Vascular Plant Taxonomy

by Walters, Dirk R.; Keil, David J.

• ISBN13: 9780787221089
• ISBN10: 0787221082
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1996-06-01
• Publisher: Kendall Hunt Pub Co

Table of Contents

Preface	xi	(2)
Acknowledgments	xiii
PART I--BASICS OF INTRODUCTORY TAXONOMY	1	(80)
Chapter 1--Introduction to Plant Taxonomy	3	(10)
Relationship of Taxonomy to Other Areas of Biology	3	(1)
Basic Activities of Systematic Botany	4	(3)
Cataloging	5	(1)
Identification	5	(1)
Classification	6	(1)
Data Gathering and Analysis	7	(1)
What Must a Beginning Student in Taxonomy Accomplish?	7	(1)
Why Should You Study Taxonomy?	7	(1)
Selected References	8	(5)
Chapter 2--Botanical Nomenclature	13	(16)
Common Names	13	(1)
Scientific Names	14	(5)
Names of Taxa above the Genus Level	15	(1)
Generic Names	16	(1)
Species Names	17	(1)
Names of Infraspecific Taxa	18	(1)
Pronouncing Scientific Names	19	(1)
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature	19	(1)
General Principles of Botanical Nomenclature	20	(2)
Naming a Newly Discovered Plant	22	(1)
Why Do Botanists Change Plant Names?	23	(1)
Selected References	24	(5)
Chapter 3--Vegetative Terminology	29	(20)
Life Span	29	(1)
Plant Habit	30	(1)
Plant Organs	30	(1)
Root Types	30	(1)
Stem Types	30	(1)
Stem Features	31	(2)
Leaf Parts	33	(1)
Leaf Complexity	33	(1)
Leaf Venation	34	(2)
Leaf Blade Shape	36	(1)
Leaf Apices	36	(1)
Leaf Bases	37	(1)
Leaf Margins	38	(1)
Special Features	39	(1)
Surface Features	39	(2)
Selected References	41	(8)
Chapter 4--Determining the Correct Names for Plants	49	(10)
Construction of Keys	50	(3)
Use of Keys	53	(1)
Computers and Plant Identification	54	(1)
Selected References	54	(5)
Chapter 5--Floras, Manuals, and Botanical Descriptions	59	(8)
Botanical Descriptions	60	(1)
Sample Treatments	60	(2)
Selected List of North American Floras and Manuals	62	(1)
Other References	63	(4)
Chapter 6--Collecting and Preserving Plants for Study	67	(14)
Collecting Plants	67	(2)
Pressing Plants	69	(3)
Identification of Plant Specimens	72	(1)
Labeling Specimens	72	(2)
Final Stages of Processing Specimens	74	(1)
The Ethics of Plant Collecting	75	(1)
Selected References	76	(5)
PART II--SURVEY OF VASCULAR PLANT FAMILIES	81	(378)
Chapter 7--Survey of the Vascular Plants	83	(10)
Organization of the Survey	83	(1)
Synoptic Keys vs. Identification Keys	84	(1)
Synoptic Key to the Major Taxa of Vascular Plants	84	(2)
Tips for Learning Families	86	(1)
Selected References	87	(6)
Chapter 8--Ferns and Fern Allies	93	(28)
Life Cycles	93	(2)
Fern Taxonomy	95	(2)
Synoptic Key to the Major Taxa of Living Pteridophytes	97	(1)
Families of the Pteridophytes	97	(6)
Selected References	103	(2)
Equisetaceae	105	(2)
Selaginellaceae	107	(2)
Pteridaceae	109	(2)
Dennstaedtiaceae	111	(2)
Dryopteridaceae	113	(2)
Polypodiaceae	115	(6)
Chapter 9--Gymnosperms	121	(22)
Gymnosperm Life Cycles	121	(4)
Synoptic Key to the Orders of Living Gymnosperms	125	(1)
Families of Gymnosperms	125	(3)
Selected References	128	(1)
Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae	129	(3)
Ginkgoaceae	132	(2)
Pinaceae	134	(2)
Cupressaceae	136	(7)
Chapter 10--Introduction to the Flowering Plants	143	(36)
Origin and Relationships of Angiosperms	143	(2)
The Angiosperm Life Cycle	145	(2)
The Flower	147	(1)
The Perianth	148	(3)
The Androecium	151	(1)
The Gynoecium	152	(1)
Placentation	153	(1)
Ovary Position and Insertion Points	154	(1)
Nectaries	155	(1)
Inflorescences	155	(2)
Key to Some Common Inflorescence Types	157	(2)
Fruits	159	(1)
Outline of Common Fruit Types	160	(5)
Selected References	165	(2)
Floral Diagrams	167	(3)
Floral Formulas	170	(9)
Chapter 11--Magnoliidae	179	(24)
Synoptic Key to the Orders of the Magnoliidae	179	(1)
