Visions for Change : Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century

by Muraskin, Roslyn; Roberts, Albert R.

• ISBN13: 9780131776890
• ISBN10: 0131776894
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

"Thinking about crime and justice in the twenty-first century conjures up an enormously ambitious agenda: an agenda that ranges from the globalization of crime and justice, transnational crime, new technologies, new criminal threats and the continued applicability of old-in some cases-18th century solutions in attempting to combat 21st century problems." - James O. Finckenauer, President, American Criminal Justice Society Courts dispense justice. The crime challenges that face us in the 21st century appear to be more serious than they were in previous centuries. The dimensions of the crime scene have changed. This fourth edition of Visions For Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century, consisting of 36 chapters (new and updated) is a representation of all changes reflective in this new century. The law arena has had to adapt to the changes in this "new world" we live in relative to reducing the rights of our citizens to a certain extent. The review of all issues facing us since the acts of September 11, 2001 are examined with the most up-to-date research available. "It would be great to believe that equality exists for all, but that is not yet the case in this Twenty-First century. This work blends research with creativity in an outstanding attempt to shape a vision for the future, a vision that moves us beyond the status quo. The rhetoric alone will not change the system; new policies and plans of action are needed to renew today's visions for tomorrow." - Roslyn Muraskin, Long Island University

Table of Contents

Foreword by James Finckenauer	xxi
Preface	xxv
About the Authors and Contributors	xxix
About the Authors/Editors	xxix
Contributors	xxxi
PART I OVERVIEW	1	(14)
CHAPTER 1 Looking to the Future of Criminal Justice	3	(12)
Roslyn Muraskin and Albert R. Roberts
Crime Challenges in the Twenty-First Century	5	(2)
Terrorism	7	(1)
The Police	8	(1)
Law	9	(1)
Corrections	10	(1)
Technology	11	(1)
Gender, Diversity, and the Law	12	(3)
PART II CRIME CHALLENGES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY	15	(168)
CHAPTER 2 Reaffirming Juvenile Justice: Strategies for the Future	17	(26)
Peter J. Benekos and Alida V. Merlo
Abstract	17	(1)
Introduction	17	(2)
History of Juvenile Justice	19	(3)
Transformation	19	(1)
Racial Disparity	20	(1)
Lessons from the First One Hundred Years	21	(1)
Emergent Themes and Trends in Juvenile Justice	22	(4)
Good News: Continued Decline of Juvenile Crime	22	(1)
Politics, Public Opinion, and National Issues	23	(1)
Prevention and Early Intervention	23	(1)
Public Support for Prevention	24	(1)
Future Models for Juvenile Justice	25	(1)
Promising Strategies for Youth Intervention	26	(5)
Specialty Courts	26	(2)
Other Programs	28	(1)
Project CRAFT	29	(2)
Prenatal Programs to Avoid Low-Birth Weight Babies	31	(1)
Issues for the Future Juvenile Justice System	31	(12)
Gangs	31	(2)
Disproportionate Minority Representation	33	(1)
Comparative Juvenile Justice	33	(1)
Capital Punishment	34	(1)
Adultification	35	(1)
Models of Juvenile Justice	36	(7)
CHAPTER 3 Gangs: Origin, Status, Community Responses, and Policy Implications	43	(17)
Kenneth J. Peak and Timothy Griffin
Abstract	43	(1)
Introduction	43	(1)
Gang Origins, Composition, and Characteristics	44	(5)
Early Formation and Research	44	(1)
Contemporary Status and Types of Gangs	45	(2)
Graffiti and Hand Signals	47	(1)
Girl Gangs	48	(1)
Gangs and Terrorism	48	(1)
Police Response	49	(3)
Outreach and Enforcement	49	(2)
