This guide steers students through significant critical responses to the Victorian novel from the end of the nineteenth century to the present day.

Francis O'Gorman is Lecturer in Victorian Literature in the School of English at the University of Leeds. He has written widely on the Victorian period, including the books John Ruskin (1999) and Late Ruskin: New Contexts (2001), and co-edited collections on Margaret Oliphant (1999), Ruskin and Gender (2002), and The Victorians and the Eighteenth Century: Reassessing the Tradition (2003). He has also written articles and book chapters on Ruskin, Tyndall, Robert Browning, Tennyson, Michael Field, and Victorian masculinities. He is currently working on an annotated anthology of Victorian poetry (Blackwell, forthcoming), and writing more on Ruskin.

Acknowledgements
Textual Note
Introduction
Early Criticism of the Victorian Novel from James:Oliphant to David Cecil
The State of the Novel in 1900
University Study of Victorian Literature
Principles of Literary History
The Approach of George Saintsbury
Extract from Saintsbury''s The English Novel (1913)
E.M. Forster and Critiquing Literary History
The Modernist Construction of Victorian Fiction
David Cecil''s View of Victorian Novels and Culture
Extract from Cecil''s Early Victorian Novelists (1934)
Further Reading
F.R. Leavis and The Great Tradition:Outline of the Chapter
Leavis''s Influence
The Principles of Leavis'' Criticism
The Idea of Tradition
1980s'' Reactions to the Politics of Leavis'' Criticism
The Principles of Leavis'' The Great Tradition (1948)
Its Treatment of Dickens and Leavis'' Later Views on Him
Extract from The Great Tradition
Further Reading
Feminism and the Victorian Novel in the 1970s:The Influence of 1970s'' Feminism
Outline of the Chapter
Ellen Moers'' Literary Women (1976)
Elaine Showalter and the Female Tradition
Discussion of Showalter''s A Literature of Their Own (1977)
1980s'' Response to Showalter
Extract from A Literature of Their Own
Significance of Gilbert and Gubar''s
The Madwoman in the Attic (1979)
The Madwoman Discussed
Gilbertand Gubar''s Appraisal of The Madwoman
Extract from The Madwoman
Further Reading
Realism:Preliminary Questions
Outline of the Chapter
Histories of Realism
Ian Watt''s The Rise of the Novel (1957) Discussed
The Cartesian Certainties of Realism
Watt Critiqued
Alternative Histories of Realism
Epistemology of Realism
Ioan Williams and Realism''s Certainties
George Levine''s View of Realism and Self-Consciousness
Extract from Levine''s The Realist Imagination (1981)
Psychological Coherence in Realism: Bersani
A Future for Astyanax (1976)
Politics of Classic Realism and Coherence Criticized in 1980s
Extract from Belsey''s Critical Practice (1980)
Belsey Critiqued
D.A. Miller''s The Novel and the Police (1988) Discussed
The Turn Against Realism in the 1980s
Interest in Gothic
Interest in the not-Said of Realism
The Feminist Recuperation of Realism in 1980s
Extract from Boumehla''s ''Realism and the Ends of Feminism'' (1988)
New Historicism and Historicizing the Real
Rothfield''s Vital Signs (1992)
Nancy Armstrong and Kate Flint
Conclusion
Further Reading
Social-Problem Fiction:Historicism and Feminism
What is Social-Problem Fiction?
Outline of the First Part of Chapter
Cazamian''s Reading in 1903
The Significance of Raymond Williams
Williams''s ''Structures of Feeling''Williams''s Criticisms of Social-Problem Fiction
The Knowable Community in Williams''s
The English Novel (1970)
Extract from The English Novel
Williams''s Generalizations
Sheila Smith''s Particularization of Williams
More Problems Found in Social-Problem Fiction
Brantlinger''s Historicization: a Context for Social-Problem
Fiction 1
New Historicism: Further Contexts
Context 2
Gallagher and the Discourse over Industrialism
Context 3
Mary Poovey and the Social Body
Extract from Mary Poovey''s Making a Social Body (1995)
Criticisms of New Historicism
Guy and Individualism in the Victorian Mind
Extract from Guy''s The Victorian Social-Problem
Novel (1996)
Feminism and the Social-Problem Novel
Outline of Second Part of Chapter
Recent Work on Elizabeth Gaskell
Bergmann''s Views on Strong Female Characters
Kestner''s Canon Revision
Nord, Female Novelists, and Transgression
Harman, Female Novelists, and Transformation
The Future of Social-Problem Fiction Criticism
Further Reading
Language and Form:Outline of the Chapter
Language and The Victorian Novel
General Linguistic Studies of the Novel
Language of Individual Victorian Novelists
Chapman''s Forms of Speech (1994)
Relation of Arguments to Thinking about Realism
Other Documentary Work on Victorian Language
Bakhtin and Language Studies
Ingham''s Views on Gender and Class
Extract from Ingham The Language of Gender and Class (1996)
Bakhtin and Literature Studies
Form and The Victorian Nov
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