Voice and Data Communications Handbook

by Bates, Regis J. Bud; Gregory, Donald W.

• ISBN13: 9780072131888
• ISBN10: 0072131888
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-07-25
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media

Summary

Once again, Bud Bates brings you the most comprehensive and definitive reference covering the latest in networking and telecommunications technologies. Updated to cover wireless protocols, optical networking, and high-speed broadband services this easy-to-understand resource contains comprehensive coverage of this fast-growing industry. Learn everything from basic concepts to practical implementation techniques--all presented in a straightforward and jargon-free style.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	v
Introduction	xxiv
Format	xxv
The History of Telecommunications	1	(18)
Who Really Invented the Telephone?	2	(1)
Evolution of the Telecommunications Industry	3	(2)
The First Telephone Companies Formed	5	(1)
The Regulatory Scene	5	(2)
Hush-a-Phone	7	(1)
The Introduction of Competition	8	(1)
The Divestiture Agreement	8	(3)
Tariffs	11	(1)
The Telecom Act of 1996	12	(4)
The Canadian Marketplace	16	(1)
Questions	17	(2)
Voice Characteristics	19	(12)
The Medium	20	(1)
Sound	20	(4)
What Is Bandwidth?	24	(3)
Voices	27	(1)
Other Services	28	(1)
Questions	29	(2)
The Telephone Network	31	(22)
A Topology of Connections Is Used	32	(2)
The Local Loop	34	(2)
The Network Hierarchy (Pre-1984)	36	(3)
The Network Hierarchy (Post-1984)	39	(2)
The Public-Switched Network	41	(1)
The North American Numbering Plan	41	(1)
The Area Code	42	(1)
The Exchange Code	43	(1)
The Subscriber Extension	43	(1)
Private Networks	44	(1)
Hybrid Networks	45	(1)
Local Access and Transport Areas (LATAs)	46	(1)
Wiring Connections: Hooking Things Up	47	(1)
Types of Communications	48	(1)
One-Way (Simplex)	48	(1)
Two-Way Alternating (Half Duplex)	48	(1)
Two-Way Simultaneous (Duplex or Full Duplex)	49	(1)
Equipment	49	(1)
Questions	50	(3)
The Telephone Set	53	(24)
The Function of the Telephone Set	55	(3)
The Pieces	58	(13)
The Base	58	(1)
The Handset	59	(2)
The Transmitter	61	(1)
The Receiver	62	(1)
The Connector or the Handset Cord	63	(1)
The Inside of the Telephone	64	(1)
The Switchhook	65	(1)
The Dial Pad	66	(4)
The Ringer	70	(1)
Tip and Ring	71	(1)
Newer Sets	71	(4)
Speed Dialing	72	(1)
Call Hold	73	(1)
Call Transfer	73	(1)
Conference Call	73	(1)
Redial Last Number	74	(1)
Built-in Speakerphone	74	(1)
Hands-Free Dialing	74	(1)
Displays	75	(1)
Questions	75	(2)
Analog Versus Digital Communications	77	(16)
Analog Transmission Systems	78	(6)
Analog-to-Digital Conversion	84	(2)
Digital Signaling	86	(3)
Digital Data in an Analog World	89	(2)
Questions	91	(2)
Carriers	93	(42)
Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers	93	(22)
Local Dial Tone (Single-Line and Party Line) Service	96	(1)
Centrex Service	97	(2)
Business Service (Direct Inward Dial and Direct Outward Dial Lines and Trunks)	99	(1)
Residential Service	99	(2)
Local Calling Services	101	(1)
Pay Phone Service	101	(2)
Private Lines and TIE Lines	103	(2)
Foreign Exchange Service	105	(2)
WATS (Intrastate, Intra-LATA)	107	(4)
800/888/877/866 Service	111	(1)
Directory Services	112	(1)
Off-Premises Extensions	113	(2)
Access to Interexchange Carriers (Equal Access)	115	(1)
Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs)	115	(2)
Data Local Exchange Carriers (DLEC)	117	(1)
Interexchange Carriers (IEC/IXC)	118	(11)
Switched Long Distance (DDD)	118	(1)
Credit Card Service (Calling Card Service)	119	(2)
WATS Service	121	(3)
800/888/877/866 and 900 Service Offerings	124	(1)
International Access	125	(1)
Foreign Exchange Service	126	(1)
