributes	562	(2)
Standard Objects in the Active Directory	563	(1)
What Is a Domain Tree? What Is a Forest?	564	(3)
Domain Models---May They Rest in Peace	565	(1)
Partitioning the Active Directory into Domains	565	(1)
A Domain Is Still a Domain	566	(1)
Active Directory Trees and Forests	566	(1)
The Active Directory and Dynamic DNS	567	(4)
Dynamic DNS	568	(1)
How the Active Directory Uses DNS	568	(1)
Using Sites to Manage Large Enterprises	569	(1)
Directory Replication	570	(1)
Summarizing the Directory Data Using the Global Catalog	571	(1)
Active Directory Service Interfaces (ADSI)	571	(2)
Directory-Aware Application Programming	572	(1)
Now It's Just Domain Controllers and Member Servers	572	(1)
The Active Directory Schema	573	(8)
Modifying the Active Directory Schema	573	(8)
Finding Objects in the Active Directory	581	(4)
Finding a User Account	581	(3)
Finding a Printer in the Active Directory	584	(1)
Using Start/Search	585	(1)
The Active Directory Service and Windows Server 2003	585	(1)
New Active Directory Features in Windows Server 2003	585	(8)
Installing Active Directory on a Windows Server 2003 Computer	586	(7)
File Server Protocols	593	(34)
Why File Server Protocols are Important	594	(1)
Server Message Block (SMB) and the Common Internet File System (CIFS)	595	(13)
SMB Message Types	596	(1)
SMB Security Provisions	597	(1)
Protocol Negotiation and Session Setup	598	(1)
Accessing Files	599	(2)
Using NET Commands	601	(3)
Monitoring and Troubleshooting SMB Communications	604	(3)
Using the SMB/CIFS Protocol on Non-Microsoft Clients: Samba	607	(1)
The Common Internet File System (CIFS)	607	(1)
NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)	608	(2)
General Requests and Responses	609	(1)
Burst Mode	609	(1)
Request Being Processed Response	609	(1)
Terminating Connections	610	(1)
Unix Network File System (NFS)	610	(13)
Protocol Components: Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Protocol	610	(2)
External Data Representation (XDR)	612	(1)
The NFS Protocol and Mount Protocol	612	(1)
Configuring NFS Servers and Clients	613	(1)
NFS Client Daemons	614	(2)
Server-Side Daemons	616	(5)
Troubleshooting NFS Problems	621	(2)
Microsoft Distributed File System (DFS)	623	(4)
Creating a DFS Root	623	(1)
Adding Links to the DFS Root	624	(3)
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol	627	(8)
The Beginning of HTTP	628	(1)
Defining HTTP	629	(1)
HTTP Mechanics	630	(1)
HTTP Header Fields	630	(1)
URLs, URIs, and URNs	630	(5)
Routing Protocols	635	(12)
Basic Types of Routing Protocols	636	(7)
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP)	636	(6)
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)	642	(1)
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)	643	(4)
Combining Routing and Switching	644	(1)
Adding a Label	644	(1)
Using Frame Relay and ATM with MPLS	645	(2)
The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Protocol	647	(6)
Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption	648	(4)
Digital Certificates	649	(1)
The SSI Handshake Procedure	649	(1)
Using Information in the Digital Certificate to Prevent Interception Attacks	650	(1)
http:// and https://	651	(1)
Adding Another Layer to the Network Protocol Stack	651	(1)
Does SSL Provide Enough Security for Internet Transactions?	652	(1)
OpenSource SSL	652	(1)
Introduction to the IPv6 Protocol	653	(8)
What's the Difference Between IPv4 and IPv6?	654	(1)
The IPv6 Headers	655	(4)
IPv6 Extension Headers	656	(2)
The Options Type Field for Hop-by-Hop and Destination Options	658	(1)
Other IPv6 Considerations	659	(1)
The Future of IPv6	659	(2)
VII. NETWORK USER AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT	661	(146)
Windows NT Domains	663	(22)
Workgroups and Domains	665	(7)
Interdomain Trust Relationships	666	(3)
Domain Controllers	669	(1)
