Visions for Change : Crime and Justice in the 21st Century

by Muraskin, Roslyn; Roberts, Albert R.

• ISBN13: 9780130420305
• ISBN10: 0130420301
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Exceptionally current and complete, this collection of readings examines — in detail — critical criminal justice policies and practices as evident in all criminal justice agencies throughout the United States. Linking the past, present, and future of criminal justice, the authors discuss important issues currently impacting the system, address the challenges that lie ahead in criminal justice in the 21st century, and outline their vision for how these issues will be handled in the next century. Gangs. Gender and Race. The War on Drugs. Terrorism. Crime Victims. The Techno<45>Economic Revolution. Computer<45>Based Technologies. The Fall of the Death Penalty. HIV<45>Related Issues. Women in Policing. Constitutional Law and the Courts. Correctional Issues. For criminal justice professionals and anyone interested in criminal justice.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xvii
Samuel S. Souryal
Preface	xxi
Roslyn Muraskin
About the Authors and Contributors	xxv
PART I OVERVIEW	1	(8)
Looking to the Future of Criminal Justice	3	(6)
Roslyn Muraskin
Albert R. Roberts
PART II LINKING CRIME CHALLENGES IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY	9	(88)
The War on Drugs: Treatment, Research, and Substance Abuse Intervention in the Twenty-First Century	11	(26)
C. Aaron McNeece
Bruce Bullington
Elizabeth L. Mayfield Arnold
David W. Springer
Abstract	11	(1)
Introduction	11	(1)
Justice System Interventions with Drug Users	12	(2)
Current practices in drug offender intervention	14	(9)
Self-Help Programs	15	(1)
Individual, Family, and Group Counseling	15	(1)
Psychoeducational Approaches	16	(1)
Case Management	17	(1)
Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime	17	(1)
Acupuncture	17	(1)
Urine Drug Testing	18	(2)
Milieu Approaches	20	(2)
Probation	22	(1)
Toward a Paradigm Shift in Drug Policy	23	(10)
Prohibitionist Reduction Approaches	23	(1)
Enter Harm Reduction	24	(3)
Medical Marijuana	27	(6)
Conclusions	33	(4)
The Situation of Crime Victims in the Early Decades of the Twenty-First Century	37	(15)
Andrew Karmen
Abstract	37	(1)
Forecasting Future Developments	37	(1)
The Situation Victims Faced in the Late Twentieth Century	38	(2)
Anticipating the Situation of Victims in the Early Twenty-First Century by Projecting Existing Trends	40	(9)
How the Trend Toward Granting Victims Greater Formal Rights within the Criminal Justice Process Might Lead to the Emergence of Victim Advocates	40	(1)
How the Trend toward Commercialization Will Lead to More Victimization Prevention Devices and Services	41	(1)
How the Trend toward Privatizing Criminal Justice Functions Might Lead to Private Prosecution	42	(3)
How the Trend toward Developing More Alternatives to Both Adjudication and Incarceration Might Bring About a Greater Reliance on Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs	45	(2)
How the Trend toward Differential Justice Might Increase the Gap in the Way Victims are Handled	47	(2)
The Perils of Crystal-Ball Gazing	49	(3)
Gangs: Status, Characteristics, Community and Police Responses, and Policy Implications	52	(17)
Kenneth J. Peak
Abstract	52	(1)
Introduction	52	(1)
Gang Origins, Composition, and Characteristics	52	(5)
Early Formation and Research	52	(2)
Contemporary Status and Types of Gangs	54	(1)
Graffiti and Hand Signals	55	(1)
Girls in Gangs	56	(1)
Revenues and Expenditures	57	(1)
Responses to Gangs	57	(7)
Programs or Police Crackdowns: Which Method Is Best?	57	(3)
A Typology	60	(1)
Related Suppression and Intervention Techniques	61	(2)
Applying Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving	63	(1)
Policy Implications for the Future	64	(2)
Summary	66	(3)
Looking for a New Approach to an Old Problem: The Future of Obscenity and Pornography	69	(17)
Jay S. Albanese
Abstract	69	(1)
New Concern for an Old Problem	69	(1)
Methods and Sources	70	(1)
What Is Pornography?	71	(1)
