U.S. History I, Cliffs Notes

by Soifer, Paul; Hoffman, Abraham

• ISBN13: 9780822053606
• ISBN10: 0822053608
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-09-30
• Publisher: Cliffs Notes

Summary

CliffsQuickReview course guides cover the essentials of your toughest classes. Get a firm grip on core concepts and key material, and test your newfound knowledge with review questions. CliffsQuickReview U.S. History I provides you with an overview of United States history from before the colonial period through the end of Reconstruction. You can use this in-depth reference as a supplement to your textbook and classroom lectures, or you can use it as an at-a-glance reference. As you work your way through this review, you'll be ready to tackle such concepts as Exploring the "New World": Knowing the first inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere Exploration and early colonization: From Christopher Columbus's voyage to the early English settlements Colonial settlements of the 17th and 18th centuries: From Plymouth to the 13 original colonies The American Revolution: From early discontent to the War for Independence and the drafting of the U.S. Constitution The development of a new nation: The early presidents, the institution of slavery, and the Civil War The Reconstruction: The freedom for slaves and the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant With titles available for all the most popular high school and college courses, CliffsQuickReview guides are a comprehensive resource that can help you get the best possible grades.

Table of Contents

THE "NEW WORLD"	1	(8)
The First Inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere	1	(4)
Arrival of the first inhabitants	1	(1)
Life on the North American continent	2	(1)
The Southwest	2	(1)
The Great Plains	3	(1)
The Eastern Woodlands	4	(1)
Early North American society and culture	4	(1)
European Contact	5	(4)
Disease	6	(1)
Horses and other domesticated animals	6	(1)
Metal tools and firearms	7	(1)
The great biological exchange	8	(1)
EXPLORATION AND EARLY COLONIZATION	9	(10)
The Portuguese Explorations and West Africa	9	(2)
The West African kingdoms	10	(1)
Christopher Columbus and the Spanish Explorations	11	(3)
The voyages of Columbus	11	(1)
The Spanish conquests of Central and South America	12	(1)
Spain in North America	13	(1)
French and Dutch Explorations	14	(1)
English Exploration and Early Settlements	15	(4)
The lost colony of Roanoke	15	(1)
The joint-stock company and the founding of Jamestown	16	(3)
COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY	19	(12)
New England Colonies	19	(5)
The Plymouth colony	20	(1)
The Massachusetts Bay colony	21	(2)
Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Maine	23	(1)
The Chesapeake Colonies: Virginia and Maryland	24	(3)
The founding of Maryland	25	(1)
Chesapeake society and economy	25	(1)
Indentured servants and slaves	26	(1)
The Restoration Colonies	27	(4)
The Carolinas	27	(1)
From New Netherland to New York	28	(1)
New Jersey	28	(1)
Pennsylvania and Delaware	28	(1)
Georgia, the last English colony	29	(2)
EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY COLONIAL AMERICA	31	(10)
Colonial Society and Economy	31	(4)
The expansion of slavery	32	(1)
Colonial agriculture	33	(1)
Colonial trade and industry	33	(1)
The social structure of the colonies	34	(1)
Enlightenment and Religious Revival in the Colonies	35	(2)
Benjamin Franklin	36	(1)
The Great Awakening and its impact	36	(1)
Rivals for Empire	37	(4)
The expansion of France in North America	38	(1)
The wars between England and France	39	(1)
The French and Indian War	39	(2)
FROM DISCONTENT TO REVOLUTION	41	(10)
Discontent in the Colonies	41	(4)