Families of the Magnoliidae	180	(4)
Selected References	184	(1)
Magnoliaceae	185	(2)
Lauraceae	187	(2)
Nymphaeaceae	189	(2)
Ranunculaceae	191	(2)
Berberidaceae	193	(2)
Papaveraceae	195	(8)
Chapter 12--Rosidae I (Rosales through Santalales)	203	(34)
Synoptic Key to the Orders of Subclass Rosidae	203	(1)
Families of the Lower Rosidae	204	(7)
Selected References	211	(2)
Grossulariaceae	213	(2)
Crassulaceae	215	(2)
Saxifragaceae	217	(3)
Rosaceae	220	(4)
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)	224	(4)
Myrtaceae	228	(2)
Onagraceae	230	(7)
Chapter 13--Rosidae II (Celastrales through Apiales)	237	(28)
Families of the Higher Rosidae	237	(7)
Selected References	244	(1)
Euphorbiaceae	245	(3)
Rhamnaceae	248	(2)
Aceraceae	250	(2)
Anacardiaceae	252	(2)
Rutaceae	254	(2)
Geraniaceae	256	(2)
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)	258	(7)
Chapter 14--Asteridae I (Gentianales Through Calycerales)	265	(36)
Synoptic Key to Orders of the Asteridae	265	(1)
Families of the Asteridae	266	(7)
Selected References	273	(2)
Asclepiadaceae	275	(2)
Solanaceae	277	(2)
Polemoniaceae	279	(2)
Hydrophyllaceae	281	(2)
Boraginaceae	283	(2)
Lamiaceae (Labiatae)	285	(2)
Scrophulariaceae	287	(2)
Campanulaceae	289	(2)
Rubiaceae	291	(2)
Caprifoliaceae	293	(8)
Chapter 15--Asteridae II (Asterales)	301	(16)
Asteraceae (Compositae)	302	(1)
Discussion of Composite Morphology	302	(2)
Variation in Floret and Head Structure	304	(2)
Economic Importance	306	(1)
Synopsis of the Subfamilies and Tribes of the Asteraceae	307	(5)
Selected References	312	(5)
Chapter 16--Dilleniidae	317	(32)
Synoptic Key to the Orders of the Dilleniidae	317	(1)
Families of the Dilleniidae	318	(8)
Selected References	326	(2)
Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)	328	(2)
Malvaceae	330	(2)
Violaceae	332	(2)
Cucurbitaceae	334	(2)
Salicaceae	336	(2)
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)	338	(2)
Ericaceae	340	(3)
Primulaceae	343	(6)
Chapter 17--Caryophyllidae	349	(26)
Families of the Caryophyllidae	350	(2)
Selected References	352	(2)
Nyctaginaceae	354	(2)
Aizoaceae	356	(2)
Cactaceae	358	(3)
Chenopodiaceae	361	(2)
Portulacaceae	363	(2)
Caryophyllaceae	365	(3)
Polygonaceae	368	(7)
Chapter 18--Hamamelidae	375	(22)
Synoptic Key1 to Orders of the Hamamelidae	376	(1)
Families of the Hamamelidae	376	(3)
Selected References	379	(2)
Hamamelidaceae	381	(2)
Moraceae	383	(3)
Urticaceae	386	(2)
Fagaceae	388	(2)
Betulaceae	390	(7)
Chapter 19--Monocots I (Subclasses Alismatidae, Arecidae, Zingiberidae, and Liliidae)	397	(38)
Synoptic Key to the Subclasses of the Monocots	398	(1)
Subclass Alismatidae	399	(2)
Key to the Orders of the Alismatidae	399	(1)
Families of Subclass Alismatidae	399	(2)
Subclass Arecidae	401	(2)
Key to the Orders of the Arecidae	402	(1)
Families of Subclass Arecidae	402	(1)
Subclass Zingiberidae	403	(2)
Key to the Orders of the Zingiberidae	403	(1)
Families of Subclass Zingiberidae	403	(2)
Subclass Liliidae	405	(2)
Key to the Orders of the Liliidae	406	(1)
Families of Subclass Liliidae	406	(1)
Selected Readings	407	(2)
Alismataceae	409	(2)
Arecaceae (Palmae)	411	(3)
Araceae	414	(2)
Bromeliaceae	416	(2)
Liliaceae	418	(6)
Iridaceae	424	(2)
Orchidaceae	426	(9)
Chapter 20--Monocots II (Subclass Commelinidae)	435	(24)
Synoptic Key to Orders of the Commelinidae	435	(1)
Families of Subclass Commelinidae	436	(1)
Selected Reading	437	(2)
Commelinaceae	439	(2)
Juncaceae	441	(2)
Cyperaceae	443	(2)
Poaceae (Gramineae)	445	(5)
Grass Classification	450	(1)
Survey of Subfamilies and Tribes of the Poaceae	450	(3)
Economic Importance of the Poaceae	453	(6)
PART III--APPROACHES TO CLASSIFICATION	459	(48)