The Pornography Industry	72	(1)
The Pornography-Harm Link	73	(2)
Sex Education and Citizen Action	75	(1)
Law and Law Enforcement	76	(2)
Explaining the Differences in the Obscenity Commissions	78	(2)
The Rise of the Internet	80	(1)
Issues for the Future	81	(5)
Obscenity: Front Sex to Violence	81	(2)
Why Is Pornography So Popular?	83	(3)
Murder and Mayhem in the Media: Public Perceptions (and Misperceptions) of Crime and Criminality	86	(11)
Charles B. Fields
Robert A. Jerin
Abstract	86	(1)
Introduction	86	(1)
Crime Reporting and Public Perceptions	87	(3)
Crime Reporting and Official Crime Statistics	90	(3)
Conclusions	93	(4)
PART III POLICING NOW AND IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY	97	(62)
Police Response to Domestic Violence Complaints: Bridging Yesterday to Now	99	(25)
Albert R. Roberts
Stephen L. Ruland
Vincent E. Henry
Abstract	99	(1)
Introduction	99	(1)
Police Response to Domestic Violence in the Mid-1990s	100	(9)
Historical Overview	102	(1)
The Impact of Feminism	102	(1)
The Impact of Research	103	(3)
Research on Deterrent Effects of Arrest	106	(1)
Pro-arrest Policies	107	(2)
A Model Domestic Violence Intervention Program	109	(11)
Summary and Conclusions	120	(4)
The Influence of Community in Community Policing in the Twenty-First Century	124	(13)
Michael J. Palmiotto
Abstract	124	(1)
Introduction	124	(2)
The Crime Problem	126	(1)
Community-Oriented Policing	127	(2)
Community Defined	127	(1)
Community-Oriented Policing Philosophy	128	(1)
Policing in the Early Twenty-First Century	129	(5)
Community Influence	130	(1)
Citizen Police Academies	131	(1)
Community Advisory Councils	131	(1)
Civilian Oversight	132	(1)
Privatizing the Police	133	(1)
Conclusions	134	(3)
Legal Issues in Policing	137	(22)
Robert J. Meadows
Abstract	137	(1)
Introduction	137	(1)
The Police and the Community	138	(4)
Domestic Violence and the Police	142	(3)
Controlling the Police	145	(1)
Civil Liability in Policing	146	(5)
The Exclusionary Rule and Policing	151	(3)
Conclusions	154	(5)
PART IV THE COURTS AND FUTURE INTERPRETATION OF LAW	159	(144)
The Rise and Fall of the U.S. Death Penalty in the Twenty-First Century	161	(37)
Kenneth C. Haas
Abstract	161	(1)
Introduction	162	(1)
The Post-Gregg Confusion	163	(1)
The Post-Gregg Years: 1976-1983	163	(4)
The Post-Gregg Years (1983-Present)	167	(13)
The Supreme Court and the Prospects for Abolishing Capital Punishment	180	(10)
Conclusions	190	(8)
The Future Impact of International Law on the U.S. Death Penalty	198	(19)
Christopher M. Cevasco
Introduction	198	(1)
International Obligations of the United States	199	(7)
Customary International Law	200	(2)
International Treaties	202	(4)
The Death Row Phenomenon	206	(3)
The Execusion of Juvenile Offenders	209	(1)
The Execution of Foreign Nationals	209	(3)
Conclusions	212	(5)
The Bill of Rights in the Twenty-First Century	217	(21)
Alexander B. Smith
Harriet Pollack
Matthew Muraskin
Abstract	217	(1)
Introduction	218	(1)
The State of the Law as of the End of the Twentieth Century	219	(6)
First Amendment	219	(1)
Fourth Amendment	219	(2)
Fifth Amendment	221	(1)
Sixth Amendment	222	(1)
Eighth Amendment	223	(2)
New Issues for the Twenty-First Century	225	(10)
First Amendment	225	(2)
Fourth Amendment	227	(1)
Fifth Amendment	228	(2)
Sixth Amendment	230	(1)
Eighth Amendment	231	(4)
Criminal Justice Issues Not Related to the Bill of Rights	235	(1)
Conclusions	235	(3)
A Comparative Analysis of Victim Impact Testimony in Capital Cases in New Jersey and Texas	238	(27)
Ronald L. Reisner
Peter J. Nelligan
Abstract	238	(1)
Introduction	238	(1)
The Changing Legal Role of Victims	239	(1)
The Victims' Rights Movement	240	(1)
Victim Impact Statements	241	(1)
Victims' Rights in Texas	242	(1)
Capital Murder and Capital Punishment in Texas	243	(1)
Victims' Rights in New Jersey	244	(1)
Capital Murder and Capital Punishment in New Jersey	245	(2)
Methodology	247	(1)
Results	248	(2)
Relationships	250	(2)
Character Testimony	252	(2)
Short-Term Impact	254	(2)
Long-Term Impact	256	(4)
Conclusions	260	(5)
Reaffirming Juvenile Justice	265	(22)
