Vitamin Analysis for the Health and Food Sciences, Second Edition

by Eitenmiller; Ronald R.

• ISBN13: 9780849397714
• ISBN10: 0849397715
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-12-07
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Employing a uniform, easy-to-use format, Vitamin Analysis for the Health and Food Sciences, Second Edition provides the most current information on the methods of vitamin analysis applicable to foods, supplements, and pharmaceuticals. Highlighting the rapid advancement of vitamin assay methodology, this edition emphasizes the use of improved and sophisticated instrumentation including the recent applications and impact of the widely adopted LC-MS. Designed as a bench reference, this volume gives you the tools to make efficient and correct decisions regarding the appropriate analytical approach--saving time and effort in the lab.Each chapter is devoted to a particular vitamin and begins with a brief review of its uniqueness and its role in metabolism. The authors stress a thorough understanding of the chemistry of each compound in order to effectively analyze it and to this end provide the chemical structure and nomenclature of each vitamin, along with tabular information on spectral properties. They supply extensive insight into practical problem-solving including an awareness of the stability of vitamins and their extraction from different biological matrices. All information is heavily documented with the latest scientific papers and organized into easily read tables covering topics necessary for accurate analytical results.After presenting the chemistry and biochemistry of the vitamin, each chapter details the commonly used analytical and regulatory methods. A summary table gives at-a-glance information on many of these sources, as well as several of the AOAC International Methods. In addition the authors apply their extensive experience in the field to create a critical, interpretive review of the advanced methods of vitamin analysis with sufficient detail to be a valuable guide to cutting-edge methodology.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Authors	p. xv
List of Abbreviations	p. xvii
Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamin A and carotenoids	p. 3
Review	p. 3
Properties	p. 8
Chemistry	p. 8
General properties	p. 8
Spectral properties	p. 14
Stability	p. 16
Bioavailability	p. 23
Methods	p. 23
The Carr-Price colorimetric method	p. 27
Advances in vitamin A and carotenoid analysis	p. 28
Spectroscopic methods	p. 28
High performance liquid chromatography	p. 28
Method applications	p. 59
Vitamin A and other retinoids	p. 59
Carotenoids	p. 61
Method protocols	p. 65
References	p. 68
Vitamin D	p. 83
Review	p. 83
Properties	p. 86
Chemistry	p. 86
General properties	p. 86
Spectral properties	p. 86
Stability	p. 86
Bioavailability	p. 90
Methods	p. 90
General approach	p. 90
Regulatory and handbook methods	p. 91
AOAC International	p. 94
European Committee for Standardization	p. 95
International Dairy Federation	p. 95
High performance liquid chromatography	p. 95
Extraction procedures for analysis of vitamin D by liquid chromatography	p. 95
Chromatography parameters	p. 104
Internal standards	p. 107
Method protocols	p. 107
References	p. 112
Vitamin E: tocopherols and tocotrienols	p. 119
Review	p. 119
Properties	p. 125
Chemistry	p. 125
General properties	p. 125
Nomenclature rules	p. 127
Spectral properties	p. 131
Stability	p. 131
Biological activity	p. 133
Methods	p. 135
General approach	p. 135
Regulatory and handbook methods	p. 136
AOAC International	p. 136
American Oil Chemists Society	p. 140
European Committee for Standardization	p. 141
Advances in analysis of the tocopherols and tocotrienols	p. 141
Gas chromatography	p. 141
High-performance liquid chromatography	p. 142
Method protocols	p. 177
References	p. 179
Vitamin K	p. 193
Review	p. 193
Properties	p. 197
Chemistry	p. 197
General properties	p. 197
Spectral properties	p. 198
Stability	p. 200
Methods	p. 200
General approach	p. 200
Regulatory and handbook methods	p. 202
Advances in analysis of vitamin K	p. 205
Spectroscopic and electrochemical methods	p. 205
High performance liquid chromatography	p. 205
Method protocols	p. 218
References	p. 222
Water-soluble vitamins
Ascorbic acid: vitamin C	p. 231
Review	p. 231
Properties	p. 236
Chemistry	p. 236
General properties	p. 236
Spectral properties	p. 239
Stability	p. 239
Methods	p. 240
Extraction procedures	p. 240
Classical approaches to vitamin C analysis	p. 243
Oxidation-reduction methods	p. 243
Derivatization methods	p. 246
Enzymatic methods	p. 248
Advances in the analysis of vitamin C	p. 249
Spectroscopic and electrochemical detection combined with flow injection and sequential injection analysis	p. 249
Capillary electrophoresis	p. 250
Liquid chromatography	p. 251