Use of Community Policing and Problem Solving	51	(1)
Strategies for the Future	52	(3)
Methods of Addressing the Problem	52	(1)
A Program Approach	52	(1)
Programs or Crackdowns: Which Method Is Best?	53	(2)
Summary and Policy Implications	55	(5)
CHAPTER 4 The Situation of Crime Victims in the Early Decades of the Twenty-First Century	60	(15)
Andrew Karmen
Abstract	60	(1)
Forecasting Future Developments	60	(1)
The Situation Victims Faced in the Late Twentieth Century	61	(2)
Anticipating the Situation of Victims in the Early Twenty-First Century by Projecting Existing Trends	63	(9)
How the Trend Toward Granting Victims Greater Formal Rights within the Criminal Justice Process Might Lead to the Emergence of Victim Advocates	63	(1)
How the Trend Toward Commercialization Will Lead to More Victimization Prevention Devices and Services	64	(1)
How the Trend Toward Privatizing Criminal Justice Functions Might Lead to Private Prosecution	65	(3)
How the Trend Toward Developing More Alternatives to Both Adjudication and Incarceration Might Bring About a Greater Reliance on Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs	68	(2)
How the Trend Toward Differential Justice Might Increase the Gap in the Way Victims Are Handled	70	(2)
The Perils of Crystal Ball Gazing	72	(3)
CHAPTER 5 Murder and Mayhem in the Media: Media Misrepresentation of Crime and Criminality	75	(13)
Robert A. Jerin and Charles B. Fields
Abstract	75	(1)
Introduction	75	(2)
Crime Reporting and Public Perceptions	77	(4)
Crime Reporting and Official Crime Statistics	81	(3)
Conclusions	84	(4)
CHAPTER 6 The War on Drugs: Treatment, Research, and Substance Abuse Intervention in the Twenty-First Century	88	(33)
C. Aaron McNeece, Bruce Bullington, Elizabeth Mayfield Arnold, and David W. Springer
Abstract	88	(1)
Introduction	88	(1)
Justice System Interventions with Drug Users	89	(2)
Current Practices in Drug Offender Intervention	91	(8)
Self-Help Programs	92	(1)
Individual, Family, and Group Counseling	93	(2)
Psychoeducational Approaches	95	(1)
Case Management	96	(1)
Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime	96	(1)
Acupuncture	96	(1)
Urine Drug Testing	97	(2)
Milieu Approaches	99	(4)
Inpatient and Residential Programs	99	(1)
Intensive Outpatient Programs	100	(1)
Therapeutic Communities	100	(1)
Boot Camps	101	(1)
Drug Court	102	(1)
Probation	103	(1)
Paradigm Shift in Drug Policy	103	(5)
Prohibitionist Reduction Approaches	103	(2)
Enter Harm Reduction	105	(3)
Medical Marijuana	108	(6)
Conclusions	114	(7)
CHAPTER 7 Identity Theft: An Overview of the Problem	121	(19)
Katherine Slosarik
Abstract	121	(1)
Introduction	121	(1)
An Overview of Identity Theft	122	(4)
Laws, Agencies, and Court Cases	122	(4)
Commission of a Crime	126	(6)
Identity Theft in Action	126	(6)
Safeguarding Identity	132	(4)
Current Practices and Policies	132	(4)
Conclusion	136	(4)
Future Bound	136	(4)
CHAPTER 8 Looking for a New Approach to an Old Problem: The Future of Obscenity and Pornography	140	(17)
Jay S. Albanese
Abstract	140	(1)
New Concern for an Old Problem	140	(2)
Methods and Sources	142	(1)
What Is Pornography?	142	(1)
The Pornography Industry	143	(1)
The Pornography-Harm Link	144	(2)
Sex Education and Citizen Action	146	(1)
Law and Law Enforcement	147	(2)
Explaining the Differences Between the 1970 and 1986 Commissions	149	(1)
The Rise of the Internet	150	(2)
Issues for the Future	152	(5)
Protecting Children	152	(1)
Obscenity: From Sex to Violence	153	(1)
Why Is Pornography So Popular?	154	(3)
CHAPTER 9 Criminal Justice in the New Millennium: The Crises of System and Science	157	(26)
David V. Baker and Richard P. Davin
Abstract	157	(1)
Introduction	158	(1)
The Crisis in Justice Administration	158	(14)
Police Lawlessness	159	(2)
