Violence Goes to College

by Nicoletti, John; Spencer-Thomas, Sally; Bollinger, Christopher, Ph.D.; Prial, Elizabeth

• ISBN13: 9780398071912
• ISBN10: 0398071918
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-10-01
• Publisher: Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd

Table of Contents

Foreword	vii
Preface	ix
Part I LEAVING ``IT-WILL-NEVER-HAPPEN-HERE'':HELPING COLLEGE COMMUNITIES ACKNOWLEDGE VIOLENCE POTENTIAL WITHOUT CREATING PANIC
Seeing Violence as a Virus	5	(18)
What Can We Learn from Campus Violence History?	5	(8)
High-Profile Cases: History and Impact	5	(7)
Fads and Trends of Violence	12	(1)
Conceptualizing Violence as a Virus	13	(2)
The Host Site: Violence Impact on a Campus Community	14	(1)
Beyond Treating the Symptoms	14	(1)
Classifications of Campus Violence	15	(3)
Violence Typologies	15	(1)
Predatory	15	(1)
Avenger	15	(1)
Relationship-Based	16	(1)
Group-Induced	16	(1)
Strains of Campus Violence	16	(1)
Sexual Assault	16	(1)
Hate Crimes	17	(1)
Rioting	17	(1)
Hazing	17	(1)
Non-Sexual Assault, Homicide, and Other Forms of Campus Violence	17	(1)
Hidden Epidemic or Overblown Case? Problems with Campus Statistics	18	(2)
Institutional Responses to Violence: Stages of Impact	20	(3)
Denial or Precontemplation	20	(1)
Anger-Defensiveness	21	(1)
Limbo	21	(1)
Catalyst for Change	21	(1)
Action	21	(1)
Maintenance	21	(2)
Violence 101: Understanding The Basics	23	(7)
Defining Violence	23	(1)
Cast of Characters	24	(2)
Targets	24	(1)
Perpetrators	25	(1)
Protectors	25	(1)
Bystanders	25	(1)
Formula for Violence	26	(1)
Time	26	(1)
Opportunity	26	(1)
Ability	26	(1)
Desire	26	(1)
Stimulus	27	(1)
Responding to Violence	27	(3)
Pollyanna versus Paranoia	27	(1)
One-Way Ticket	27	(1)
Overreacting and Underreacting	28	(1)
Giving Permission	28	(1)
Planting Trees	28	(2)
Vulnerable to Infection: Risks to College Communities	30	(13)
The Setting	30	(2)
Access	30	(1)
Permanence of Location	31	(1)
Hours of Operation	31	(1)
Predictability	31	(1)
Crowding	32	(1)
The Psyche	32	(1)
The Society	33	(4)
Students	33	(1)
Developmental Issues	34	(1)
Transitory Population	35	(1)
Dealing with Diversity	35	(1)
A Word about ``Nontraditional'' Students	35	(1)
Faculty and Staff	36	(1)
Surrounding Community	37	(1)
The Substances	37	(3)
The Sacred Cows	40	(3)
Alcohol: A Violence Catalyst	43	(20)
High-Risk Drinking on College Campuses	44	(5)
What We Know	45	(1)
The ``Right to Party'' Protests	46	(1)
Institutional Denial	46	(1)
Alcohol and Advertising-A Blessed Curse for College Communities	47	(2)
How Alcohol Links to Violence	49	(1)
Recommendations	50	(13)
Gather Accurate Information	51	(1)
Community-based Approach	52	(1)
Presidents	52	(1)
Faculty	52	(1)
Student Life Staff	52	(1)
Parents	53	(1)
Coaches	54	(1)
Students	54	(1)
Community	55	(1)
Offer Attractive Social Alternatives	55	(1)
Stop Enabling	55	(1)
Restrict Access	55	(1)
Policies and Enforcement	56	(1)
Positive Social Tactics	57	(2)
Intervention with High-Risk Drinkers	59	(4)
Part II DEVELOPING ANTIBODIES: GENERAL PREVENTION STRATEGIES FOR THE COLLEGE COMMUNITY
Heeding The Signs and Symptoms: What Are The Red Flags For Impending Violence?	63	(9)
Is Violence Predictable?	63	(1)
``He Just Snapped'': Case Example at the University of Northern Colorado	63	(1)
Analyzing Threats	64	(2)
Direct Threats	65	(1)
Conditional Threats	65	(1)
Veiled Threats	66	(1)
Distal Cues: General Indicators of Violence Potential	66	(3)
History of Violence	66	(1)
Poor Impulse Control	67	(1)
