Urban Wildlife Management

by Adams; Clark E.

• ISBN13: 9780849396458
• ISBN10: 084939645X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-12-12
• Publisher: CRC

Summary

While much has been written about the factors that either promote or prevent proliferation of wildlife in urban settings, forward-thinking professors instructing in this area have had to rely on their own ability to collect information from the published literature. Even then, it has been a challenge to find research that examines the entire picture of human-wildlife interaction, beyond those that focus on problems associated with nuisance urban wildlife.Urban Wildlife Management is the first comprehensive text to examine the issues that have led to the need for human-wildlife interface management strategies. The book focuses not only on ecological matters, but also incorporates the political, economic, and societal issues relevant to the development of proactive management planning. Synthesizing hundreds of journal articles, as well as countless other sources on urban wildlife management, the book organizes a wealth of material under five subject areas: urban landscapes, urban ecosystems, urban habitats and hazards, sociopolitical issues, and special management considerations.Urban Wildlife Management educates students in the fundamental principles of ecology required to understand how human-made environments lead to the need for urban wildlife managementExploring the changing landscape of wildlife management, the authors offer students an historical perspective, along with a look at current trends and future directions of wildlife management. They include selected lessons in ecology relevant to understanding the presence or absence of wildlife species in urban communities. These lessons look at the impacts of urbanization on ecosystem structure and function, including waterways, predation, and population dynamics. Urban habitats are discussed in terms of the unique features of green and gray spaces, urban streams, and urban soils. The book also considers both endangered species and overabundant wildlife populations.