Courts and Partiality	161	(2)
Sentencing Disparity	163	(3)
Eugenics	166	(1)
Gender and Criminal Justice	167	(3)
The Death Penalty	170	(2)
The Crisis in the Discipline of Criminal Justice	172	(11)
PART III TERRORISM	183	(108)
CHAPTER 10 Terrorism in America	185	(18)
Gary R. Perlstein
Terrorism in History	186	(4)
The Early Years	186	(1)
The Civil War: Before and After	187	(1)
Labor Unrest	187	(2)
Racial, Religious, and Vigilante Terrorism	189	(1)
Contemporary Terrorism	190	(9)
Terrorism from the Left	190	(3)
Terrorism from the Right	193	(2)
Single-Issue Terrorism	195	(3)
Attacks of Foreigners on American Soil	198	(1)
Conclusion: Terrorism and Local Law Enforcement	199	(4)
CHAPTER 11 Profiling and Detention in the War on Terror: Human Rights Predicaments for the Criminal Justice Apparatus	203	(16)
Michael Welch
Introduction	203	(1)
Profiling in the War on Terror	204	(1)
Special Registration Program	205	(3)
Misuse of Detention	208	(3)
Denial of Access to Counsel	208	(1)
Abusive Interrogations	209	(1)
Arbitrary Detention	210	(1)
Harsh Conditions of Detention	210	(1)
Government Secrecy	211	(2)
The 2003 Inspector General's Report	213	(1)
Conclusion	214	(5)
CHAPTER 12 International and National Terrorism in the United States: New Challenges in the Twenty-First Century	219	(35)
Edith E. Flynn
Introduction	219	(3)
The Nature of Terrorism	222	(1)
Typology of Terrorism	223	(2)
Historical Roots of Terrorism	225	(1)
The Changing Face of Terrorism	226	(1)
Vulnerabilities to Modern Terrorism	227	(1)
Major Changes in the Characteristics of Recent Terrorism	228	(4)
Key Definitions of Terrorism	232	(2)
Assessing the Current Terrorist Threat	234	(7)
Domestic Terrorism	234	(5)
International Terrorism	239	(2)
Charting the Future of Terrorism	241	(5)
Future Modes and Targets of Terrorism	241	(2)
Focus on the New Threat of Weapons of Mass Destruction	243	(3)
National Responses to the Terrorist Threat	246	(2)
Conclusions	248	(6)
CHAPTER 13 Terrorism-Nothing New: The Violent and the Violence	254	(8)
Toni DuPont-Morales
Introduction	254	(1)
Initiation	255	(1)
Intention	255	(1)
Conversion	256	(2)
Boundaries	258	(1)
Reparation	259	(1)
Lessons Learned	260	(1)
Conclusion	260	(2)
CHAPTER 14 Public Safety and Private Sector Responses to Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction	262	(29)
Vincent E. Henry and Douglas H. King
Introduction	265	(1)
Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Overview	266	(5)
Biological and Chemical Agents in Warfare and Terrorism	267	(3)
Nerve Agents	270	(1)
Blister or Vesicant Agents	270	(1)
Choking Agents	271	(1)
Biological Agents	271	(1)
Terrorism and the Use of Nuclear Material	272	(1)
First Responder Safety-Time, Distance, and Shielding	273	(3)
The Private Sector's Role	276	(2)
Policies and Procedures, Protocols and Plans	278	(7)
Conclusion	285	(6)
PART IV THE POLICE	291	(114)
CHAPTER 15 Advanced Technology, Enhanced Funding and Specialized Police Domestic Violence Programs in the Twenty-First Century	293	(20)
Albert R Roberts, Karel Kurst-Swanger, and Colleen O'Brien
Introduction	293	(4)
Law Enforcement Model Domestic Violence Training and Intervention Programs: A Prelude to Change	295	(2)
Future Training	297	(1)
Specialized Domestic Violence Units	297	(3)
Ann Arbor Police Department: Domestic Violence Enforcement Team	298	(1)
Austin Police Department: Austin/Travis County Family Violence Protection Team	298	(1)
Longview Police Department: Domestic Violence Impact Unit	299	(1)
The Role of Technology in a Coordinated Community Response	300	(2)
Cellular Phones	300	(1)
Electronic Monitoring	301	(1)
Online Police Information	302	(1)
Community Wide Intervention Programs	302	(1)
Model Police Departments	303	(4)