Off-Premises Extensions (OPXs)	127	(1)
Operator/Directory Assistance	128	(1)
Remote Call Forwarding (RCF)	129	(1)
Competitive Access Providers	129	(2)
Questions	131	(4)
Lines and Trunks	135	(18)
Lines	136	(1)
Trunks	137	(1)
Comparisons	138	(1)
Common Configurations	139	(9)
DID	139	(2)
DOD	141	(1)
FX	141	(2)
OPX	143	(1)
TIE Lines	144	(2)
E&M	146	(2)
Signaling	148	(1)
WATS	149	(1)
Private Line	149	(2)
Questions	151	(2)
Traffic Engineering Calculations	153	(22)
Traffic Engineering Studies	153	(3)
Where Can the Information Be Obtained?	156	(1)
Accomplishing the Mission	157	(2)
Using the Information	159	(13)
Gather the Data	159	(1)
Convert the Data to Daily or Hourly Usage	160	(3)
Choose the Appropriate Tool	163	(1)
Poisson Distribution	163	(1)
Determine the Grade of Service Desired	164	(2)
Erlang Distribution	166	(6)
Questions	172	(3)
Equipment: Private Branch Exchanges	175	(18)
Private Branch Exchange (PBX)	175	(6)
Analog Systems	181	(1)
Digital PBX	182	(5)
Central Office Centrex	187	(3)
Centrex Service	188	(2)
Peripheral Devices	190	(1)
Questions	191	(2)
Key Telephone Systems	193	(20)
Why Key Systems?	197	(6)
Features on Sets for Key System Vendor Interfaces	203	(1)
Innovations in the Key Telephone Systems---IP Telephones	204	(3)
The Vendor Proposal	207	(1)
Questions	208	(5)
Voice Processing	213	(30)
Interactive Voice Response	214	(1)
Control Alternatives: Touch-Tone or Voice Recognition	214	(1)
Voice Dialing	215	(1)
Automated Attendant	216	(5)
A Few Important Points Not Directly Illustrated in the Dialogue	221	(1)
Automatic Call Distributor	222	(9)
Voice Mail	231	(6)
Interactive Voice Response	237	(4)
Questions	241	(2)
Computer-to-Telephony Integration (CTI)	243	(26)
Other Applications	247	(4)
Why All the Hype?	251	(2)
Linking Computers and Communications	253	(3)
Unified Messaging Services	255	(1)
The Technology Advancement	256	(1)
The Final Bond	257	(2)
Technology Enhancements	259	(2)
Other Technologies	261	(4)
Automated Attendant	262	(1)
Integrated Voice Recognition and Response	263	(1)
Fax-Back and Fax Processing	263	(1)
Text to Speech and Speech to Text	264	(1)
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)	265	(1)
Questions	265	(4)
Data Communications	269	(44)
Concepts	270	(3)
Architectures	273	(1)
Protocols	274	(1)
Transmission Protocols (Synchronous Versus Asynchronous)	274	(5)
Error Detection	279	(1)
Parity Bit/Vertical Redundancy Checking (VRC)	280	(2)
Longitudinal Redundancy Checking (LRC)	282	(2)
Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC)	284	(2)
Plexes-Communications Channel Directions	286	(3)
One-Way (Simplex)	286	(1)
Two-Way Alternating (Half Duplex)	287	(1)
Two-Way Simultaneous (Duplex) or Full Duplex	288	(1)
Compression	289	(4)
Multiplexing	293	(5)
SDM	294	(1)
FDM	295	(1)
TDM	295	(3)
Codes	298	(5)
ASCII	299	(2)
Extended ASCII	301	(1)
EBCDIC	301	(2)
Unicode	303	(1)
Modulation	303	(5)
Amplitude Modulation (AM)	303	(1)
Frequency Modulation (FM)	304	(1)
Phase Modulation	305	(1)
QAM	306	(1)
V.90 Modems	307	(1)
Devices	308	(1)
DTE versus DCE	308	(1)
Categories and Examples of DTEs	309	(1)
Questions	309	(4)
T1 and the T Carrier	313	(44)
Evolution of the T-Carrier System	313	(40)
Analog Transmission Basics	314	(3)
The Evolution to Digital	317	(3)
Analog-to-Digital Conversion	320	(4)
The Movement to End Users	324	(1)
T1 Basics	325	(10)
Digital Capacities	335	(3)
Signaling	338	(1)
Clocking (Network Synchronization)	339	(1)
Bit Synchronization	340	(1)
Time Slot	340	(1)
Frame Synchronization	341	(1)
Potential Synchronization Problems	341	(1)
Performance Issues	342	(1)
D3/D4 Framing	343	(1)
Maintenance Issues	344	(1)
Error Detection	345	(1)
Errors of Omission/Commission	346	(1)
