Video Traces for Network Performance Evaluation

by Seeling, Patrick; Fitzek, Frank H. P.; Reisslein, Martin

• ISBN13: 9781402055652
• ISBN10: 140205565X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-03
• Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York Inc

Summary

Multimedia networking, especially the delivery video over the Internet, accounts for a large fraction of today's and future computer networks. Working with actual video provides several challenges on different technical and social levels. Video traces - a representation of video data and video quality in textual format - present a different approach to facilitate studies with video traffic. Video Traces for Network Performance Evaluation provides a comprehensive introduction to video traces and their use in networking research. After first providing the basics of digital video and video coding, video traces are introduced, covering the metrics captured in the traces, the trace generation, as well as the statistical characteristics of the video characterized in the traces.Attention is then turned to the use of the video traces in networking research, examining the practical aspects of transporting video over Internet Protocol (IP) networks and the simulation of video transport using traces, including the simulations that incorporate the impact of transmission errors using offset distortion traces. Software tools and utilities that facilitate the use of video traces in network simulations and other video networking related software tools are also presented.

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. 1
Digital Video
Introduction to Digital Video	p. 7
The Beginning of Moving Pictures	p. 7
Digital Picture and Video Representation	p. 8
Video Hierarchy	p. 14
Video Encoding	p. 17
DCT-Based Video Encoding	p. 17
Block Scanning	p. 18
Discrete Cosine Transformation	p. 19
Quantization	p. 20
Zig-Zag Scanning	p. 23
Variable Length Coding	p. 24
Inter-frame Coding: Motion Estimation and Compensation	p. 25
Scalable Video Encoding	p. 29
Data Partitioning	p. 30
Temporal Scalability	p. 30
Spatial Scalability	p. 31
SNR Scalability	p. 31
Object Scalability	p. 32
Fine Granular Scalability (FGS)	p. 33
Multiple Description Coding (MDC)	p. 35
Wavelet-Based Video Encoding	p. 35
Video Coding Standards	p. 38
Video Traces and Statistics
Metrics and Statistics for Video Traces	p. 45
Video Frame Size	p. 45
Autocorrelation	p. 46
Variance-Time Test	p. 47
R/S Statistic	p. 47
Periodogram	p. 48
Logscale Diagram	p. 50
Multiscale Diagram	p. 50
Video Frame Quality	p. 51
Correlation between Video Frame Sizes and Qualities	p. 54
Additional Metrics for FGS Encodings	p. 55
Additional Metric for MDC Encodings	p. 58
Video Trace Generation	p. 59
Overview of Video Trace Generation and Evaluation Process	p. 59
Video Source VHS	p. 60
Video Source DVD	p. 61
Video Source YUV Test Sequences	p. 62
Video Source Pre-Encoded Video	p. 62
MDC Trace Generation	p. 62
Evaluation of MPEG-4 Encodings	p. 63
Single-Layer Encoding	p. 66
Temporal Scalable Encoding	p. 67
Spatial Scalable Encoding	p. 71
Evaluation of H.264 Encodings	p. 73
Evaluation of MPEG-4 FGS Encodings	p. 75
Evaluation of Wavelet Video Traces	p. 77
Evaluation of Pre-Encoded Content	p. 79
Evaluation of MDC Encodings	p. 80
Statistical Results from Video Traces	p. 83
Video Trace Statistics for MPEG-4 Encoded Video	p. 83
Examples from Silence of the Lambs Single Layer Encodings	p. 83
Videos and Encoder Modes for Evaluated MPEG-4 Video Traces	p. 93
Single Layer Encoded Video	p. 97
Temporal Scalable Encoded Video	p. 100
Spatial Scalable Encoded Video	p. 104
Video Trace Statistics for H.264 Video Trace Files	p. 109
Video Trace Statistics for Pre-Encoded Video	p. 118
Video Trace Statistics for Wavelet Encoded Video	p. 125
Analysis of Video Traffic	p. 125
Analysis of Video Quality	p. 134
Correlation Between Frame Sizes and Qualities	p. 140
Comparison Between Wavelet and MPEG-4 Encoded Video	p. 141
Video Trace Statistics for MPEG-4 FGS Encoded Video	p. 153
Video Trace Statistics for MDC Encoded Video	p. 165
Applications for Video Traces
IP Overhead Considerations for Video Services	p. 173
Introduction and Motivation	p. 173
Data Plane	p. 175
Real Time Protocol (RTP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)	p. 175
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)	p. 176
Internet Protocol (IP)	p. 177
Signaling Overhead	p. 177
Session Description Protocol (SDP)	p. 178
Session Announcement Protocol (SAP)	p. 178
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)	p. 178
Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)	p. 179
Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP)	p. 179
Header Compression Schemes	p. 180
Short Example for Overhead Calculation	p. 182
Using Video Traces for Network Simulations	p. 183
Generating Traffic from Traces	p. 183
Stream Level Issues	p. 183
Frame/Packet Level Issues	p. 188
Simulation Output Data Analysis	p. 191
Performance Metrics in Video Trace Simulations	p. 191
Estimating Performance Metrics	p. 193
Incorporating Transmission Errors into Simulations Using Video Traces	p. 195
Video Encoding Wd Decoding	p. 196
Single Layer and Temporal Scalable Encoding	p. 196
Spatial and SNR Scalable Video	p. 198
Video Quality after Network Transport	p. 200
Single Layer and Temporal Scalable Video	p. 203
Spatial Scalable Video	p. 205
SNR Scalable Video	p. 205
Video Offset Distortion	p. 206
Comparison of Rate-Controlled and Non-Rate-Controlled Video Encoding for Single-Layer Video	p. 207
Comparison of Rate-Controlled and Non-Rate-Controlled Video Encoding for Scalable Video	p. 211
Perceptual Considerations for Offset Distortions or Qualities	p. 213
Using Video Offset Distortion Traces	p. 215
Assessing the Video Quality After Network Transport Using Video Traces	p. 217
Available Tools	p. 217
Offset Distortion Influence on Simulation Results	p. 218
Single Layer	p. 219
Spatial Scalable Video	p. 221
Error-Prone and Lost MDC Descriptors	p. 224
Tools for Working with Video Traces	p. 229
Using Video Traces with Network Simulators	p. 229
NS II	p. 231
Omnet++	p. 232
Ptolemy II	p. 233
The VideoMeter Tool for Linux	p. 235
VideoMeter Usage	p. 237
Freeze File	p. 239
RMSE and PSNR Calculator	p. 240
MPEG-4 Frame Size Parser	p. 242
Offset Distortion Calculators	p. 243
Single Layers	p. 243
Spatial Scalability	p. 245
	p. 247
List of Abbreviations	p. 249
Acknowledgements	p. 253
References	p. 255
Index	p. 267
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