Victimology

by Doerner, William G.; Lab, Steven P.

• ISBN13: 9781593459697
• ISBN10: 1593459696
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-04-04
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Table of Contents

List of Figures	xiii
List of Tables	xvii
Chapter 1 The Scope of Victimology	1	(24)
Introduction	1	(1)
The Victim Throughout History	1	(2)
The Reemergence of the Victim	3	(6)
The Work of Hans von Hentig: The Criminal and His Victim	4	(2)
The Work of Beniamin Mendelsohn: Further Reflections	6	(1)
The Work of Stephen Schafer: The Victim and His Criminal	7	(1)
Other Scholarly Efforts	8	(1)
Empirical Studies of Victim Precipitation	9	(4)
The Work of Marvin E. Wolfgang: Patterns in Criminal Homicide	9	(1)
The Work of Menachem Amir: Patterns in Forcible Rape	10	(1)
Criticisms and Reactions	11	(2)
A New Approach: General Victimology	13	(2)
Critical Victimology	15	(2)
The Victim Movement	17	(4)
The Women's Movement	17	(1)
Children's Rights	17	(1)
The Growing Crime Problem	18	(1)
Victim Compensation	18	(1)
Legal Reforms	19	(1)
Other Factors	19	(2)
Summary and Overview of This Book	21	(2)
Key Terms for Chapter 1	23	(2)
Chapter 2 Gauging the Extent of Criminal Victimization	25	(28)
Introduction	25	(1)
Official Police Reports	26	(3)
Statistics from the UCR	29	(2)
Victimization Surveys	31	(11)
First-Generation Victim Surveys	32	(3)
The NORC Survey	32	(1)
Some Methodological Considerations	33	(2)
Second-Generation Victim Surveys	35	(2)
Recall Problems	35	(1)
The San Jose-Dayton Surveys	36	(1)
Third-Generation Victim Surveys	37	(2)
The National Crime Survey	37	(1)
The Business Victimization Survey	38	(1)
City Surveys	38	(1)
Fourth-Generation Victim Surveys	39	(3)
Statistics from the NCVS	42	(5)
Repeat Victimization	47	(4)
Summary	51	(1)
Key Terms for Chapter 2	51	(2)
Chapter 3 The Costs of Being a Victim	53	(34)
Introduction	53	(1)
The Consequences of Victimization	54	(10)
The First Insult: Criminal Victimization	56	(5)
The Second Insult: System Participation	61	(3)
Prosecutorial-Based Victim-Witness Projects	64	(9)
Project Development	67	(3)
Project Performance	70	(2)
Project Evaluation	72	(1)
Beyond the Prosecutor's Office	73	(10)
Dissenting Voices	83	(2)
Summary	85	(1)
Key Terms for Chapter 3	85	(2)
Chapter 4 Remedying the Plight of Victims	87	(26)
Introduction	87	(1)
Offender Restitution	88	(7)
The Rationale for Restitution	89	(1)
Types of Restitution	90	(1)
Evaluating the Impact of Restitution	91	(2)
Problems and Concerns with Restitution	93	(2)
Civil Litigation	95	(3)
Private Insurance	98	(1)
Victim Compensation	99	(8)
Philosophical Bases	101	(1)
Compensable Acts	102	(1)
Eligibility Restrictions	103	(1)
Awards	104	(1)
Funding	105	(1)
Reporting Crime and Applying for Compensation	106	(1)
Does Victim Compensation Work?	107	(4)
Macro-Level Effects	108	(1)
Micro-Level Effects	109	(1)
Problems and Concerns with Compensation	109	(2)
Summary	111	(1)
Key Terms for Chapter 4	111	(2)
Chapter 5 Restorative Justice	113	(30)
Introduction	113	(1)
Dispute Resolution	114	(3)
Common Elements in Dispute Resolution Programs	115	(1)
Evaluation of Dispute Resolution	116	(1)
Restorative Justice	117	(23)
The Development of Restorative Justice	120	(1)
Theoretical Basis of Restorative Justice	121	(1)
Types of Restorative Justice	121	(8)
Victim-Offender Mediation	124	(1)
Family Group Conferencing	125	(2)
Circle Sentencing	127	(2)