Unsuccessful Personal History	67	(1)
Perceived Injustice History	67	(1)
Obsession	67	(1)
Substance Abuse	67	(1)
Fascination and Proficiency with Weapons	68	(1)
Personality Disorders	68	(1)
Some Elements of Major Mental Illness	68	(1)
Preoccupation with Violence	68	(1)
Other Situational Variables	68	(1)
Proximal Cues: Verbal and Behavioral Indicators	69	(2)
Verbal Abuse Continuum	69	(1)
Physical Abuse Continuum	70	(1)
Practicing	71	(1)
Building Barriers to Violence, Part I: Amassing The Army	72	(7)
Campus-Community Coalitions	72	(1)
Threat and Violence Assessment Team (TVAT)	73	(1)
Special Forces	74	(4)
Upper Administration	75	(1)
Faculty and Staff	75	(1)
Greek Life and Athletics	76	(1)
Peer Educators	76	(1)
Parents	77	(1)
Campus Law Enforcement	77	(1)
Training	78	(1)
Building Barriers to Violence, Part II: Developing Policy and Procedures for Threats and Violence	79	(13)
Conceptualizing Prevention and Intervention	79	(1)
General Prevention Strategies	80	(1)
Multitiered Approach	80	(1)
Clear Communication	80	(1)
Evaluation	80	(1)
Awareness and Skill-Building Efforts	80	(1)
Effective Response Mechanisms	81	(1)
Standard Operating Guidelines	81	(5)
Bottom Line: Zero Tolerance	82	(1)
Legal Considerations	82	(1)
Definition of Campus	83	(1)
Negligent Hiring and Negligent Retention	83	(1)
Violence Prior to Enrollment	83	(1)
Failure to Protect/Failure to Warn	84	(1)
Policy Development	84	(1)
Who Develops Policies?	85	(1)
What Policies Are Necessary?	85	(1)
The ``Vortex'': Communication Policies	86	(1)
Investigation	86	(3)
Who Conducts the Investigation?	86	(1)
Planning the Investigation	86	(1)
Conducting and Documenting the Interview	87	(1)
Evaluating the Evidence and Taking Appropriate Action	88	(1)
Emergency Management	89	(3)
General Considerations	89	(1)
Tools for Emergency Response	89	(1)
Emergency Management Kit for Responders	89	(1)
Emergency Response Procedures	90	(1)
Emergency Communication Plan	90	(1)
Disseminating the Emergency Plan	91	(1)
Building Barriers to Violence, Part III: Environmental Protection and Safety Strategies	92	(14)
Guiding Principles Behind Violent Behavior and Victim Responses	93	(2)
Violence Is a Learned Behavior	93	(1)
Responding is Preferable to Reacting	93	(1)
Performance under Stress Is Compromised	94	(1)
Fine Motor Skills Are Impaired	94	(1)
Perceptions Are Distorted	94	(1)
Tunnel Thinking Limits Adaptive Problem Solving	94	(1)
Survival Instincts	94	(1)
``The Bump''	95	(1)
Perpetrator Characteristics and Response Strategies	95	(2)
Predatory	95	(1)
Avenger	95	(1)
Relationship-Based	96	(1)
Group-Induced	96	(1)
Environmental Protection Tactics: Pros and Cons	97	(1)
Campus Lighting	97	(1)
Emergency Communication Systems	97	(1)
Routine Inspections	97	(1)
Peepholes	98	(1)
Security Cameras	98	(1)
Building Lock-down	98	(1)
Safety Services and Public Safety Programs	98	(2)
Campus Security and Law Enforcement	98	(1)
Safety Education Programs	99	(1)
Environmental Safety Conduct Codes	99	(1)
Escort Services	99	(1)
Other Services	100	(1)
Guns on Campus	100	(1)
Survival Strategies	101	(3)
Get Out	102	(1)
Scanning	102	(1)
Distraction	102	(1)
Running	103	(1)
Persist in the Pursuit of Protection	103	(1)
Barricading	103	(1)
Hide	103	(1)
Play Dead	103	(1)
Fight	103	(1)
Personal Security Options	104	(1)
Self-Protection for Individuals with Disabilities	104	(2)
Preparing for the Violence, Aftermath: A Community Affected	106	(15)
Critical Post-Incident Factors	106	(7)
Leadership	106	(2)
Crisis Response Team	108	(1)