Duluth Police Department	304	(1)
Appleton Police Department	305	(1)
Seattle Police Department	305	(1)
Nashville Metropolitan Police Department	306	(1)
Colorado Springs Police Department	306	(1)
The Response of the Courts to Domestic Violence	307	(3)
Confidentiality of Identifying Information	308	(1)
Prosecuting Attorney's Office, City of Dover Police Department	309	(1)
Policies to Protect Women's Rights	309	(1)
Conclusion	310	(3)
CHAPTER 16 Research and Policies on Domestic Violence Complaints: The Present to the Future	313	(28)
Albert R. Roberts, Vincent E. Henry, and Stephen L. Ruland
Abstract	313	(1)
Introduction	313	(1)
Domestic Violence Statistics	314	(3)
Police Response to Domestic Violence in the Mid-1990's	317	(8)
Historical Overview	318	(1)
The Impact of Feminism	319	(1)
The Impact of Research	319	(3)
Research on Deterrent Effects of Arrest	322	(2)
Pro-arrest Policies	324	(1)
A Model Domestic Violence Intervention Program	325	(12)
Education	332	(1)
Collaboration	332	(1)
Enforcement	333	(1)
Prevention	334	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	337	(4)
CHAPTER 17 The Influence of Community in Community Policing in the Twenty-First Century	341	(13)
Michael J. Palmiotto
Abstract	341	(1)
Introduction	341	(2)
The Crime Problem	343	(3)
Community Defined	344	(1)
Community-Oriented Policing Philosophy	345	(1)
Policing in the Early Twenty-first Century	346	(3)
Community Influence	347	(1)
Citizen Police Academies	348	(1)
Community Advisory Councils	348	(1)
Civilian Oversight	349	(3)
Privatizing the Police	350	(1)
Terrorism and Community Policing	351	(1)
Conclusions	352	(2)
CHAPTER 18 A Police View: Domestic Violence	354	(13)
Martin L. O'Connor
Introduction	354	(1)
Historic Forces	354	(3)
The Social Landscape of the 1960's and 1970's	357	(3)
Legal Forces	360	(4)
Conclusion	364	(3)
CHAPTER 19 Current and Future Practices and Strategies for Managing Police Corruption and Integrity	367	(23)
Vincent E. Henry and Charles V. Campisi
Competing Views of Police Corruption	372	(1)
The History of Corruption in the NYPD	372	(9)
The Lexow Commission-1894	372	(1)
The Curran Committee-1913	373	(1)
The Seabury Investigation-1932	374	(1)
The Brooklyn Grand Jury Investigation-1954	374	(1)
The Knapp Commission-1970	375	(6)
The Mollen Commission-July 7, 1994
Compstat and Corruption Control	381	(5)
Conclusion	386	(4)
CHAPTER 20 Police Organizational Change: Strategies for Effective Police Management in the Twenty-First Century	390	(15)
Donna Hale and Todd Bricker
Abstract	390	(1)
Introduction	390	(2)
Incidents of Malfeasance	392	(2)
The Learning Organization: Concepts and Applications	394	(2)
The "Ripple Effect"	396	(1)
Recommendations	397	(3)
Conclusions	400	(5)
PART V LAW	405	(76)
CHAPTER 21 The United States Supreme Court and the Death Penalty: The Path to Abolition	407	(40)
Ken C. Haas
Abstract	407	(1)
Introduction	408	(1)
The Post-Gregg Years: 1976-1983	409	(4)
The Post-Gregg Years: 1983-2002	413	(13)
The Post-Gregg Years: 2002-2003	426	(3)
The Supreme Court and the Prospects for Abolishing Capital Punishment	429	(10)
Conclusions	439	(8)
CHAPTER 22 The Bill of Rights in the Twenty-First Century	447	(22)
Alexander B. Smith, Harriet Pollack, and Matthew Muraskin
Abstract	447	(1)
Introduction	448	(1)
The State of the Law as of the End of the Twentieth Century	449	(6)
First Amendment	449	(1)
Fourth Amendment	450	(1)
Fifth Amendment	451	(1)
Sixth Amendment	452	(1)
Eighth Amendment	453	(2)
New Issues for the Twenty-First Century	455	(11)
First Amendment	455	(3)
Fourth Amendment	458	(1)
Fifth Amendment	459	(2)
Sixth Amendment	461	(1)
Eighth Amendment	462	(4)
Criminal Justice Issues Not Related to the Bill of Rights	466	(1)
Conclusions	466	(3)