Status of vitamin C analysis	p. 273
Method protocols	p. 274
References	p. 280
Thiamin	p. 291
Review	p. 291
Properties	p. 294
Chemistry	p. 294
General properties	p. 294
Spectral properties	p. 295
Stability	p. 297
Methods	p. 298
Classical approaches to analysis of thiamin	p. 298
Chemical	p. 298
Microbiological	p. 303
Advances in the analysis of thiamin	p. 304
Spectroscopic, electrochemical, and capillary electrophoretic methods	p. 304
Liquid chromatography	p. 304
Method protocols	p. 316
References	p. 318
Riboflavin	p. 325
Review	p. 325
Properties	p. 329
Chemistry	p. 329
General properties	p. 329
Spectral properties	p. 330
Stability	p. 330
Methods	p. 334
Classical approaches to analysis of riboflavin	p. 334
Fluorometric	p. 334
Microbiological	p. 339
Advances in the analysis of riboflavin	p. 340
Spectroscopic methods	p. 340
Capillary electrophoresis	p. 340
Liquid chromatography	p. 340
Method protocols	p. 353
References	p. 354
Niacin	p. 361
Review	p. 361
Properties	p. 363
Chemistry	p. 363
General properties	p. 365
Spectral properties	p. 365
Stability	p. 366
Bioavailability	p. 368
Methods	p. 370
Chemical	p. 370
Sample preparation	p. 370
Microbiological	p. 375
Advances in the analysis of niacin	p. 376
Capillary electrophoresis, chemiluminescence, and mass spectrometry	p. 376
High performance liquid chromatography	p. 376
Method protocols	p. 386
References	p. 394
Vitamin B[subscript 6]	p. 401
Review	p. 401
Properties	p. 403
Chemistry	p. 403
General properties	p. 403
Spectral properties	p. 408
Stability	p. 408
Bioavailability	p. 409
Methods	p. 411
Microbiological	p. 411
Advances in the analysis of vitamin B[subscript 6]	p. 414
Spectroscopic, electrochemical, and capillary electrophoresis methods	p. 414
Liquid chromatography	p. 414
Method protocols	p. 430
References	p. 435
Folate and folic acid	p. 443
Review	p. 443
Properties	p. 447
Chemistry	p. 447
General properties	p. 447
Spectral properties	p. 453
Stability	p. 453
Bioavailability	p. 456
The [mu]g dietary folate equivalents	p. 457
Methods	p. 457
Microbiological	p. 459
Folate assay organisms	p. 459
Extraction procedures	p. 460
Modification of traditional microbiological assays for folate	p. 464
Recommendations for the microbiological assay of folate	p. 464
AOAC International Official methods	p. 468
Ligand-binding assays	p. 469
Advances in the analysis of folate and folic acid	p. 471
High performance liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry	p. 471
Optical biosensor-based immunoassays	p. 490
Status of folic acid and folate analysis	p. 491
Method protocols	p. 491
References	p. 493
Vitamin B[subscript 12]	p. 507
Review	p. 507
Properties	p. 511
Chemistry	p. 511
General properties	p. 511
Spectral properties	p. 514
Stability	p. 514
Bioavailability	p. 515
Methods	p. 515
AOAC International methods (Lactobacillus delbrueckii)	p. 515
Radio-ligand binding assays	p. 518
Advances in the analysis of vitamin B[subscript 12]	p. 520
Spectroscopic and chemiluminescence methods	p. 520
Capillary electrophoresis	p. 521
High performance liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry	p. 521
Optical biosensor protein-binding assay	p. 528
Method protocols	p. 528
References	p. 530
Biotin	p. 535
Review	p. 536
Properties	p. 536
Chemistry	p. 536
General properties	p. 539
Spectral properties	p. 540
Stability	p. 540
Bioavailability	p. 542
Methods	p. 542
Microbiological methods	p. 543
Avidin-binding assays	p. 544
Advances in analysis of biotin	p. 545
Liquid chromatography	p. 545
Optical biosensor-based immunoassays	p. 554
References	p. 554
Pantothenic acid	p. 561
Review	p. 561
Properties	p. 564
Chemistry	p. 564
General properties	p. 564
Spectral properties	p. 566
Stability	p. 566
Bioavailability	p. 567
Methods	p. 568
Microbiological assay of pantothenic acid	p. 568
Radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay	p. 570
Advances in the analysis of pantothenic acid	p. 570
Capillary electrophoresis	p. 574
Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry	p. 574
Liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry	p. 574
Optical biosensor immunoassay	p. 576
References	p. 576
Multianalyte methods for analysis of the fat- and water-soluble vitamins	p. 583
Fat-soluble vitamins	p. 583
Butter, margarine, and fats and oils	p. 584
Milk and infant formula	p. 598
Pharmaceuticals	p. 602
Serum and tissues	p. 603
Water-soluble vitamins	p. 607
Extraction procedures for multianalyte methods	p. 607
Extractions suitable for the simultaneous analysis of thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin B[subscript 6]	p. 615
Milk and infant formulas	p. 615
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods for multi-water-soluble vitamin analysis	p. 616
Multivitamins and premixes	p. 618
References	p. 621
Index	p. 629
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