The Proclamation of 1763	42	(1)
The Stamp Act	42	(1)
The colonial reaction to the Stamp Act	43	(1)
The Policies of Charles Townshend	43	(1)
The Boston Massacre	44	(1)
The Drift toward Revolution	45	(2)
The Tea Act and Boston Tea Party	45	(1)
The Coercive Acts	46	(1)
The First Continental Congress	47	(1)
The Start of the American Revolution	47	(4)
Lexington and Concord	48	(1)
The Second Continental Congress	48	(1)
The balance of forces	49	(1)
Loyalists versus Patriots	50	(1)
CREATING A NEW NATION	51	(12)
The War for Independence	51	(4)
The Declaration of Independence	51	(1)
Fighting the war	52	(1)
Diplomacy during the war	53	(1)
Winning the war	53	(1)
The Peace of Paris	54	(1)
Governing the New Nation	55	(3)
New state governments	55	(1)
The Articles of Confederation	55	(1)
Finance and Shays's Rebellion	56	(1)
Achievements of the Confederation Congress	57	(1)
Frontier and foreign policy problems	58	(1)
Drafting the Constitution	58	(5)
The Constitutional Convention	59	(1)
The Virginia and New Jersey plans	59	(1)
The Great Compromise	60	(1)
Slavery and the presidency	60	(1)
Ratifying the Constitution	61	(2)
CHALLENGES FOR A NEW NATION	63	(12)
Organizing the Government	63	(4)
Unfinished business: the Bill of Rights and the first cabinet	63	(1)
Hamilton's reports	64	(1)
Opposition to Hamilton's plans	65	(1)
The Whiskey Rebellion	66	(1)
Foreign Policy Challenges	67	(3)
Conflicts on the frontier	67	(1)
Problems with France	68	(1)
Problems with Great Britain	69	(1)
Successful negotiations with Spain	69	(1)
Ideological Challenges	70	(5)
The election of 1796	70	(1)
The XYZ Affair	71	(1)
The Alien and Sedition Acts	72	(1)
The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	73	(1)
The election of 1800	73	(2)
TRIUMPH OF THE JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANS, 1800-1824	75	(16)
Jefferson's first term	75	(1)
Marbury v. Madison and judicial review	76	(1)
The Barbary pirates	76	(1)
The Louisiana Purchase	77	(1)
The Lewis and Clark expedition	78	(1)
Maintaining Neutrality under Jefferson and Madison	79	(4)
A troubled second term	79	(1)
War between France and Great Britain	80	(1)
The Embargo Act	81	(1)
Madison and neutrality	81	(1)
Problems in the west	82	(1)
Voting for war	83	(1)
The War of 1812	83	(4)
The Canadian campaign	84	(1)
The British land offensive	84	(2)
Ending the war	86	(1)
A Federalist error	86	(1)
A Spirit of Nationalism	87	(4)
The Era of Good Feelings	87	(1)
New states and a new crisis	88	(1)
Monroe's foreign policy	88	(3)
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, 1815-1860	91	(12)
Improvements in Transportation	91	(4)
Inland waterways	91	(2)
The canal craze	93	(1)
Railroads	94	(1)
Roads	94	(1)
Toward a Market Economy	95	(3)
Removal of Native Americans	95	(1)
Federal land policy	96	(1)
A boom period for agriculture	97	(1)
Changing demographics	97	(1)
The Growth of Manufacturing	98	(3)
Technological innovation	99	(1)
The factory system	99	(2)
Changes in American Society	101	(2)
Women and the family	101	(1)
The status of free blacks	102	(1)
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY	103	(12)
The Politics of the Jacksonian Era	103	(3)
The election of 1824	104	(1)
The Adams presidency	105	(1)
The election of 1828	106	(1)
Jackson as President	106	(4)
The Eaton affair	107	(1)
The nullification controversy	107	(1)
The bank crisis	108	(2)
Martin Van Buren and New Political Alignments	110	(3)
The election of 1836	111	(1)
The Panic of 1837	111	(1)
The election of 1840	112	(1)
Assessing Jacksonian Democracy	113	(2)
AMERICAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE, 1815-1860	115	(14)
The Religious Revival	115	(2)
The "Burned-Over District"	116	(1)