CHAPTER 23 A Critical Review of Civil Liberties and Their Impact on Citizens' Constitutional Rights: The U.S. Patriot Act vs. the Red Scare	469	(12)
Ramona Brockett and Jessica Duty
Abstract	469	(1)
History of the Birth of Civil Liberties and the Constitutional Right to Freedom	470	(2)
America's Fear of Communism Permits Its Citizens' Loss of Liberty	472	(1)
The Red Scare and the Loss of Citizens' Civil Liberties	473	(1)
The Right to Free Speech Vs. National Security	474	(1)
The U.S. Patriot Acts I and II	475	(3)
The Purpose of the U.S. Patriot Acts, Section 802 and Its Effect on the First and Fourth Amendments	475	(3)
Conclusion	478	(3)
PART VI CORRECTIONS	481	(72)
CHAPTER 24 HIV/AIDS and Correctional Populations in the Twenty-First Century: The Corrections Demonstration Project	483	(27)
Mark Lanier and Roberto Hugh Potter
Abstract	483	(1)
Introduction	483	(2)
Living with HIV and AIDS	485	(1)
Living in Prison and Jail	486	(1)
AIDS in Correctional Facilities	487	(3)
The "Known" Caveat	488	(1)
Returning to the Community	489	(1)
Unique Problems	490	(3)
Medical	490	(1)
Compounding Medical Problems	491	(1)
Psychological Stress	492	(1)
HIV/AIDS Medical Treatment	493	(4)
HIV/AIDS Treatment in Prison	495	(2)
Theoretical Models	497	(2)
Policy Recommendations	499	(3)
Case Management	499	(1)
Counseling	500	(1)
Health Services	500	(1)
Postrelease Services	500	(1)
Alternative Sanctions (Community Corrections)	501	(1)
Research Initiatives	502	(2)
Summary and Conclusion	504	(6)
CHAPTER 25 Sentencing in the Twenty-First Century: Sentence Enhancement and Life Without Parole	510	(18)
Etta F. Morgan and Robert Sigler
Abstract	510	(1)
Cycles in Orientation Toward the Sentencing of Criminal Offenders	511	(2)
Mediating Influences	513	(1)
Contemporary Practices	514	(2)
Habitual Offender Statutes	516	(2)
Sentence Enhancement	518	(1)
Restricted Housing	519	(1)
Determinate Sentences and Parole	520	(1)
Unintended Consequences	520	(1)
The Twenty-First Century	521	(7)
CHAPTER 26 An Introduction to Prison Privatization: Issues for the Twenty-First Century	528	(25)
Michael Hallett
Abstract	528	(1)
Commerce with Criminals: For-Profit Incarceration in American History	528	(1)
The Panopticon and Private Profit	529	(1)
Labor and Confinement: The Racial History of For-Profit Imprisonment in America	530	(2)
Contemporary Prison Privatization in America	532	(1)
Supply and Demand: Prison Overcrowding as Good Business	533	(1)
Current Scope of Prison Privatization	534	(2)
Themes in Today's Debate About Prison Privatization	536	(2)
The Cost Conundrum	536	(2)
Caveat Emptor: "Hidden Costs"	538	(2)
"Creaming," "Skimming," and "Cherry Picking"	540	(1)
"Free Market Competition" (Benefits) Vs. Service-Provider Captivity (Risks)	540	(2)
Contract and Monitoring Business	542	(1)
High Turnover	543	(1)
Legal Issues	544	(1)
Construction Costs of Prison Facilities	544	(1)
"Mass Imprisonment" and Prison Privatization	545	(2)
Conclusion: Moral, Racial, and Ethical Issues	547	(6)
PART VII TECHNOLOGY	553	(64)
CHAPTER 27 Criminal Justice and Forensic Science: Partners in Solving Crime	555	(12)
Etta F. Morgan
History of Forensic Science	557	(1)
Specialty Areas of Forensic Science	558	(3)
Admissability and Use of Forensic Evidence in Court	561	(2)
Some Additional Forensic Organizations	563	(1)
Conclusion	564	(3)
CHAPTER 28 Technoprison: Technology and Prisons	567	(20)
Janice Joseph
Introduction	567	(1)
Biometric Scanning	567	(3)
Finger Scanning	568	(1)
Eye Scanning	569	(1)
Hand Scanning/Hand Geometry	569	(1)
Facial Recognition	570	(1)
Illegal Activities Detection Technology	570	(3)
Illegal Drugs	571	(1)
Concealed Weapons	572	(1)
Heartbeat Detectors	572	(1)
Pulsed Radar	572	(1)
Smart Card	573	(1)