Windows NT Domain Models	669	(3)
Windows NT User Groups	672	(3)
Built-In User Groups	673	(1)
Creating User Groups	674	(1)
Special User Groups	675	(1)
Managing User Accounts	675	(6)
Adding a User to a Group	676	(1)
User Profiles	676	(1)
Limiting the Time a User Can Log On	677	(1)
Limiting Which Workstations a User Can Log On To	678	(1)
Account Information	678	(1)
Allowing Dial-Up Access	679	(1)
Replication Between Domain Controllers	680	(1)
Passwords and Policies	681	(2)
Detecting Failed Logon Attempts	682	(1)
Strategies to Minimize Logon Problems	683	(2)
Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003 User and Computer Management Utilities	685	(18)
The Microsoft Management Console	686	(1)
User Management	686	(7)
Creating a New User Domain in the Active Directory	686	(3)
Managing Other User Account Information	689	(3)
Using the Action Menu	692	(1)
Computer Management	693	(3)
Adding a Computer to the Domain	693	(1)
Managing Other Computer Account Information	694	(2)
Windows 2000 User Groups	696	(7)
Choosing a Group Based on the Group's Scope	696	(2)
Built-In Groups	698	(2)
Creating a New User Group	700	(2)
Other Things You Can Do with the Active Directory Computers and Users Snap-In	702	(1)
Managing Unix and Linux Users	703	(18)
User Administration	704	(9)
The /etc/passwd File	704	(2)
Using a Shadow Password File	706	(1)
The /etc/groups File	706	(1)
Adding or Removing User Accounts	707	(2)
Using a Linux GUI Utility to Manage Users	709	(4)
Network Information Service (NIS)	713	(6)
Master and Slave NIS Servers	714	(1)
NIS Maps	714	(1)
The NIS Server ypserve Daemon and Maps Location	715	(1)
Setting the NIS Domain Name Using the Command domainname	715	(1)
Starting NIS: ypinit, ypserve, and ypxfrd	716	(1)
NIS Slaves	717	(1)
Changing NIS Maps	718	(1)
Pushing Modifications to NIS Slave Servers	718	(1)
Other Useful NIS YP Commands	718	(1)
NIS Clients	718	(1)
Common Login Problems	719	(2)
Rights and Permissions	721	(28)
User-Level and Share-Level Security	722	(3)
Microsoft Windows Share-Level Security	724	(1)
Assigning User Rights for Windows 2000, Server 2003, and XP	725	(8)
Managing User Password Policies	730	(3)
NTFS Standard and Special Permissions	733	(3)
Windows Permissions Are Cumulative	736	(1)
User Groups Make Managing User Rights Easier	736	(1)
User Groups in Windows 2000 and Server 2003	737	(1)
Active Directory Groups	738	(2)
NetWare	740	(4)
Trustees	740	(1)
File-System Rights	740	(1)
Object and Property Rights	741	(1)
Differences Between NDS and File-System and Directory Rights	742	(1)
Inheritance of Rights	743	(1)
The Everyone Group and the (Public) Group	744	(1)
Unix and Linux	744	(5)
Viewing File Permissions	745	(1)
SUID and SGID File Permissions	746	(2)
Using the su Command	748	(1)
Network Printing Protocols	749	(8)
Printing Protocols and Printing Languages	750	(2)
Using lpr/lpd and the TCP Stream Protocols	751	(1)
Data Link Control Protocol (DLC)	752	(1)
Internet Printing Protocol (IPP)	752	(5)
IPP Object Types	753	(1)
IPP Operations	754	(1)
What's New in Version 1.1?	755	(1)
Where Can You Find IPP?	755	(2)
Print Servers	757	(50)
Unix/Linux Printing	758	(15)
The BSD Spooling System: lpr and lpd	758	(10)
The SVR4 Printing System	768	(5)
Configuring Windows Print Servers	773	(2)
Printers and Printing Devices	773	(2)
Installing and Configuring Printers on Windows Servers	775	(24)
Windows NT 4.0	775	(6)
Windows 2000 Server	781	(14)
Windows XP	795	(4)
Printing Under NetWare	799	(4)
Print Queue Object Properties	800	(1)
Printer Object Properties	801	(1)
Print Server Object Properties	802	(1)
Pserver.NLM and Nprinter.NLM	802	(1)
The NetWare 6.x iPrint Utility	803	(1)
Hardware-Based Print Servers---Print Server Appliances	803	(4)
VIII. SYSTEM AND NETWORK SECURITY	807	(108)
