Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Stormwater Quality Engineering Applications and Computer Modeling

by Akan, A. Osman; Houghtalen, Robert J.

• ISBN13: 9780471431589
• ISBN10: 0471431583
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-08-22
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

A practical introduction on today's challenge of controlling and managing the water resources used by and affected by cities and urbanized communities. The book offers an integrated engineering approach, covering the spectrum of urban watershed management, urban hydraulic systems, and overall stormwater management.Each chapter concludes with helpful problems.Solutions Manual available to qualified professors and instructors upon request.Introduces the reader to two popular, non-proprietary computer-modeling pro-grams: HEC-HMS (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) and SWMM (U.S EPA).

Author Biography

A. OSMAN AKAN, PhD, PE, is Professor and current Chair of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia. He has more than thirty years of teaching, research, and consulting experience in the general field of water resources engineering. His publication record includes Urban Stormwater Hydrology (Wiley), several chapters in design handbooks, and numerous articles in scholarly journals.<BR>

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Acknowledgments	xv
1 Introduction	1	(4)
1.1 Urbanization and Stormwater Runoff	1	(1)
1.2 Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Stormwater Quality	2	(1)
1.3 Organization of the Book	2	(2)
Problems	4	(1)
2 Rainfall for Designing Urban Drainage Systems	5	(29)
2.1 Hydrologic Description of Rainfall	5	(3)
2.2 Probabilistic Description of Rainfall	8	(7)
2.2.1 Return Period and Hydrologic Risk	8	(2)
2.2.2 Frequency Analysis	10	(3)
2.2.3 Intensity-Duration-Return Period Curves	13	(1)
2.2.4 Mathematical Intensity-Duration Relationships	14	(1)
2.3 Design Rainfall	15	(3)
2.3.1 Continuous Simulation and Single-Event Methods	16	(1)
2.3.2 Design Return Period	17	(1)
2.3.3 Design-Storm Duration and Depth	18	(1)
2.3.4 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Design Rainfall	18	(1)
2.4 Construction of Design-Storm Hyetographs	18	(11)
2.4.1 Soil Conservation Service Method	18	(2)
2.4.2 Yen and Chow Method	20	(1)
2.4.3 Huff Method	21	(4)
2.4.4 Synthetic Block Hyetograph Method	25	(2)
2.4.5 Chicago Method	27	(2)
Problems	29	(3)
References	32	(2)
3 Rainfall Excess Calculations	34	(31)
3.1 Calculation of Rainfall Abstractions	34	(19)
3.1.1 Interception Storage	35	(1)
3.1.2 Infiltration	36	(16)
3.1.3 Depression Storage	52	(1)
3.2 Combined Loss Models	53	(7)
3.2.1 Soil Conservation Service Method	53	(6)
3.2.2 Other Combined Loss Models	59	(1)
Problems	60	(3)
References	63	(2)
4 Rainfall Excess and Open-Channel Flow in Urban Watersheds	65	(29)
4.1 Open-Channel Hydraulics	65	(6)
4.1.1 Basic Definitions	65	(2)
4.1.2 States of Open-Channel Flow	67	(1)
4.1.3 Open-Channel Flow Equations	68	(1)
4.1.4 Steady Gradually Varied Flow	69	(1)
4.1.5 Normal Flow	70	(1)
4.1.6 Open-Channel Rating Curve	70	(1)
4.2 Overland Flow	71	(8)
4.2.1 Kinematic-Wave Model	72	(1)
4.2.2 Overland Flow on Impervious Surfaces	73	(4)
4.2.3 Overland Flow on Pervious Surfaces	77	(2)
4.3 Channel Flow	79	(11)
4.3.1 Muskingum Method	80	(3)
4.3.2 Muskingum-Cunge Method	83	(2)
4.3.3 Muskingum-Cunge Method for Routing with Lateral Inflow	85	(3)
4.3.4 Modified Att-Kin Method	88	(2)
Problems	90	(3)
References	93	(1)
5 Calculation of Runoff Rates From Urban Watersheds	94	(53)
5.1 Basic Concepts	95	(2)
5.1.1 Elements of Urban Runoff Hydrographs	95	(2)
5.1.2 Definition of Time of Concentration	97	(1)
5.2 Calculation of Time of Concentration	97	(7)
5.2.1 SCS Time-of-Concentration Method	98	(2)
5.2.2 Kinematic Time-of-Concentration Formulas	100	(3)