Table of Contents

Introduction: A New Wildlife Management Paradigm	1	(1)
A Snapshot of the Urban Wildlife Management Landscape	1	(1)
The Need for a Comprehensive Treatment of Urban Wildlife Management	2	(2)
Understanding and Meeting the Future Challenges of Wildlife Management	4	(11)
Sidebar I.1: Job Description for an Urban Wildlife Biologist	9	(2)
References	11	(4)
Section I: Urban Landscapes
Wildlife Management: Past and Present	15	(14)
A Brief History of Wildlife Management in North America	15	(1)
Rise of the American Conservation Movement	16	(2)
Changing Wildlife Values	18	(2)
A New Kind of Wildlife	20	(1)
Categorizing Wildlife	20	(1)
The Unique Ecology of Urban Wildlife	21	(1)
Special Challenges for Wildlife Management within Urban Settings	21	(3)
Urban Ecosystems	22	(1)
Urban Habitats	22	(1)
Sociopolitical Factors	22	(2)
Management Considerations	24	(5)
Case Study 1.1: Downtown Deer	24	(2)
References	26	(3)
The Changing Landscape of Wildlife Management	29	(24)
Demographic Factors That Set the Stage for Urban Wildlife Management	30	(1)
The Separation of People and Nature	31	(1)
The Need for Wildlife Management in Urban Areas	32	(2)
The Need for Public Education Programs about Urban Wildlife	34	(2)
Outcomes of Human--Wildlife Encounters	36	(1)
Urbanites Need to Reconnect with the Natural World	36	(1)
Urban Wildlife Species Are Increasing, Sometimes to Nuisance Levels	37	(1)
Some Insights into the Magnitude of Urban Wildlife Problems	38	(4)
Urban Species of Most Concern: National Analysis 1994 to 2003	39	(2)
Urban Species of Most Concern: Regional Analysis 1994 to 2003	41	(1)
Economic Impact of Damage to Resources by Urban Wildlife: National Overview	41	(1)
Economic Impact of Damage to Resources by Urban Wildlife: Regional Overview	41	(1)
Wildlife as a Dominant Focus of Wildlife Professionals	42	(11)
Section II: Urban Ecosystems
Ecosystems: Principles, Structure, Function, and Services	53	(26)
Ecological Principles	54	(3)
Diversity	54	(2)
Interrelationships	56	(1)
Cycles	56	(1)
Energy	57	(1)
Ecosystem Structure	57	(5)
Abiotic Structure	58	(1)
Biotic Structure	59	(2)
Food Chains and Webs	61	(1)
Symbiotic Relationships	62	(1)
Mutualism	62	(1)
Commensalism	62	(1)
Parasitism	63	(1)
Biotic Communities	63	(4)
Urban Flora	64	(1)
Urban Fauna	64	(3)
Ecosystem Function	67	(4)
Matter	67	(1)
Biogeochemical Cycles (Finite Amount of Substance Made Infinite)	68	(1)
Energy	69	(1)
Thermodynamics and Conservation of Matter	70	(1)
Ecosystem Services	71	(8)
Perspective Essay 3.1: For the Love of Lawns	73	(2)
Perspective Essay 3.2: People and Wildlife --- The Lesser Anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla)	75	(2)
References	77	(2)
Principles of Population Dynamics	79	(18)
Survival	80	(1)
Adaptations	81	(3)
Density	84	(1)
Factors Affecting Population Densities	85	(2)
Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Population Dynamics	87	(2)
Effects of Supplemental Feeding on Population Dynamics	89	(1)
Effects of Animal Damage Control Activities on Population Dynamics	90	(1)
Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Wildlife Population Dynamics	91	(6)
References	93	(4)
Section III: Urban Habitats and Hazards
Special Habitat Considerations: Green Spaces	97	(18)
Green Spaces	98	(1)
Remnant Habitat Patches	98	(4)
Successional Habitat Patches	102	(2)
Managed Habitat Patches	104	(11)
Perspective Essay 5.1: Birds in Texas Cemeteries	108	(4)
References	112	(3)
Special Habitat Considerations: Gray Spaces	115	(34)
Introduction	116	(1)
Buildings, Windows, and Towers	117	(6)
Buildings	117	(1)
Windows	118	(1)
Towers	119	(4)
Roads and Highways	123	(7)
Animal Mortality	123	(2)
Overpasses, Underpasses, and Escape Routes	125	(2)
Structural Design Considerations	127	(1)
Bridges, Birds, and Bats	128	(2)
Landfills, Dumpsters, and Garbage Cans	130	(6)
Organic Waste Accumulations: A Concept Unique to Urban Ecosystems	130	(3)
Factors That Promote the Presence of Wildlife at Landfills	133	(1)
Standards Used in Landfill Siting	133	(1)
Types of Habitats Found in and around Landfills	134	(1)
Human-Wildlife Conflicts at Landfills	134	(1)
Wildlife Management at Landfills	135	(1)
Airports	136	(13)
Standards for Airport Siting and Zoning	137	(1)
Types of Habitats Found in and around Airports	138	(1)
Wildlife Species Attracted to Airport Habitats	138	(1)
Human--Wildlife Interactions at Airports	139	(1)
Wildlife Management Priorities at Airports	140	(1)
Perspective 6.1: The Peregrine Story	140	(2)
Perspective 6.2: Home Composting on a Small Scale	142	(1)