Basic Security Measures Every Network Administrator Needs to Know	809	(18)
Policies and Procedures	810	(6)
Network Connection Policy	810	(1)
Acceptable Use Statement and Usage Guidelines	811	(3)
Escalation Procedures	814	(1)
What a Security Policy Should Include	815	(1)
Physical Security Measures	816	(1)
Locking the Door	816	(1)
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)	816	(1)
Disposing of Hardware and Media in a Secure Manner	817	(1)
The Two Sides of Security	817	(5)
Before the Fact: Controlling Access	817	(2)
After the Fact: Auditing Use	819	(1)
Passwords	820	(2)
System Daemons and Services	822	(1)
Removing Dead Wood	823	(1)
Delegating Authority	823	(2)
User Accounts	824	(1)
Application Servers, Print Servers, and Web Servers	824	(1)
Don't Forget About Firewalls	825	(2)
Auditing and Other Monitoring Measures	827	(24)
Unix and Linux Systems	829	(3)
Using syslog	829	(3)
System Log Files	832	(1)
Configuring Windows NT 4.0 Auditing Policies	832	(4)
Setting Up Events to Audit	833	(2)
Using the Windows NT 4.0 Event Viewer	835	(1)
Configuring Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003 Auditing Policies	836	(9)
Enabling Auditing for Files and Folders	838	(3)
Enabling Auditing for Printers	841	(1)
Logging Shutdown and Startup Events with Windows 2003 Server	841	(2)
Using the Event Viewer	843	(2)
Auditing Windows XP Professional Computers	845	(1)
Novell Security	846	(2)
Syscon and Auditcon	846	(2)
NetWare Auditing Solutions	848	(3)
Security Issues for Wide Area Networks	851	(20)
You've Been Targeted!	853	(1)
Computer Viruses, Trojan Horses, and Other Destructive Programs	854	(3)
Trojan Horse Programs	855	(1)
Computer Viruses	855	(1)
How Infections Occur	856	(1)
Your Network Under Fire---Common Attacks	857	(7)
Denial-of-Service Attacks	858	(1)
Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks	858	(2)
SYN Flooding	860	(1)
ICMP Redirects	860	(1)
The Ping of Death	861	(1)
Forged Email	862	(1)
Password Protection and SecurID and Smart Cards	862	(1)
Network Back Doors	863	(1)
Network Probes	864	(1)
Spoofing and Impersonation	864	(1)
If It's Too Good to Be True, It Isn't	865	(1)
Preventative Measures	865	(4)
Protecting Routers	865	(1)
The Network As Target	866	(1)
Protecting Host Computers---Encryption and Virus-Protection Software	866	(1)
Using Tripwire	867	(1)
User Awareness and Training	868	(1)
Staying on Top of Security Issues	869	(2)
Firewalls	871	(22)
What Is a Firewall?	872	(1)
Packet Filters	873	(4)
Filtering on IP Addresses	874	(1)
Filtering Based on Protocols	874	(1)
Filtering Based on Port Numbers	875	(2)
Intrusion Detection (Stateful Inspection)	877	(2)
Filtering Based on Applications	877	(1)
Windows Firewall Versus Third-Party Firewall Programs	877	(2)
Proxey Servers	879	(7)
Standard Proxy Applications	882	(2)
Impersonating the End User: Network Address Translation (NAT)	884	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of a Proxy Server	885	(1)
Hybrids	886	(3)
What to Expect from a Firewall	887	(2)
Inexpensive Firewalls for SOHO Environments	889	(2)
Hardware Solutions	889	(1)
Software Solutions	890	(1)
Using Both Hardware and Software Firewalls	891	(1)
How Do You Know That the Firewall Is Secure?	891	(2)
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) and Tunneling	893	(14)
What Is a VPN?	894	(1)
The Mobile Workforce	894	(1)
Protocols, Protocols, and More Protocols!	895	(1)
IPSec Protocols	895	(4)
Internet Key Exchange (IKE)	896	(1)
The Authentication Header (AH)	897	(1)
Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP)	898	(1)
The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)	899	(1)
Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)	900	(1)
L2TP Encapsulation	900	(1)
Creating a VPN Connection with Windows XP Professional	901	(3)
Setting Up and Using a VPN Connection in Windows XP	901	(3)