Peter J. Benekos
Alida V. Merlo
Abstract	265	(1)
Introduction	265	(1)
History of Juvenile Justice	266	(4)
Transformation	267	(1)
Racial Disparity	268	(1)
Lessons from the First 100 Years	269	(1)
Emergent Themes and Trends in Juvenile Justice	270	(3)
Good News: Crime Continues to Decline	270	(1)
Politics, Public Opinion, and National Issues	271	(1)
Prevention and Early Intervention	271	(1)
Public Support for Prevention	272	(1)
Future Models for Juvenile Justice	272	(1)
Promising Strategies for Youth Intervention	273	(5)
Specialty Courts	273	(2)
Collaborative Intensive Community Treatment Program	275	(1)
Project CRAFT	276	(1)
Identifying Risk Factors	276	(1)
Parenting Programs	277	(1)
Low-Birth Weight Babies	278	(1)
Issues for the Future	278	(9)
Gangs	278	(1)
Disproportionate Minority Representation	279	(1)
Capital Punishment	280	(1)
Adultification	281	(1)
Models of Juvenile Justice	281	(6)
A Study of the Criminal Motivations of Sentenced Jail Inmates	287	(16)
Robert J. Meadows
Kimberly L. Anklin
Abstract	287	(1)
Introduction	287	(5)
Method	292	(1)
Participants	292	(1)
Procedure	293	(1)
Discussion	293	(7)
Appendix: Inmate Study	300	(3)
PART V TECHNOLOGY IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY	303	(66)
Technology and Criminal Justice	305	(17)
Joseph J. Grau
Abstract	305	(1)
Technological Society	305	(3)
The High-Tech Crime Scene	308	(10)
High-Tech Crime Scene Infobanks	310	(5)
High-Tech Crime Surveillance Technology	315	(1)
The Clipper Chip	315	(1)
The High-Tech Criminal	316	(2)
Technology and Criminal Justice Management	318	(2)
Conclusions	320	(2)
The Technoeconomic Revolution: Reengineering Criminal Justice Organizations and Workplaces	322	(9)
Rosemary L. Gido
Abstract	322	(1)
Introduction	322	(1)
Workforce Issues for the Decade	323	(2)
Change in U.S. Workforce Composition	323	(2)
Information Technology and Workplace Organization	325	(1)
Twenty-First Century Workforce Trends: Personnel Dilemmas for Criminal Justice Organizations and Workplaces	325	(1)
Barriers to Criminal Justice Organizational Change	326	(1)
Reactivity and Inertia	326	(1)
Gender and Racial Barriers	327	(1)
Emerging Models of Criminal Justice Organization Change	327	(1)
Community Policing	327	(1)
Conclusions	328	(3)
Prosecuting Environmental Crime in the Twenty-First Century	331	(20)
Donald J. Rebovich
Abstract	331	(1)
Introduction	331	(1)
A New Criminal Role: The Local Environmental Prosecutor	332	(1)
Barriers to Effective Environmental Prosecution: What Is Currently Known	333	(2)
Factors Affecting Environmental Prosecution in the Future	335	(8)
Wider Acceptance of Strict Penalties for Environmental Offenses	335	(2)
Self-Auditing Privileges	337	(1)
Environmental Equity	338	(1)
Displacement of Environmental Crime	339	(1)
Standards for the Admissibility of Scientific Evidence: The Daubert Test	340	(1)
Training	341	(1)
Experimentation with New Technologies/Strategies	342	(1)
Discussion and Implications for Future Research	343	(8)
The Impact of Computer Based Technologies on Criminal Justice: Transition to the Twenty-First Century	351	(18)
William G. Archambeault
Abstract	351	(1)
Introduction	351	(1)
Rise of the Information Society and Computer Dependency	352	(1)
Computer-Based Technologies and Criminal Justice of the 1990s	353	(10)
Database Management	355	(1)
Computer-Assisted Organizational Communications	356	(2)
Computer Assisted Diagnosis, Instruction, and Training	358	(1)
Computer-Assisted Monitoring of Offenses	359	(4)
Computer-Related Crime	363	(1)
Criminal Justice Twenty-First Century: Implications and Conclusions	363	(6)
PART VI CORRECTIONAL ISSUES IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY	369	(56)
An Introduction to Prison Privatization: Issues for the Twenty-First Century	371	(19)
Michael Hallett
Abstract	371	(1)
Introduction: Forces Driving Prison Privatization	371	(7)
Mandatory Sentencing	373	(1)
Prison Overcrowding and Cost of Incarceration	374	(1)
Current Use of Private Prisons	375	(3)
Themes in the Debate about Prison Privatization	378	(12)
The Cost Conundrum	378	(4)
