Us Government Funding Science

Preface	p. iii
Figures	p. vii
Tables	p. ix
Summary	p. xi
Abbreviations	p. xv
Introduction: U.S. Government Funding of Science and Technology Cooperation with Russia	p. 1
Organization of This Report	p. 2
Methodology and Definitions Used in This Report	p. 3
Science and Technology Cooperation in Context	p. 6
Diverse Government Activities Create the S&T Relationship	p. 7
Curiosity-Driven R&D	p. 7
Mission-Oriented Support	p. 8
Policy-Directed Cooperation	p. 8
The Role of Science and Technology Agreements	p. 10
The Research and Development Relationship with Russia	p. 11
Funding Levels	p. 11
Types of R&D Cooperation	p. 14
Collaboration	p. 15
Technical Support	p. 16
Technology Transfer	p. 17
Database Development	p. 17
Binational Versus Multinational Cooperation	p. 17
Fields of Science Represented	p. 19
Aerospace	p. 19
Engineering	p. 21
Energy	p. 22
Biomedical and Health Sciences	p. 22
Physics	p. 23
How Does U.S. Spending Compare with Russian Priorities?	p. 24
Cooperation with Russia by Five U.S. Agencies	p. 24
National Aeronautics and Space Administration	p. 26
Department of Energy	p. 27
Department of Health and Human Services	p. 30
National Science Foundation	p. 32
Department of Defense	p. 36
The Mission-Oriented and Policy-Directed S&T Relationships with Russia	p. 38
U.S. Agency for International Development	p. 38
Department of Agriculture	p. 41
Department of State	p. 43
Other Agencies	p. 44
Federal Emergency Management Agency	p. 44
Environmental Protection Agency	p. 44
National Institute for Standards and Technology	p. 45
U.S. Geological Survey	p. 45
The Policy-Directed S&T Relationship with Russia (Special Projects)	p. 46
The Civilian Research and Development Foundation	p. 46
The Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention Program	p. 48
The International Science and Technology Center	p. 49
Observations on the Relationship: Results of Conversations with Scientists and Managers	p. 52
Observations	p. 53
Type of Collaboration	p. 53
Location of Research	p. 54
Russian Contributions	p. 54
Necessity of Cooperation with Russia	p. 55
Scientific Benefits to the United States	p. 55
Project Outcomes	p. 56
Russian S&T Capacity Benefits	p. 56
Appendix
Summary of S&T Data Presented in This Report	p. 59
Methodology Used in This Study	p. 61
Active S&T Agreements Between the United States and Russia, 1993-2000	p. 68
Protocol of Discussions with Project Representatives	p. 76
Bibliography	p. 79
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