This book revolutionizes how vision can be taught to undergraduate and graduate students in cognitive science, psychology, and optometry. It is the first comprehensive textbook on vision to reflect the integrated computational approach of modern research scientists. This new interdisciplinary approach, called "vision science," integrates psychological, computational, and neuroscientific perspectives. The book covers all major topics related to vision, from early neural processing of image structure in the retina to high-level visual attention, memory, imagery, and awareness. The presentation throughout is theoretically sophisticated yet requires minimal knowledge of mathematics. There is also an extensive glossary, as well as appendices on psychophysical methods, connectionist modeling, and color technology. The book will serve not only as a comprehensive textbook on vision, but also as a valuable reference for researchers in cognitive science, psychology, neuroscience, computer science, optometry, and philosophy.

Stephen E. Palmer is Professor of Psychology and Director of the Institute of Cognitive Studies at the University of California, Berkeley.

Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Organization of the Book
Foundations
Spatial Vision
Visual Dynamics
Tailoring the Book to Different Needs
Acknowledgments
Foundations
An Introduction to Vision Science
Visual Perception
Defining Visual Perception
The Evolutionary Utility of Vision
Perception as a Constructive Act
Perception as Modeling the Environment
Perception as Apprehension of Meaning
Optical Information
The Behavior of Light
The Formation of Images
Vision as an "Inverse" Problem
Visual Systems
The Human Eye
The Retina
Visual Cortex
Theoretical Approaches
Classical Theories of Vision
Structuralism
Gestaltism
Ecological Optics
Constructivism
A Brief History of Information Processing
Computer Vision
Information Processing Psychology
Biological Information Processing
Information Processing Theory
The Computer Metaphor
Three Levels of Information Processing
Three Assumptions of Information Processing
Representation
Processes
Four Stages of Visual Perception
The Retinal Image
The Image-Based Stage
The Surface-Based Stage
The Object-Based Stage
The Category-Based Stage
Color Vision: A Microcosm of Vision Science
The Computational Description of Color Perception
The Physical Description of Light
The Psychological Description of Color
The Psychophysical Correspondence
Image-Based Color Processing
Basic Phenomena
Theories of Color Vision
Physiological Mechanisms
Development of Color Vision
Surface-Based Color Processing
Lightness Constancy
Chromatic Color Constancy
The Category-Based Stage
Color Naming
Focal Colors and Prototypes
A Fuzzy-Logical Model of Color Naming
Spatial Vision
Processing Image Structure
Physiological Mechanisms
Retinal and Geniculate Cells
Striate Cortex
Striate Architecture
Development of Receptive Fields
Psychophysical Channels
Spatial Frequency Theory
Physiology of Spatial Frequency Channels
Computational Approaches
Marr's Primal Sketches
Edge Detection
Alternative Computational Theories
A Theoretical Synthesis
Visual Pathways
Physiologlcal Evidence
Perceptual Evidence
Perceiving Surfaces Oriented in Depth
The Problem of Depth Perception
Heuristic Assumptions
Marr's 2.5-D Sketch
Ocular Information
Accormmodation
Convergence
Stereoscopic Information
Binocular Disparity
The Correspondence Problem
Computational Theories
Physiological Mechanisms
Vertical Disparity
Da Vinci Stereopsis
Dynamic Information
Motion Parallax
Optic Flow Caused by a Moving Observer
Optic Flow Caused by Moving Objects
Accretion/Deletion of Texture
Pictorial Information
Perspective Projection
Convergence of Parallel Lines
Position Relative to the Horizon of a Surface
Relative Size
Familiar Size
Texture Gradients
Edge Interpretation
Shading Information
Aerial Perspective
Integrating Information Sources
Development of Depth Perception
Ocular Information
Stereoscopic Information
Dynamic Information
Pictorial Information
Organizing Objects and Scenes
Perceptual Grouping
The Classical Principles of Grouping
New Principles of Grouping
Measuring Grouping Effects Quantitatively
Is Grouping an Early or Late Process?
Past Experience
Region Analysis
Uniform Connectedness
Region Segmentation
Texture Segregation
Figure/Ground Organization
Principles of Figure/Ground Organization