Summary	129	(1)
The Impact of Restorative Justice	129	(5)
Satisfaction and Compliance	132	(1)
Recidivism	133	(1)
Problems and Issues with Restorative Justice	134	(6)
Summary	140	(1)
Key Terms for Chapter 5	141	(2)
Chapter 6 Sexual Assault	143	(44)
Introduction	143	(1)
Defining Sexual Assault	144	(2)
Spousal Rape	144	(2)
Date or Acquaintance Rape	146	(1)
Measuring the Extent of Rape	146	(9)
UCR Information	147	(1)
NCVS Information	147	(1)
Comparing the UCR with the NCVS Over Time	148	(4)
Other Information on Sexual Assault Levels	152	(1)
More Recent Efforts	153	(2)
The National College Women Sexual Victimization Study	153	(1)
The National Violence Against Women Survey	154	(1)
Theories of Sexual Assault	155	(5)
Intraindividual Theories	155	(1)
Sociocultural Explanations	156	(1)
Typological Efforts	157	(1)
A Model of Sexual Assault	158	(1)
Summary	159	(1)
The Aftermath of Rape	160	(5)
Crisis Reaction	160	(1)
The Crisis Reaction Repair Cycle	161	(4)
Impact	161	(1)
Recoil	162	(2)
Reorganization	164	(1)
Legal Reforms	165	(10)
Compulsory AIDS Testing	165	(2)
Consent and Corroboration	167	(2)
Shield Provisions	169	(1)
Sex Offender Registration	170	(5)
The Impact of Legal Reform	175	(2)
Macro-Level Effects	175	(1)
Micro-Level Effects	176	(1)
Summary	177	(1)
Responding to Sexual Assault Victims	177	(8)
The Police	178	(1)
The Hospital	179	(4)
Medical Examination	179	(3)
Forensic Examination	182	(1)
The Prosecutor	183	(2)
Summary	185	(1)
Key Terms for Chapter 6	185	(2)
Chapter 7 Spouse Abuse	187	(54)
Introduction	187	(1)
A Brief History of Spousal Violence	188	(2)
The Extent of Spousal Violence	190	(6)
Theories of Spouse Abuse	196	(5)
Intraindividual Theories	196	(2)
Sociocultural Explanations (Patriarchy)	198	(1)
The Social Learning Approach: Learned Helplessness	199	(1)
The Cycle of Violence	199	(2)
Police Intervention	201	(4)
The Arrest Option	201	(3)
Nonarrest Options	204	(1)
The Minneapolis Experiment	205	(2)
Reaction to the Minneapolis Experiment	207	(5)
Agency Directives	207	(3)
Legislative Reform	210	(1)
Academic Concerns	210	(2)
The Minneapolis Experiment Replications	212	(3)
Prosecutorial and Judicial Action	215	(7)
Coordinating System Approaches	222	(1)
More Recent Responses	223	(15)
Stalking Laws	224	(4)
The Lautenberg Amendment	228	(1)
Court-Ordered Mandatory Counseling	229	(5)
Executive Clemency	234	(2)
National Telephone Hotline	236	(1)
Fatality Review Systems	237	(1)
Summary	238	(1)
Key Terms for Chapter 7	239	(2)
Chapter 8 Child Maltreatment	241	(36)
Introduction	241	(1)
The Discovery of Child Maltreatment	241	(3)
Understanding the Discovery of Child Maltreatment	244	(1)
A Survey of Child Maltreatment Laws	245	(7)
Statutory Definitions	245	(1)
The Reporter	246	(3)
The Report	249	(2)
The Central Register	251	(1)
Some Trouble Spots	251	(1)
The Incidence of Child Maltreatment	252	(3)
Some Characteristics of Maltreated Children	255	(1)
Theories of Child Maltreatment	256	(4)
Intraindividual Theories	257	(1)
Sociocultural Explanations	258	(1)
The Social Learning Approach	258	(2)
Some Coping Strategies	260	(15)
Health Screening	261	(1)
Education	262	(1)
Parents Anonymous	262	(2)
Counseling	264	(1)
Sex Offender Laws	264	(3)
Law Enforcement	267	(4)
Legal Reform	271	(4)
Summary	275	(1)
Key Terms for Chapter 8	275	(2)
Chapter 9 Elder Abuse	277	(34)
Introduction	277	(1)
Defining the Elderly	277	(1)