Electro-Shock Devices	574	(1)
Stun Belt	574	(1)
Electric-Stun/Lethal Fences	574	(1)
Verichip	575	(1)
Monitoring and Surveillance Technology	575	(2)
Perimeter Security Control	575	(1)
Control of Inmate Movement Inside Prison	576	(1)
Video Teleconferencing	577	(1)
Court Hearings	577	(1)
Prison Visits/Video Visiting	577	(1)
Telemedicine	578	(1)
Issues Regarding the Use of Technology	578	(1)
Usefulness	578	(1)
Constitutional Issues	579	(3)
Reliability and Accuracy	581	(1)
High Cost	582	(1)
Recommendations	582	(1)
Summary	583	(4)
CHAPTER 29 School Safety and the Use of Security Technology	587	(21)
Lawrence F Travis, III and Julie Kiernan Coon
Abstract	587	(1)
Introduction	587	(3)
Efforts to Create Safer Schools	590	(11)
What Are Security Technologies?	590	(1)
Benefits of Security Technologies	591	(1)
Detriments of Security Technologies	592	(1)
Potential Barriers to Adopting Security Technologies	593	(1)
Survey of Schools	594	(1)
Limitations of the Current Study	595	(2)
Findings	597	(2)
School Characteristics that may be Associated with Technology Adoption	599	(2)
Bivariate Relationships	601	(3)
Multivariate Equation	603	(1)
Conclusion	604	(4)
CHAPTER 30 The Technoeconomic Revolution: Reengineering Criminal Justice Organizations and Workplaces	608	(9)
Rosemary Gido
Abstract	608	(1)
Introduction	608	(1)
Workforce Issues for the Decade	609	(2)
Information Technology and Workplace Organization	611	(1)
Twenty-First Century Workforce Trends: Personnel Dilemmas for Criminal Justice Organizations and Workplaces	611	(1)
Barriers to Criminal Justice Organizational Change	612	(1)
Reactivity and Inertia	612	(1)
Gender and Racial Barriers	612	(1)
Emerging Models of Criminal Justice Organizational Change	613	(1)
Community Policing	613	(1)
Conclusions	614	(3)
PART VIII GENDER, DIVERSITY AND THE LAW	617	(68)
CHAPTER 31 Women and the Law: An Agenda for Change	619	(13)
Roslyn Muraskin and Martin L. O'Connor
Abstract	619	(1)
Introduction	620	(2)
History	622	(1)
Sexual Harassment	623	(3)
The Need for a National Commitment to End Violence Against Women	626	(2)
Summary	628	(1)
Agenda for Change	629	(3)
CHAPTER 32 The New Millennium: Women in Policing in the Twenty-First Century	632	(20)
Donna C. Hale and Mark Lanier
Abstract	632	(1)
Introduction	632	(2)
Methodology: Students' Perceptions of Women in U.S. Policing	634	(1)
Findings	635	(6)
Graduate Students Examination of Women in American Policing	638	(3)
Discussion	641	(2)
Implications	643	(2)
In the Classroom	643	(1)
Use of the Media in the Classroom	644	(1)
Conclusions	645	(3)
Acknowledgements	648	(4)
CHAPTER 33 The Administration of Justice Based on Gender and Race	652	(18)
Etta F. Morgan
A Theoretical Beginning	652	(2)
The Pathway to Civil Rights and Affirmative Action	654	(3)
The Administration of Law	657	(3)
Female Criminality	660	(1)
Extralegal Factors	660	(6)
Gender	660	(2)
Race	662	(2)
The Future	664	(2)
Conclusion	666	(4)
CHAPTER 34 Criminal Justice Personnel in the Twenty-First Century: The Importance of Diversity	670	(15)
Becky Tatum
Abstract	670	(1)
Introduction	670	(1)
What is Diversity	671	(1)
Diversity in Law Enforcement	672	(2)
Diversity in the Court System	674	(3)
Extant Research	676	(1)
Diversity in Corrections	677	(1)
Diversity in Criminal Justice Education and Research	678	(1)
Recommendations for Achieving and Maintaining Diversity	679	(6)
PART IX CONCLUSIONS/SUMMING UP!	685	(5)
CHAPTER 35 The Future is Now: Summing Up	687	(3)
Roslyn Muraskin
Index	690

Excerpts