The Mormons	116	(1)
The Shaker community	117	(1)
The Impulse for Reform	117	(5)
The temperance movement	117	(1)
Improving public education	118	(1)
The abolitionist movement	119	(1)
Beginnings of the women's rights movement	120	(1)
The utopian communities	121	(1)
Literature and Art in Antebellum America	122	(3)
James Fenimore Cooper	123	(1)
Henry David Thoreau	123	(1)
Walt Whitman	124	(1)
Hawthorne, Melville, and Poe	124	(1)
American art	125	(1)
Recreation and Leisure in Antebellum America	125	(4)
Popular reading	126	(1)
Theater and P.T. Barnum	127	(1)
The impact of the minstrel shows	127	(2)
SLAVERY AND THE SOUTH	129	(12)
Slavery, the Economy, and Society in the South	129	(4)
The Cotton Kingdom	129	(1)
Slavery as an economic institution	130	(1)
Planters	131	(1)
Yeoman farmers	132	(1)
Poor whites	132	(1)
Free blacks in the South	133	(1)
Slave Society and Culture	133	(3)
Labor and subsistence	134	(1)
The slave family	135	(1)
Slave religion and culture	135	(1)
Resistance to and the Defense of Slavery	136	(5)
Slave revolts	137	(1)
The debate over slavery in Virginia	138	(1)
In defense of slavery	138	(1)
North versus South	139	(2)
EXPANSION, WAR, AND SECTIONAL TENSIONS	141	(12)
The Mexican Borderlands and Oregon	141	(4)
The settlement of Texas	142	(1)
Texas's independence	142	(1)
New Mexico and California	143	(1)
The Oregon Country	144	(1)
The Politics of Expansion	145	(2)
Tyler's foreign policy	145	(1)
The election of 1844	146	(1)
Settling the Oregon question	146	(1)
The rise of manifest destiny	147	(1)
The War with Mexico	147	(2)
The war in California and New Mexico	148	(1)
The war in Mexico	149	(1)
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	149	(1)
Slavery in the New Lands	149	(4)
The election of 1848	150	(1)
The California gold rush	151	(2)
FROM COMPROMISE TO CRISIS	153	(12)
The Compromise of 1850	153	(3)
Clay's omnibus bill	153	(1)
The politics of compromise	154	(1)
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850	155	(1)
The impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin	155	(1)
Political Realignment in the 1850s	156	(3)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act	157	(1)
"Bleeding Kansas"	158	(1)
The election of 1856	158	(1)
The Union in Crisis	159	(6)
The Dred Scott decision	159	(1)
More trouble in Kansas	160	(1)
The Panic of 1857	161	(1)
The Lincoln-Douglas debates	161	(1)
The Harpers Ferry incident	162	(1)
The election of 1860	162	(1)
From secession to Fort Sumter	163	(2)
THE CIVIL WAR	165	(12)
The Balance of Forces	165	(1)
The problems of the North	166	(1)
Advantages and expectations in the South	166	(1)
Fighting the War	166	(4)
The war in the East	167	(1)
The war in the West	168	(1)
The war and diplomacy	168	(1)
The war and manpower	169	(1)
Emancipation	170	(2)
Lincoln and gradual emancipation	170	(1)
The Emancipation Proclamation	171	(1)
Blacks in the Civil War	171	(1)
The Politics and Economics of the War	172	(2)
Financing the war	173	(1)
Civil liberties and the war	173	(1)
The Triumph of the Union	174	(3)
Grant in command	174	(1)
The election of 1864	175	(1)
The end of the Confederacy	175	(2)
THE ERA OF RECONSTRUCTION	177
The Politics of Reconstruction	177	(4)
Johnson's policies	178	(1)
Johnson versus Congress	178	(1)
Congressional Reconstruction	179	(1)
The impeachment of Johnson	180	(1)
Reconstruction in Practice	181	(2)
African Americans in the southern economy	181	(1)
Politics in the South during Reconstruction	182	(1)
The rise of the Ku Klux Klan	183	(1)
The Grant Administration and the End of Reconstruction	183
The election of Grant	184	(1)
Foreign policy and domestic issues	184	(1)
The Panic of 1873	185	(1)
The end of Reconstruction	186	(1)
The election of 1876	186