5.2.3 Kirpich Formula	103	(1)
5.3 Unit Hydrograph Method	104	(15)
5.3.1 Unit Hydrograph Development	104	(13)
5.3.2 Application of the Unit Hydrograph Method	117	(2)
5.4 Soil Conservation Service Methods for Runoff Rate Calculations	119	(6)
5.4.1 TR-55 Graphical Peak Discharge Method	119	(2)
5.4.2 TR-55 Tabular Hydrograph Method	121	(4)
5.5 The Santa Barbara Urban Hydrograph Method	125	(4)
5.6 USGS Regression Equations	129	(3)
5.7 The Rational Method	132	(4)
5.8 The Kinematic-Rational Methods	136	(5)
Problems	141	(4)
References	145	(2)
6 Stormwater Drainage Structures	147	(71)
6.1 Drainage of Street Pavements	147	(19)
6.1.1 General Design Considerations	147	(1)
6.1.2 Flow in Gutters	148	(7)
6.1.3 Pavement Drainage Inlets	155	(9)
6.1.4 Pavement Drainage Inlet Locations	164	(2)
6.2 Storm Sewer Systems	166	(18)
6.2.1 Storm Sewer Hydraulics	168	(6)
6.2.2 Design Discharge for Storm Sewers	174	(2)
6.2.3 Sizing Storm Sewers	176	(1)
6.2.4 Hydraulic Grade Line Considerations	176	(1)
6.2.5 Storm Sewer System Design Calculations	177	(7)
6.3 Culverts	184	(16)
6.3.1 Inlet Control Flow	185	(9)
6.3.2 Outlet Control Flow	194	(5)
6.3.3 Sizing of Culverts	199	(1)
6.4 Design of Surface Drainage Channels	200	(13)
6.4.1 Design of Unlined Channels	201	(7)
6.4.2 Design of Grass-Lined Channels	208	(5)
Problems	213	(4)
References	217	(1)
Suggested Reading	217	(1)
7 Stormwater Detention for Quantity Management	218	(50)
7.1 Detention Basins	218	(31)
7.1.1 Stage-Storage Relationship	219	(3)
7.1.2 Stage-Discharge Relationship	222	(5)
7.1.3 Pond Routing	227	(4)
7.1.4 Pond-Routing Charts	231	(8)
7.1.5 Design of Detention Basins	239	(10)
7.2 Infiltration Practices	249	(13)
7.2.1 Capture Volume	249	(4)
7.2.2 Soil Textures	253	(1)
7.2.3 Infiltration Basins	253	(4)
7.2.4 Infiltration Trenches	257	(2)
7.2.5 Dry Wells	259	(3)
7.2.6 Porous Pavements	262	(1)
Problems	262	(4)
References	266	(1)
Suggested Reading	267	(1)
8 Urban Stormwater Pollution	268	(23)
8.1 Modeling Urban Stormwater Quality	269	(10)
8.1.1 Solids Buildup and Wash-off from Impervious Areas	269	(4)
8.1.2 Solids Wash-off from Pervious Surfaces	273	(4)
8.1.3 Wash-off of Pollutants Other than Solids	277	(1)
8.1.4 Pollutographs and Loadographs	277	(2)
8.2 Annual Pollutant Load Estimates	279	(8)
8.2.1 EPA Model for Annual Pollutant Loading Estimation	279	(4)
8.2.2 U.S. Geological Survey Model for Mean Annual Loads	283	(2)
8.2.3 Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments Method	285	(2)
Problems	287	(3)
References	290	(1)
9 Best Management Practices for Urban Stormwater Quality Control	291	(35)
9.1 Extended Detention Basins	293	(6)
9.1.1 Sizing Extended Detention Basins	294	(2)
9.1.2 Sizing Water Quality Outlet Devices	296	(2)
9.1.3 Additional Extended Detention Basin Design Considerations	298	(1)
9.2 Retention Basins	299	(14)
9.2.1 Permanent Pool Volume	300	(3)
9.2.2 Retention Basin Design Considerations	303	(1)
9.2.3 EPA Methodology for Analysis of Wet Pond Detention Basins	304	(9)
9.3 Water Quality Trenches	313	(1)
9.4 Sand Filters	314	(2)
9.5 Stormwater Wetlands	316	(4)
9.6 Other Vegetative BMPs	320	(1)
9.6.1 Grass Swales	320	(1)
9.6.2 Filter Strips	321	(1)
9.7 The National Stormwater BMP Database	321	(1)
Problems	322	(2)
References	324	(2)
10 Urban Stormwater Computer Models: HEC-HMS and EPA-SWMM	326	(25)
10.1 Hydrologic Modeling Overview and Watershed Delineation	327	(4)
10.2 Model Structure and Features of HEC-HMS	331	(3)
10.3 Technical Capabilities of HEC-HMS	334	(3)
10.4 HEC-HMS Example Problem	337	(7)
10.5 Structure and Features of EPA-SWMM	344	(1)
10.6 Technical Capabilities of EPA-SWMM	345	(2)
10.7 EPA-SWMM Example Problem	347	(1)
10.8 Model Calibration and Verification	347	(1)
Problems	348	(2)
References	350	(1)
Suggested Reading	350	(1)
Appendix Tabular Hydrograph Unit Discharges for SCS Type II Rainfall Distribution	351	(16)
Index	367