Debriefings and Victims' Assistance	108	(1)
Working with Victims' Families	109	(1)
Reestablishing a Sense of Security: The Role of Law Enforcement	110	(1)
Constructive Outlets	110	(1)
Media Management	111	(2)
Follow-up Services	113	(1)
Evaluate the Process	113	(1)
Know What to Expect: Understanding Posttrauma Responses	113	(8)
Trauma Symptoms	113	(2)
Trauma Recovery Phases	115	(1)
Shock	116	(1)
Impact	116	(1)
Recoil	116	(1)
Posttrauma Resolution	116	(1)
Counseling Approaches with Survivors	116	(1)
Some Basic Coping Strategies	117	(4)
Part III STRAINS OF CAMPUS VIOLENCE
Sexual Assault	121	(27)
Defining Rape	123	(2)
Why Is Rape Underreported?	124	(1)
Dynamics of Rape	125	(2)
Who Rapes and Who Is Raped	125	(2)
Types of Rape	127	(4)
Stranger Rape	127	(1)
Acquaintance Rape	128	(2)
Gang Rape	130	(1)
Methods of Coercion Used to Rape	131	(1)
Alcohol and Rape	131	(1)
Date Rape Drugs	131	(1)
Cyberstalking and Sexual Threats via the Internet	132	(1)
Why Rape?	133	(1)
The Impact of Rape on Women and Men	134	(1)
Rape and the Law	135	(2)
The Rape Shield Law	135	(1)
The Violence Against Women Act	136	(1)
Prevention and Response Strategies	137	(11)
Community Education	138	(1)
Positive Modeling and Positive Peer Influence	138	(1)
Programming for Men and Women	139	(1)
Programming for Women Only	139	(1)
Programming for Men Only	139	(2)
Individual Prevention Tactics	141	(1)
Policy Development	141	(1)
Sexual Misconduct Policy Language	142	(1)
Visitor Policies	142	(1)
Organizational Accountability	142	(1)
Anonymous Report Forms	142	(1)
Adjudication	142	(1)
Responding to a Victim of Sexual Assault	143	(1)
Sample Protocol Checklist	143	(5)
Rioting	148	(23)
Perspectives: Here's What People are Saying About Campus Riots	148	(2)
Campus Riots of Today	150	(9)
University of Colorado (CU)	153	(1)
Ohio University (OU)	154	(1)
University of Connecticut (UConn)	155	(1)
Washington State University (WSU)	155	(2)
Pennsylvania State University (Penn State)	157	(1)
Michigan State University (MSU)	158	(1)
What is a Riot?	159	(1)
Definitions and Dynamics	159	(1)
First Amendment: Rights and Responsibilities	160	(1)
Playing a Part: Roles in a Riot	160	(4)
Agitators	160	(2)
Bystanders	162	(1)
Thin Blue Line	162	(1)
Media	163	(1)
Counter Rioters	164	(1)
Riot Stages	164	(2)
Stage I: ``Drying the Tinder''-Preconditioning	164	(1)
Stage II: ``Striking the Match''-Precipitating Event	165	(1)
Stage III: ``Igniting the Fire''-Instigating the Riot	165	(1)
Stage IV: ``Feeding the Flames''-Magnet to Mayhem	165	(1)
Stage V: ``Wild Fire Containment''-Re-establishment of Order	165	(1)
Prevention, Intervention and Post-Riot Strategies	166	(5)
Prevention	166	(1)
Effective Code of Conduct and Appropriate Consequences	166	(1)
Training Student Leaders	166	(1)
Building Bridges	167	(1)
Professional Development and Equipment for Law Enforcement and Campus Security	167	(1)
Intervention	168	(1)
Show of Force	168	(1)
Divide and Conquer	168	(1)
Decreasing Anonymity	168	(1)
Take Out the Leaders	169	(1)
Effective Communication	169	(1)
Riot Aftermath	169	(1)
Handling the Media	169	(1)
Investigation	169	(1)
Clean Up	170	(1)
Hate Crimes	171	(14)
What Is a Hate Crime?	171	(1)
Campus Hate Crimes	172	(2)
Causes of Hate Crimes	174	(2)
The Sociological Perspective	174	(2)
The Perpetrator Perspective	176	(1)
The Impact of Hate Crimes on Victims	176	(1)
Preventing Hate Crimes as a Community	177	(3)
Sending Clear Messages	177	(1)
Training the Campus Community	178	(1)
Providing Diversity Programs	178	(1)