References	143	(6)
Special Habitat Considerations: Urban Streams and Soils	149	(24)
Water	150	(1)
The Water Cycle --- Nature's Filter	150	(2)
The Transpiration Loop	151	(1)
The Groundwater Loop	151	(1)
The Evaporation Loop	152	(1)
Effects of Urbanization on the Water Cycle	152	(1)
Abiotic Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecology	152	(3)
Pollutants	153	(1)
Stream Channelization	153	(2)
Biotic Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecology	155	(6)
Caring for the Water Cycle	161	(1)
Soil	161	(3)
Soil Structure	162	(1)
Soil Function	163	(1)
Impacts of Urbanization on Soil Structure and Function	164	(1)
Grading and Scraping	164	(1)
Compaction	164	(1)
Exposure	165	(1)
Contaminants	165	(1)
Physical Processes That Influence Urban Soil	165	(1)
Additions	165	(1)
Losses	166	(1)
Translocations	166	(1)
Transformation	166	(1)
Taking Better Care of Urban Soil	166	(7)
Perspective Essay 7.1: Darwin's Earthworms	167	(1)
References	168	(5)
Section IV: Sociopolitical Issues
Human Dimensions in Urban Wildlife Management	173	(30)
The ``People Factor''	174	(1)
Conducting Human Dimensions Research	175	(3)
The Role of Human Dimensions in Urban Wildlife Management	178	(25)
Public Participation in Wildlife-Associated Recreation	178	(5)
Wildlife Values	183	(1)
Quality of Life Issues	184	(3)
Conflict Resolution Issues	187	(9)
Case Study 8.1: Ducks and Traffic	196	(1)
Perspective Essay 8.1: Urbanites' Fear of the Natural World around Them	196	(2)
References	198	(5)
The Stakeholder Approach and Urban Wildlife Management	203	(18)
The Policy Life Cycle and Urban Wildlife Management	204	(1)
What Is a Stakeholder?	205	(1)
The Changing Face of Wildlife Stakeholders	206	(1)
A Guide to Major Stakeholders	207	(1)
Governmental Entities	207	(6)
Federal Government	208	(1)
U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI)	208	(2)
Department of Agriculture (USDA)	210	(1)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)	211
Tribal Governments	208	(4)
State and Territorial Governments	212	(1)
County and Municipal Governments	213	(1)
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)	213	(2)
Academic Institutions	215	(1)
The Public	215	(6)
Case Study 9.1: Stakeholders Disagree on Best Approach for Managing Fallow Deer	216	(2)
References	218	(3)
Legal Aspects of Urban Wildlife Management	221	(18)
Federal Laws	222	(5)
Lacey Act of 1900	222	(2)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918	224	(1)
Animal Damage Control Act of 1931	225	(1)
Endangered Species Act of 1973	226	(1)
State Laws	227	(1)
County and City Laws	228	(1)
Local Ordinances	228	(3)
Who's in Charge Here?	231	(1)
Protecting the Health and Safety of All	231	(8)
Sidebar 10.1: New Berlin v. Hagar	232	(1)
Sidebar 10.2: Urban Wildlife Damage Principles	233	(1)
Case Study 10.1: Operation Remove Excrement	233	(2)
References	235	(4)
Section V: Special Management Considerations
The Ecology and Management Considerations of Selected Species	239	(48)
Predators	240	(8)
Coyotes (Canis latrans)	241	(4)
Black Bear (Ursus americanus)	245	(3)
Endangered Species	248	(8)
San Joaquin Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica)	249	(2)
Florida Key Deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium)	251	(5)
Roosting Species	256	(5)
American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)	257	(2)
Mexican Free-Tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis)	259	(2)
Feral Species	261	(26)
Free-Ranging Domestic Cats (Felis catus)	261	(5)
Wild Hogs (Sus scrofa)	266	(11)
Sidebar 11.1: Wild Hogs Threaten Texas Nature Center	277	(1)
References	278	(9)
Distribution, Abundance, and Management Considerations of Resident Canada Geese and Urban White-Tailed Deer	287	(18)
Factors That Contributed to Geese and Deer Abundance in Urban America	289	(1)
Distribution of Resident Canada Geese and White-Tailed Deer in the Continental U.S.	289	(2)
The Human Response to Resident Canada Geese and Urban White-Tailed Deer	291	(1)
Ecological Impacts of Resident Canada Geese and Urban White-Tailed Deer	292	(1)
Health and Safety Issues Related to Resident Canada Geese and Urban White-Tailed Deer	293	(1)
White-Tailed Deer and Lyme Disease	294	(3)
Feasible and Acceptable Management Strategies for Overabundant Resident Canada Geese and Urban White-Tailed Deer Populations	297	(5)
Avoiding the Problem	299	(1)
Getting at the Root Cause	300	(1)
Attack the Symptoms	301	(1)
Do Nothing	301	(1)
In Summary	302	(3)
References	302	(3)
Index	305