ESF---A Step to Correct the Problem	347	(3)
Framing	350	(1)
CRC-6	350	(1)
The Facility Data Link	351	(1)
Benefits of ESF	351	(1)
Problems with ESF	352	(1)
Questions	353	(4)
The Open Systems Interconnect Model (OSI)	357	(42)
Other Network Architectures	381	(1)
SNA	382	(1)
SNA Components	383	(1)
The SSCP	384	(1)
The Physical Unit	385	(1)
The Logical Unit	386	(3)
Digital Network Architecture (DNA)	389	(1)
Internet Protocols (TCP/IP)	390	(1)
IP	391	(2)
TCP	393	(1)
Questions	394	(5)
The Internet	399	(38)
A Little History	400	(4)
Structure (Who's at the Center---and Why)	404	(1)
Why the Hype?	405	(2)
Everybody as a Publisher	407	(2)
Commercial Opportunity?	409	(1)
Spam	410	(1)
Web Advertising	411	(1)
Web Site	412	(5)
Protocols	417	(3)
Naming Standards	420	(2)
Gaining Access	422	(3)
Internet Futures	425	(1)
Voice over the Internet	426	(2)
Voice over the Internet Protocol (VolP)	428	(2)
Quality of Service	430	(3)
Questions	433	(4)
Remote Access and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)	437	(24)
Components of the VPN	441	(2)
Remote Access	443	(1)
The Pressure Is On	444	(1)
Remote Access Defined	445	(3)
Security Issues	448	(9)
PAP and CHAP as Part of the PPP	451	(1)
L2TP Recommended by Microsoft and Others	451	(6)
Questions	457	(4)
Intranet	461	(26)
Issues	464	(1)
The Architecture	465	(3)
Accessing the Network	468	(3)
Intranet: The Logical Evolution	471	(2)
Is It for Everyone?	473	(1)
The Full-Service Intranet	474	(3)
Applications	477	(1)
Getting There from Here	478	(3)
Other Issues	481	(1)
Questions	482	(5)
Packet Switching Technologies (X.25)	487	(36)
Data Communications Problems	488	(1)
The Data Communications Review	489	(1)
Packet Switching Defined	490	(6)
What Is Packet Switching?	490	(1)
The Packet Switching Analogy	491	(5)
The Pocket Concept	496	(1)
Overhead	496	(3)
Summary of Packet Format	499	(1)
The Packet Network	499	(1)
The User Connection	499	(1)
Benefits of Packets	499	(8)
Other Benefits	507	(2)
Advantages of Packet Switching	509	(2)
Other Components of Packet Switching	511	(3)
The X.25 Numbering Plan	514	(1)
Applications for X.25 Services	514	(3)
Other Forms of Packets	517	(2)
Questions	519	(4)
Local Area Networks (LANs)	523	(44)
What Are LANs?	523	(5)
High Communications Speed	525	(1)
Very Low Error Rate	526	(1)
Geographic Boundaries	526	(1)
Single Cable System or Medium for Multiple Attached Devices	527	(1)
A LAN by Another Name	528	(1)
What Do Users of LANs See When They Use the Network?	528	(1)
Why Are They Used?	529	(7)
Performance	529	(1)
Wiring	530	(4)
Shared Resources	534	(2)
Distributed Systems	536	(1)
Client/Server Architecture	536	(1)
Scalability	537	(1)
How They Work	538	(5)
Node Configuration Elements	539	(1)
LAN Software for LAN Nodes	540	(1)
LAN Network Interface Cards	541	(2)
Topologies	543	(8)
Physical Topologies	544	(3)
Logical Topologies	547	(2)
Mixed Topologies---The Real World	549	(2)
Internetworking	551	(2)
Repeaters	552	(1)
Bridges	552	(1)
Routers	553	(1)
Gateways	553	(1)
LAN Switching versus Nonswitched	553	(9)
Questions	562	(5)
Ethernet	567	(48)
Concepts	568	(8)
Bus---CSMA/CD	568	(3)
Half Duplex	571	(1)
Bandwidth	572	(1)
Destination Address	573	(1)
Source Address	573	(1)
Length	574	(1)
Data	575	(1)
CRC	575	(1)
Components	576	(35)
10Base5	576	(6)
10Base2	582	(5)
10Base-T	587	(2)
10Base-F (Fiber)	589	(1)
10Broad36	590	(2)
Fast Ethernet	592	(10)
Virtual LANs	602	(1)
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs	603	(8)
Questions	611	(4)
Token Ring LANs	615	(30)
Token Rings	615	(1)
The IBM Token Concept	616	(1)
Initial Layout	617	(1)
Problems Encountered	618	(2)
Lack of Power	618	(1)
Lack of Connection	618	(1)
Constant Changes	619	(1)
The Solution to Physical Problems	620	(3)