Reducing Existing Tensions	179	(1)
Seeking Structured Integration Opportunities	179	(1)
Finding Meaning	179	(1)
Allowing for Voluntary Separatism	179	(1)
Responding to Hate Crimes	180	(5)
Case Example from About Campus. Matthew Shepard and the University of Wyoming	180	(1)
Campus Leadership Involvement	181	(1)
Work of the Crisis Intervention Team	181	(1)
Flexibility and Responsiveness of the Wyoming Union and Student Activities Staff	181	(1)
Involvement of Student Organizations	181	(1)
Symbols of Peace and Healing	182	(1)
Management of the Media Presence by University Relations	182	(1)
Provision of Discussion Forums by Faculty	182	(1)
Work of the University Counseling Center	183	(1)
Planning for the Universitywide Memorial Service	183	(1)
Involvement of Spiritual Organizations	183	(1)
Efforts of the University of Wyoming Police Department (UWPD)	183	(1)
A Commitment to Continue Life at the University of Wyoming without Forgetting the Death of Matthew Shepard	183	(2)
Hazing	185	(19)
What Is Hazing?	186	(1)
Common Hazing Activities	186	(1)
Putting Initiation Practices into Perspective: Three Dimensions	187	(3)
Rites of Passage	188	(1)
Group Development	189	(1)
Power	189	(1)
Hazing in Different Contexts	190	(6)
Greek Life	190	(2)
Athletics	192	(1)
Severity of Collegiate Athletic Initiation	192	(1)
Athletes Involved in Alcohol-Related Initiation	193	(1)
Military Campuses	193	(3)
Hazing and the Individual	196	(1)
The Vulnerable Recruit	196	(1)
Physical and Emotional Consequences	196	(1)
Example of Group-Induced Violence	196	(1)
Example of Relationship-Based Violence	196	(1)
Hazing and the Institution	197	(2)
Duck and Cover	197	(1)
Sacred Cows and Sacred Herds	197	(1)
Regulations and Laws	198	(1)
The Issue of Consent	198	(1)
Why Do People Haze?	199	(1)
Diffusion of Responsibility	199	(1)
Reciprocity	199	(1)
Badge of Loyalty	199	(1)
Why Do People Allow Themselves to Be Hazed?	199	(1)
Recommendations	200	(4)
Work toward Enforceable and Consistent Hazing Laws	200	(1)
Stop Sheltering	200	(1)
Improve Communication	200	(1)
Educate	201	(1)
Encourage Alternative Initiation Rites and Focal Points	202	(1)
Provide Appropriate Leadership	202	(2)
Homicide and Non-Sexual Assault	204	(15)
Homicide	204	(9)
Predatory Homicide	204	(1)
Avenger Homicide	205	(1)
Concordia University	205	(1)
San Diego State University	205	(1)
Recommendations	206	(1)
Relationship-Based Homicide	206	(1)
University of Michigan	207	(1)
Columbia University	208	(1)
Harvard University	208	(1)
Johns Hopkins University	209	(1)
Understanding Relationship-Based Homicide as End-Stage Stalking	209	(2)
Recommendations	211	(1)
Infanticide	212	(1)
Recommendations	212	(1)
Non-Sexual Assault	213	(6)
Physical Assault	213	(1)
Recommendations	214	(1)
Dating Violence	214	(1)
Heterosexual Couples	215	(2)
Recommendations	217	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Couples	217	(1)
Recommendations	218	(1)
Arson and Bombing	219	(9)
Similarities between Arsonists and Bombers	219	(1)
Arson	219	(4)
What We Know About Arson	219	(1)
Effects of Alcohol	220	(1)
Murray State and Other Campus Arson Cases	220	(2)
Arson Investigation	222	(1)
Recommendations	222	(1)
Bombs and Bomb Threats	223	(5)
Campus Bombing	223	(1)
Bomb Threats	224	(1)
Recommendations	225	(2)
Questions to Ask a Bomb Witness	227	(1)
Epilogue: The Future of Campus Violence	228	(1)
Appendix	229	(6)
Glossary	235	(12)
References	247	(26)
Name Index	273	(3)
Subject Index	276	(21)
About the Authors	297