Ecological Considerations
Effects of Meaningfulness
The Problem of Holes
Visual Interpolation
Visual Completion
Illusory Contours
Perceived Transparency
Figural Scission
The Principle of Nonaccidentalness
Multistability
Connectionist Network Models
Neural Fatigue
Eye Fixations
The Role of Instructions
Development of Perceptual Organization
The Habituation Paradigm
The Development of Grouping
Perceiving Object Properties and Parts
Size
Size Constancy
Size Illusions
Shape
Shape Constancy
Shape Illusions
Orientation
Orientation Constancy
Orientation Illusions
Position
Perception of Direction
Position Constancy
Position Illusions
Perceptual Adaptation
Parts
Evidence for Perception of Parts
Part Segmentation
Global and Local Processing
Representing Shape and Structure
Shape Equivalence
Defining Objective Shape
Invariant Features
Transformational Alignment
Object-Centered Reference Frames
Theories of Shape Representation
Templates
Fourier Spectra
Features and Dimensions
Structural Descriptions
Figural Goodness and Pragnanz
Theories of Figural Goodness
Structural Information Theory
Perceiving Function and Category
The Perception of Function
Direct Perception of Affordances
Indirect Perception of Function by Categorization
Phenomena of Perceptual Categorization
Categorical Hierarchies
Perspective Viewing Conditions
Part Structure
Contextual Effects
Visual Agnosia
Theories of Object Categorization
Recognition by Components Theory
Accounting for Empirical Phenomena
Viewpoint-Specific Theories
Identifying Letters and Words
Identifying Letters
Identifying Words and Letters Within Words
The Interactive Activation Model
Visual Dynamics
Perceiving Motion and Events
Image Motion
The Computational Problem of Motion
Continuous Motion
Apparent Motion
Physiological Mechanisms
Computational Theories
Object Motion
Perceiving Object Velocity
Depth and Motion
Long-Range Apparent Motion
Dynamic Perceptual Organization
Self-Motion and Optic Flow
Induced Motion of the Self
Perceiving Self-Motion
Understanding Events
Biological Motion
Perceiving Causation
Intuitive Physics
Visual Selection: Eye Movements And Attention
Eye Movements
Types Of Eye Movements
The Physiology Of The Oculomotor System
Saccaadic Exploration Of The Visual Environment
Visual Attention
Early Versus Late Selection
Costs and Benefits of Attention
Theories of Spatial Attention
Selective Attention to Properties
Distributed versus Focused Attention
Feature Integration Theory
The Physiology of Attention
Attention and Eye Movements
Visual Memory and Imagery
Visual Memory
Three Memory Systems
Iconic Memory
Visual Short-Term Memory
Visual Long-Term Memory
Memory Dynamics
Visual Imagery
The Analog/Propositional Debate
Mental Transformtions
Image Inspection
Kosslyn's Model of Imagery
The Relation of Imagery to Perception
Visual Awareness
Philosophical Foundations
The Mind-Body Problem
The Problem of Other Minds
Neuropsychology of Visual Awareness
Split-Brain Patients
Blindsight
Unconscious Processing in Neglect and Balint's Syndrome
Unconscious Face Recognition in Prosopagnosia
Visual Awareness in Normal Observers
Perceptual Defense
Subliminal Perception
Inattentional Blindsight
Theories of Consciousness
Functional Architecture Theories
Biological Theories
Consciousness and the Limits of Science
Psychophysical Methods
Measuring Thresholds
Method of Adjustment
Method of Limits
Method of Constant Stimuli
The Theoretical Status of Thresholds
Signal Detection Theory
Response Bias
The Signal Detection Paradigm
The Theory of Signal Detectability
Difference Thresholds
Just Noticeable Differences
Weber's Law
Psychophysical Scaling
Fechner's Law
Stevens's Law
Suggestions for Futher Reading
Connectionist Modeling
Network Behavior
Unit Behavior
System Architecture
Systemic Behavior
Connectionist Learning Algorithms
Back Propagation
Gradient Descent
Color Technology
Additive versus Subtractive Color Mixture
Adding versus Multiplying Spectra
Maxwell's Color Triangle
C.I.E. Color Space
Subtractive Color Mixture Space?
Color Television
Paints and Dyes
Subtractive Combination of Paints
Additive Combination of Paints
Color Photography
Color Printing
Suggestions for Further Reading
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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Vision Science Photons to Phenomenology

9780262161831

0262161834

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