Chapter 21--Artificial and Phenetic Systems of Classification	461	(8)
Artificial Classification	461	(1)
Phenetic Classification	462	(1)
Numerical Phenetics	463	(3)
Selected References	466	(3)
Chapter 22--Traditional Phylogenetic Classification	469	(20)
Engler and Prantl System	469	(1)
Bessey's System	470	(1)
Hutchinson's System	471	(1)
Cronquists System	472	(1)
Takhtajan's System	472	(2)
Thorne's System	474	(3)
Dahlgren's System	477	(7)
Selected References	484	(5)
Chapter 23--Cladistic Classification Systems	489	(18)
Cladistic Methodology	490	(6)
Cladistic vs. Traditional Phylogenetic Classification	496	(2)
Cladistics vs. Numerical Phenetics	498	(1)
Other Approaches to Cladistics	499	(2)
The Groundplan/Divergence Method	499	(1)
Maximum Likelihood and Distance Methods	500	(1)
Character Compatibility Methods	500	(1)
Selected References	501	(6)
PART IV--GATHERING AND ANALYSIS DATA	507	(44)
Chapter 24--Character Variation	509	(16)
What Is a Taxonomic Character?	509	(1)
Distinguishing Inherited Variation Patterns from Environmentally Induced Variation	510	(1)
Determining the Usefulness of Particular Variables	510	(2)
Convergence and Parallelism	512	(1)
Description of Variation in Quantitative Characters	512	(1)
Graphical Depiction of Character Variation	513	(2)
Statistical Analysis of Character Variation	515	(4)
Selected References	519	(6)
Chapter 25--Experimental Plant Systematics	525	(16)
Purposes of Experimental Taxonomy	525	(1)
Biosystematics	526	(1)
Differentiating Environmental Influences From Inheritance	527	(1)
Studies of Gene Exchange, Speciation and Hybridization	527	(1)
Problems With the Biological Species Concept	528	(1)
Cytogenetic Studies	528	(2)
Hybrid Speciation	530	(1)
Biochemical Systematics	530	(1)
Micromolecular Studies	531	(1)
Macromolecular Studies	531	(4)
Techniques For Studying Macromolecules	532	(1)
DNA Hybridization	533	(1)
Restriction Enzyme Studies	533	(1)
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)	533	(1)
Restriction Site Analysis	533	(1)
Gene Sequencing	534	(1)
Protein Electrophoresis	534	(1)
Serology	535	(1)
Plant Microcharacters	535	(1)
Modern Technology and the Interpretation of New Characters	535	(1)
Selected References	536	(5)
Chapter 26--Revisions and Monographs	541	(10)
Nomenclature And	541	(2)
Herbarium Studies	543	(2)
Field Studies	545	(1)
Experimental Studies	546	(1)
Preparation and Publication of the Revision or Monograph	546	(1)
The Importance of Monographic Studies	547	(1)
Selected References	547	(4)
PART V--APPENDICES	551	(58)
Appendix I--Key to Families of Vascular Plants	553	(32)
Key 1--Plants Reproducing by Spores Ferns and Fern Allies	554	(3)
Key 2--Plants Reproducing by Seeds not Enclosed in Carpels (Gymnosperms)	557	(1)
Key 3--Dicots with an Apocarpous Gynoecium	558	(2)
Key 4--Woody Dicots with Apetalous Flowers	560	(4)
Key 5--Herbaceous Dicots with Perianth Absent or Represented by a Single Whorl	564	(3)
Key 6--Dicots with Distinct Petals, Few Stamens, and a Superior Ovary	567	(2)
Key 7--Dicots with Two or More Whorls of Distinct Perianth Parts and a Superior One-loculed	569	(2)
Key 8--Dicots with Distinct Petals, Few Stamens, and a Superior, Two-to Many-loculed Ovary	571	(2)
Key 9--Dicots with Distinct Petals and an Inferior Ovary	573	(2)
Key 10--Dicots with Petals United into a Ring or Tube, a Superior Ovary, and a Radially Symmetric Corolla	575	(3)
Key 11--Dicots with Petals United into a Ring or Tube, a Superior Ovary, and a Bilaterally Symmetric Corolla	578	(1)
Key 12--Dicots with Petals United into a Ring or Tube, and an Inferior Ovary	579	(1)
Key 13--Monocots with Showy Flowers	580	(2)
Key 14--Monocots with Small, Non-Showy Flowers	582	(3)
Appendix II--Glossary	585	(24)
Index	609