Troubleshooting a VPN Connection	904	(1)
Selecting a Router with VPN Support	904	(3)
Encryption Technology	907	(8)
Computers and Privacy	908	(1)
What Is Encryption?	908	(4)
Single-Key Encryption---Symmetric Encryption	909	(1)
Public-Key Encryption	910	(1)
RSA Public Key Cryptography	911	(1)
Digital Certificates	912	(1)
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)	913	(2)
IX. TROUBLESHOOTING NETWORKS	915	(46)
Strategies for Troubleshooting Network Problems	917	(10)
A Documented Network Is Easier to Troubleshoot	918	(4)
Documentation and Maintenance---Keeping Things Up-to-Date	921	(1)
Problem-Solving Techniques	922	(4)
The Problem Resolution Cycle	923	(3)
Auditing the Network to Locate Problem Sources	926	(1)
Pitfalls of Troubleshooting	926	(1)
Network Testing and Analysis Tools	927	(20)
Basics: Testing Cables	928	(4)
Handheld Cable Checkers	929	(1)
Cable Testers	929	(1)
Bit Error Rate Testers (BERT)	929	(1)
Time Domain Reflectometers	930	(1)
Impedance	931	(1)
Setting a Pulse Width	931	(1)
Velocity	931	(1)
Network and Protocol Analyzers	932	(8)
Establishing a Baseline	933	(1)
Statistical Data	934	(1)
Protocol Decoding	934	(1)
Filtering	934	(1)
Software-Based Analyzers	934	(4)
Other Software LAN Analyzer Products	938	(1)
Hardware Analyzers	939	(1)
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)	940	(7)
SNMP Primitives	941	(1)
Network Objects: The Management Information Base (MIB)	941	(2)
Proxy Agents	943	(1)
The Complex Road to SNMPv2 and SNMPv3	943	(1)
RMON	944	(3)
Troubleshooting Small Office and Home Office (SOHO) Networks	947	(14)
Power Problems	949	(2)
Computer Configuration Issues	951	(5)
Component Problems---You Can't Get There from Here	956	(1)
Secure Those Cables!	956	(1)
Firewall Problems	957	(1)
Keeping Your Network Healthy	958	(1)
Wireless Networking Problems	959	(1)
When All Else Fails	960	(1)
X. UPGRADING NETWORK HARDWARE	961	(30)
Upgrading Older Ethernet Networks	963	(10)
Upgrading from 10Base-2 or 10Base-T	964	(1)
Hardware and Software Factors to Consider for 10Base-2, 10Base-T, and 100Base-T	965	(5)
Network Cables	966	(2)
Network Interface Card (NIC)	968	(1)
Network Cable Connectors	968	(1)
Bridges, Hubs, Repeaters, and Switches	969	(1)
Connecting Networks That Use Different Cables or Topologies	970	(1)
Other Possibilities	970	(1)
Upgrading the Network Backbone to Gigabit Ethernet	971	(1)
Using Gigabit Ethernet for High-End Servers	971	(1)
Gigabit Ethernet to the Desktop?	972	(1)
Gigabit Ethernet Can Cover the Distance	972	(1)
10 Gigabit Ethernet Is Becoming Economically Feasible	972	(1)
Upgrading from Bridges and Hubs to Routers and Switches	973	(12)
Growing Beyond a Small LAN	974	(3)
Segmenting the Network Can Improve Performance	976	(1)
Connecting Remote Locations	977	(1)
From Bridges to Routers	977	(4)
Network Protocol Issues	978	(1)
Network Addressing Issues	978	(1)
Other Router Management Issues	979	(1)
Using a Router to Segment the Network	979	(1)
Connecting to a Larger WAN or the Internet	980	(1)
From Bridges to Switches	981	(4)
Adding Wireless Networking to a LAN	985	(6)
Why Go Wireless?	986	(2)
Choosing Locations for Access Points	988	(2)
Security Issues	990	(1)
XI. MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION	991	(88)
Migrating from NetWare to Windows 2000 or Windows 2003	993	(24)
Windows Protocols and Services	994	(6)
Client Services for NetWare (CSNW)	995	(1)
Gateway Services for NetWare (GSNW)	996	(4)
Microsoft's Services for NetWare Version 5.0 (SFN)	1000	(17)
Comparison of Windows Server and NetWare File Permission Rights	1001	(2)
Installing File and Print Services for NetWare Version 5.0 (FPNW 5.0)	1003	(3)
Microsoft Directory Synchronization Services (MSDSS)	1006	(5)
File Migration Utility (FMU)	1011	(6)