Cable Types Used	623	(3)
Speeds	626	(1)
Media Access Control Layer	627	(1)
The Types of Frame	628	(8)
The Token	629	(3)
The Abort Sequence	632	(1)
The Data Frame	632	(4)
Case Example	636	(6)
Questions	642	(3)
Baseband versus Broadband	645	(24)
Baseband and Broadband	646	(1)
Motivations Driving the LAN Decision	647	(6)
Data Rates	648	(1)
Interconnection	648	(1)
Integrated Resources	649	(2)
Compatibility Issues	651	(1)
Cost Implications	651	(2)
The PBX	653	(1)
Baseband Cable Systems	654	(4)
Baseband Is Cheaper Than Broadband and PBX Solutions	656	(1)
Baseband Is a Very Scalable LAN Service	656	(1)
Baseband Is Highly Efficient	656	(2)
Broadband Cable Systems	658	(8)
Baseband versus Broadband	666	(1)
Questions	667	(2)
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)	669	(24)
FDDI Design	670	(4)
FDDI Configuration	674	(3)
FDDI on the OSI Model	677	(3)
The FDDI Frame	680	(3)
Synchronization	683	(1)
FDDI Applications	683	(4)
Encapsulating Bridges	686	(1)
Translating Bridges	686	(1)
FDDI in the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)	687	(1)
FDDI Recovery	688	(1)
FDDI-II	689	(1)
Questions	690	(3)
Switched Multimegabit Data Services (SMDS)	693	(26)
What Is SMDS?	694	(3)
The Local Environment	697	(2)
Technology Used in SMDS	699	(1)
The SMDS Goal	699	(1)
Access Rates to SMDS	700	(1)
Accessing the MAN	701	(2)
The IEEE 802.6 Architecture	703	(1)
The DQDB Architecture	704	(3)
The MAN Access Unit	707	(2)
The Data Handling	709	(1)
Segmentation and Reassembly	709	(2)
The SMDS Data Unit	711	(3)
SMDS in a LAN Environment	714	(1)
Information Throughput	715	(1)
Questions	716	(3)
Frame Relay	719	(28)
What Is Frame Relay?	720	(1)
Why Was Frame Relay Developed?	721	(1)
The Significance of Frame Relay	722	(2)
Comparing Frame Relay to Other Services	724	(4)
TDM Circuit Switching	724	(1)
X.25 Packet Switching	725	(3)
Frame Relay Speeds	728	(2)
Guaranteed Delivery	730	(2)
Advantages of Frame Relay Services	732	(1)
Increased Utilization and Efficiency	732	(1)
Savings Through Network Consolidations	732	(1)
Improved Network Up-Time	732	(1)
Improvements in Response Time	733	(1)
Easily Modifiable and Fast Growth	733	(1)
Standards-Based	733	(1)
Services Available	733	(1)
TCP/IP and Novell IPX/SPX	734	(1)
CCITT X.25 Protocol	734	(1)
Facsimile (CCITT Group III or IV) Traffic	734	(1)
The Major Players	734	(3)
Others	735	(2)
What the Standards State	737	(3)
The Basic Data Flow	737	(2)
Interface Signaling for Control	739	(1)
Internal Networking	740	(1)
Voice over Frame Relay	740	(2)
International	742	(1)
Advantages	743	(1)
Disadvantages	743	(1)
Questions	744	(3)
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)	747	(28)
ISDN Defined	748	(2)
Who Is Making the Rules?	750	(1)
Why Do We Need ISDN?	751	(2)
The Overall ISDN Concept	753	(2)
Telegraph	754	(1)
Telephone	754	(1)
Telex	754	(1)
Data Communications	755	(1)
Packet Switching	755	(1)
Integration	755	(1)
The ISDN Architecture	756	(1)
Physical View	756	(3)
Logical View	759	(9)
Circuit Mode Services	760	(1)
Packet Mode Services	761	(2)
Application Services	763	(1)
The Exchange Carrier Networks	764	(1)
The Interexchange Network	765	(2)
The Premises Network	767	(1)
Basic Operating Characteristics	768	(1)
Bearer Services	769	(2)
Questions	771	(4)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)	775	(24)
What Is ATM?	776	(1)
Broadband Communications	777	(1)
The Cell Concept	778	(1)
The Importance of Cells	778	(2)
Deriving Bandwidth	780	(1)
Cell Sizes and Formats	780	(2)
General Flow Control Identifier	780	(1)
Virtual path Identifier	781	(1)
Virtual Channel Identifier	781	(1)
Payload Type	781	(1)
Cell-Loss Priority	782	(1)
Header Error Control	782	(1)
The Cell Format for User Data	782	(1)