Free Market Competition (Benefits) versus Service-Provider Captivity (Risks)	382	(2)
Moral, Racial, and Ethnical Issues	384	(2)
High Turnover	386	(1)
Legal issues	386	(4)
Court-Ordered Reform of Jails: Past, Present, and Future	390	(18)
Wayne N. Welsh
Abstract	390	(1)
Introduction	390	(2)
Characteristics of Jails	392	(1)
Causes of Overcrowding	392	(3)
Crime Rates	392	(1)
Legal and Political Environments	393	(1)
Demographic, Economic, and Social Conditions	393	(1)
Resources and Expenditures	394	(1)
Public Attitudes and the ``Get-Tough'' Movement	394	(1)
Court Intervention	395	(2)
The Role of the Courts	395	(1)
The Legal Process: Judges, Lawyers, and Defendants	395	(1)
Court-Ordered Change and Compliance	396	(1)
Impacts of Court-Ordered Reform	397	(2)
Changes in Institutional Conditions	397	(1)
Organizational Impacts	397	(1)
Unintended Impacts	398	(1)
Systemwide Impacts	398	(1)
Prisoner Litigation: End of the Road?	399	(2)
Implications for Criminal Justice Policy	401	(1)
Conclusions	402	(6)
Sentencing into the Twenty-First Century: Sentence Enhancement and Life without Parole	408	(17)
Etta F. Morgan
Robert T. Sigler
Abstract	408	(1)
Introduction	408	(1)
Cycles in Orientation toward the Sentencing of Criminal Offenders	408	(3)
Mediating Influences	411	(1)
Contemporary Practices	412	(1)
Habitual Offender Statutes	413	(2)
Sentence Enhancement	415	(2)
Restricted Housing	417	(1)
Determinate Sentences and Parole	417	(1)
Into the Twenty-First Century	418	(7)
PART VII GENDER AND RACE ISSUES IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY	425	(74)
Women and the Law: An Agenda for Change in the Twenty-First Century	427	(12)
Roslyn Muraskin
Martin L. O'Connor
Abstract	427	(1)
Introduction	427	(2)
History	429	(1)
Sexual Harassment	430	(2)
The Need for a National Commitment to End Violence Against Women	432	(3)
Summary	435	(1)
Agenda for Change	436	(3)
New Directions for Incarcerated Women with HIV in the Twenty-First Century: The Corrections Demonstration Project	439	(24)
Mark M. Lanier
Ronald J. Braithwaite
Kimberly R. Jacob Arriola
Abstract	439	(1)
Introduction	440	(1)
Women with HIV and AIDS	441	(1)
AIDS in Correctional Facilities	441	(1)
Incarcerated Women	442	(1)
Unique Problems	442	(4)
Medical Problems	443	(1)
Compounding Medical Problems	443	(1)
Psychological Stress	444	(2)
HIV/AIDS Medical Treatment	446	(3)
HIV/AIDS Treatment in Prison	447	(2)
Theoretical Models	449	(2)
Policy Recommendations	451	(3)
Case Management	452	(1)
Counseling	452	(1)
Health Services	452	(1)
Postrelease Services	453	(1)
Alternative Sanctions (Community Corrections)	453	(1)
Research Initiatives	454	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	457	(6)
The Administration of Justice Based on Gender and Race	463	(17)
Etta F. Morgan
Abstract	463	(1)
A Theoretical Beginning	463	(2)
The Pathway to Civil Rights and Affirmative Action	465	(2)
The Administration of Law	467	(3)
Female Criminality	470	(1)
Extralegal Factors	471	(3)
Gender	471	(1)
Race	472	(2)
The Future	474	(2)
Conclusions	476	(4)
The New Millennium: Women in Policing in the Twenty-First Century	480	(19)
Donna C. Hale
Mark Lanier
Abstract	480	(1)
Introduction	480	(2)
Methodology: Students' Perceptions of Women in American Policing	482	(1)
Findings	483	(4)
Graduate Students' Examination of Women in American Policing	487	(1)
Discussion	487	(3)
Implications	490	(2)
In the Classroom	490	(1)
Use of the Media in the Classroom	490	(1)
Star Trek: A Depiction of Women's Work and Women's Place in Space Travel	491	(1)
Conclusions	492	(7)
PART VIII CONCLUSIONS	499	(6)
The Future Is Now: Summing Up	501	(4)
Roslyn Muraskin
EPILOGUE	505	(18)
Criminal Justice in the New Millenium: The Crises of System and Science	507	(16)
David V. Baker
Richard P. Davin
Abstract	507	(1)
Introduction	508	(1)
The Crisis in Justice Administration	508	(14)
Police Lawlessness	509	(2)
Courts and Partiality	511	(2)
Sentencing Disparity	513	(3)
Eugenics	516	(1)
Gender and Criminal Justice	517	(3)
The Death Penalty	520	(2)
The Crisis in the Discipline of Criminal Justice	522	(1)
Index	523