Migration and Integration Issues: Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows 2003, Unix, and Linux	1017	(28)
Windows Server Support for Unix Protocols and Utilities	1018	(10)
TCP/IP	1019	(1)
Telnet	1020	(5)
The File Transfer Protocol	1025	(3)
Managing the FTP Service on Windows Server 2003	1028	(4)
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol and BOOTP	1030	(1)
DNS	1031	(1)
Applications	1032	(1)
Microsoft Windows Services for Unix 3.5	1033	(10)
Installing SFU 3.0	1034	(3)
Network File System	1037	(1)
The Korn Shell	1038	(2)
Password Synchronization	1040	(1)
User Name Mapping	1041	(1)
New Telnet Server and Client	1042	(1)
ActiveState ActivePerl 5.6	1043	(1)
Samba	1043	(1)
Sun Network Information System	1043	(2)
Migrating from Windows NT 4.0 to Windows 2000, Windows 2003, and Windows XP	1045	(26)
Do You Need to Upgrade the Operating System or Applications?	1046	(3)
Upgrading to Windows 2000 Server	1049	(6)
Before You Begin	1050	(1)
Windows NT Domain Controllers and Member Servers	1051	(1)
Modeling the Directory Structure After Your Business Organization	1052	(1)
Domains Are Partitions of the Active Directory	1053	(1)
Migration Considerations: Centralized Versus Decentralized Management	1054	(1)
Implementing a Migration to the Active Directory for Windows 2000	1055	(6)
Start by Upgrading Primary Domain Controller	1056	(1)
Adding Other Domains to the Active Directory	1057	(1)
Upgrade the Master Domain First	1057	(4)
Upgrade the BDCs Next	1061	(1)
Upgrading Windows NT 4.0 or Windows 2000 to Windows Server 2003	1061	(10)
Hardware Requirements for a Windows Server 2003 Upgrade	1062	(1)
The Application Compatibility Toolkit Application	1063	(1)
What Role Will Your Server Perform?	1064	(1)
An Example of Upgrading Windows 2000 Server to Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition	1065	(3)
Should You Continue to Use Windows 2000 Professional or Move to Windows XP Professional?	1068	(1)
Upgrading for SOHO Clients	1068	(3)
Migration and Integration: NetWare, Unix, and Linux	1071	(8)
Why Use Unix or Linux?	1072	(1)
Key Differences Between Unix/Linux and NetWare	1073	(1)
File Sharing	1073	(1)
Printer Sharing	1073	(1)
User Authentication	1073	(1)
Moving User Accounts	1074	(1)
Networking Protocols	1074	(1)
Applications	1074	(3)
Finding Linux Drivers for Hardware	1077	(1)
Novell Open Enterprise Server	1077	(2)
XII. APPENDIXES	1079	(2)
A. Overview of the OSI Seven-Layer Networking Reference Model	1081	(6)
It's Only a Model!	1082	(5)
Encapsulation	1083	(1)
Physical Layer	1083	(1)
Data Link Layer	1083	(1)
Network Layer	1084	(1)
Transport Layer	1084	(1)
Session Layer	1084	(1)
Presentation Layer	1084	(1)
Application Layer	1085	(2)
B. Networking Glossary	1087	(20)
C. Internet Resources for Network Administrators	1107	(10)
Standards Organizations	1108	(1)
Network Hardware and Software Manufacturers	1109	(3)
Wireless Networking	1112	(1)
Security	1112	(5)
D. The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol	1117	(10)
A Quick Introduction to LDAP	1118	(1)
The X.500 Protocols and Standards	1118	(3)
Acronyms, Acronyms, Acronyms!	1119	(2)
The Schema	1121	(1)
The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol	1121	(3)
The LDAP Protocol	1122	(1)
Binding to the Server	1122	(1)
Searching the Database	1123	(1)
Adding, Modifying, or Deleting Information in the Directory	1123	(1)
Comparing Information in the Directory	1123	(1)
LDAP Directories	1124	(3)
Windows 2000 Server, Windows Server 2003, and NetWare Are Not the Only Choices You Have	1124	(1)
Sticking to Standards: Interoperability Between Directories	1124	(3)
E. Introduction to Setting Up a SOHO Network	1127	(9)
Assessing Your Requirements: What Do You Need?	1128	(6)
Applications Drive Hardware Purchases	1130	(4)
SOHO Network Topologies	1134	(2)
Backup Solutions for a SOHO Network	1136
Index