It is an accepted fact that in the field of criminal justice, the courts dispense justice. The crime challenges that face us in the twenty-first century appear to be as serious as they were in previous centuries but probably more so because of the use of advanced technology that has turned our world into a "global village:" The dimensions of the crime scene have changed. It is vital to blend research with creativity to shape a vision for the future, a vision that moves of well beyond the status quo. This fourth edition ofVisions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Centuryis a representation of all changes reflective in this new century. This work has added many new chapters and has updated all other chapters. Each chapter inVisions for Changeexamines the most promising and reform-oriented policies, programs, and technological advances necessary for this new century. The text reads as a "who's who in criminal justice." We review contemporary issues, including that of terrorism that has touched us since September 11, 2001, as well as advanced uses of technology. The area of law has had to adapt to the changes in this "new world" we live in relative to reducing the rights of citizens to a certain extent. All issues, including gender and race, which continue to be a serious problem within the criminal justice system, are examined with the most up-to-date research available. The development of juvenile justice laws has grown in the last 100 years; gangs seem to be an ever-growing population, not yet controlled; and the media continue to misrepresent the criminal justice system, forever giving us headlines that are meant to "terrorize" rather than necessarily represent the true picture. The problem of drugs continues to haunt us, and we look to alternatives in treatment. A new crime, that of identity theft, has evolved. An identity thief needs only one thing--a Social Security number; with it, the thief can decimate a victim's life and credit. Deterioration of the family and other social control institutions do not help as we examine the laws regarding obscenity and pornography. The current state of justice administration continues to pose very fundamental challenges as examined in this work. Terrorism, a word that once was unthinkable in this country, is very much on the minds of all Americans. The war on terror in the wake of what occurred on September 11, 2001, on what was to be a regular working day for nearly 3,000 people, has assumed a new timbre not only in the homeland but around the world. The types of anti-terrorism legislation that has been and will be adopted in nations around the world are similar to those that were once thought to be useful in repressive states, including the criminalization of peaceful demonstrations, security with a new focus on asylum seekers, and the detainment of individuals without a trial, reminiscent of the days when we "incarcerated" Japanese Americans in concentration-like camps at the start of World War II. What of corporate security, and how are we dealing with this type of activity? It's all new to us, yet we must be prepared to act quickly. Law enforcement still faces problems today. We recognize that community policing as envisioned may not be the solution that we once thought. We still deal with problems of domestic violence as well as current practices toward the managing of corruption in our own police departments. There is a cry for organizational changes; the use of excessive force is noted in many a police department. The death penalty is still with although the former governor of Illinois declared the death penalty to be null and void finding that nearly 100 persons on death row were innocent of their crimes or were not as "guilty" as believed. The prediction is that by 2050, there will no longer be in place the death penalty because Americans and the courts themselves will find that through the proper use of tec