Criminal Victimization of the Elderly	278	(1)
Fear of Crime	279	(6)
Explaining the Fear-Crime Paradox	280	(3)
Measuring Fear	280	(1)
Risk	281	(2)
Vulnerability	283	(2)
Elder Abuse and Neglect	285	(5)
The Reemergence of Interest in Elder Abuse	285	(2)
Demographic Change	285	(1)
Vicarious Victimization	286	(1)
Political Action	287	(1)
Social Consciousness	287	(1)
Defining the Problem	287	(3)
The Incidence of Elder Maltreatment	290	(3)
Some Characteristics of Victims and Offenders	293	(2)
Institutional Abuse	295	(4)
Extent of Institutional Abuse	295	(2)
Causes of Institutional Abuse	297	(1)
Responding to Institutional Abuse	298	(1)
Theories of Elder Abuse and Neglect	299	(4)
Intraindividual Theories	299	(1)
Situational Aspects	300	(1)
Symbolic Interactionism	301	(1)
Social Exchange	302	(1)
Social Attitudes	302	(1)
Responding to Elder Abuse and Neglect	303	(6)
Mandatory Reporting	303	(3)
Social Service Provision	306	(1)
Increased Research	307	(2)
Summary	309	(1)
Key Terms for Chapter 9	309	(2)
Chapter 10 Homicide	311	(30)
Introduction	311	(1)
The Extent of Homicide Victimization	311	(7)
Theories of Homicide Victimization	318	(15)
Social Interactionism	319	(3)
Homicide as a Situated Transaction	319	(2)
The Routine Activities/Lifestyle Model	321	(1)
Mass Media Influences	322	(2)
The "Regional Culture of Violence" Thesis	324	(2)
Challenges to the "Regional Culture of Violence" Thesis	326	(2)
Cultural Challenges	327	(1)
Regional Challenges	327	(1)
Medical Resources as an Emerging Theoretical Dimension	328	(5)
Conceptual Obstacles	328	(1)
The Impact of Medical Resources	329	(1)
Empirical Evidence	330	(1)
Some Remaining Issues	331	(2)
Survivors of Homicide Victimization	333	(6)
Death Notification	333	(2)
The Bereavement Process	335	(4)
Summary	339	(1)
Key Terms for Chapter 10	339	(2)
Chapter 11 Victimization at Work and School	341	(36)
Introduction	341	(1)
Victimization at Work	342	(12)
Defining Workplace Victimization	342	(1)
The Extent of Workplace Victimization	343	(5)
Explanations and Causes of Workplace Victimization	348	(3)
Intervention and Prevention	351	(2)
Responses to Workplace Victimization	353	(1)
Victimization at School	354	(15)
Victimization in Junior and Senior High Schools	355	(1)
The Extent of School Victimization	356	(3)
Data on Individual Victimization	356	(2)
School-Level Data	358	(1)
Responses to School Victimization	359	(2)
Explanations and Causes of School Victimization	361	(2)
Addressing School Victimization	363	(1)
College Campus Victimization	364	(5)
The Extent of College Student Victimization	365	(2)
Explanations and Causes of College Campus Victimization	367	(2)
Sexual Harassment	369	(5)
The Extent of Sexual Harassment	371	(1)
Responses to Sexual Harassment	372	(2)
Summary	374	(1)
Key Terms for Chapter 11	375	(2)
Chapter 12 Victim Rights	377	(28)
Introduction	377	(1)
Victim Rights Amendment	378	(9)
Federal Constitutional Reform	378	(2)
State Constitutional Reform	380	(4)
Rekindling Federal Constitutional Reform	384	(3)
Victim Rights Legislation	387	(9)
Federal Legislative Reform	387	(5)
State Legislative Reform	392	(4)
The Effect of Victim Rights Legislation	396	(1)
Victim Impact Statements	397	(3)
The Effect of Victim Impact Statements	397	(1)
Federal Supreme Court Rulings	398	(2)
Some Closing Thoughts	400	(2)
Summary	402	(1)
Key Terms for Chapter 12	403	(2)
References	405	(54)
Subject Index	459	(12)
Author Index	471