The Adaptation Layer	782	(3)
ATM Standards Protocols	785	(6)
ITU	785	(2)
Rates	787	(1)
ANSI	788	(1)
ATM Forum	789	(1)
Switches	789	(1)
Public Switches	790	(1)
LAN to LAN via ATM	791	(1)
ATM and Frame Relay Compared	791	(4)
Network Interworking	792	(2)
Service Interworking Functions	794	(1)
Questions	795	(4)
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)	799	(22)
What Is xDSL?	800	(1)
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)	801	(1)
ADSL Capabilities	801	(1)
Modem Technologies	802	(7)
ISDN-Like Digital Subscriber Line (IDSL)	802	(1)
High-Bit-Rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)	803	(3)
Symmetric or Single Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL)	806	(1)
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)	806	(1)
Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)	806	(1)
Consumer Digital Subscriber Line (CDSL)	807	(1)
Very High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)	807	(1)
Single-Pair High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line (SHDSL)	808	(1)
The Hype of DSL Technologies	809	(1)
xDSL Coding Techniques	809	(4)
Discreet Multitone (DMT) Modulation	810	(1)
Using DMT for the Universal ADSL Service (G.Lite)	810	(2)
Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP) Modulation	812	(1)
Comments on Deployment	813	(1)
Voice over DSL	813	(2)
VoATM over DSL	815	(3)
ATM Suitability for Voice Traffic	815	(2)
VoATM and DSL	817	(1)
Questions	818	(3)
Cable Modern Systems and Technology	821	(16)
The Ethernet Cable	822	(2)
Cable TV Technology	824	(1)
The New Market	825	(1)
System Upgrades	826	(1)
Cable Modems	827	(2)
Standards	829	(1)
Return Path	830	(1)
Applications	831	(1)
The Combined Corporate and End-User Networking Strategies	831	(1)
Security on CATV	832	(1)
Questions	833	(4)
Signaling System 7 (SS7)	837	(22)
Evolution of Signaling Systems	838	(1)
Pre-SS7	838	(1)
Introduction to SS7	839	(1)
Purpose of the SS7 Network	840	(1)
What Is Out-of-Band Signaling?	841	(1)
Why Out-of-Band Signaling?	842	(1)
The SS7 Network Architecture	843	(1)
SS7 Interconnection	844	(1)
Basic Functions of the SS7 Network	845	(1)
Signaling Links	845	(5)
The Link Architecture	848	(1)
Links and Linksets	849	(1)
Combined Linksets	849	(1)
Routes and Routesets	850	(1)
SS7 Protocol Stack	851	(2)
Basic Call Setup with ISDN User Part (ISUP)	853	(1)
SS7 Applications	854	(1)
Questions	855	(4)
Local Number Portability (LNP)	859	(24)
The Three Phases of LNP	860	(1)
LNP for Cellular and PCS Suppliers	861	(2)
Cellular Providers	861	(1)
Personal Communications Services (PCS) and Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR) and Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR) Providers	862	(1)
LNP Differences	863	(1)
What's It All About, Anyway?	864	(1)
Where's the Money?	865	(1)
The Wireless Carriers' Decision	866	(1)
Basic LNP Networks	867	(1)
LNP Services Administration	868	(1)
Location Routing Number (LRN)	868	(2)
LNP Impact on Routing and Rating	870	(1)
Demand for LNP	870	(1)
LNP Operations, Administration, and Maintenance Impacts	871	(1)
Scenarios	872	(3)
Wireless and Wireline E-911	875	(1)
The Ultimate Goal---2001	876	(1)
Benefits of Using LNP and Roaming Capabilities	877	(3)
Incoming Calls to an Idle Mobile	877	(1)
Calls to a Busy Set or a Set That Doesn't Answer	878	(1)
No Answer with Call Forwarding	879	(1)
Calls to a Busy Set with Message Waiting	879	(1)
Questions	880	(3)
Cellular and Personal Communications Systems	883	(32)
Problems with the AMPS/IMTS	884	(2)
Cellular Communications	886	(6)
Meeting the Demand	890	(1)
The Telephone (Mobile) Set	891	(1)
Cellular's Success and Loss	892	(5)
Digital Transmission	897	(1)
Digital	897	(1)
Voice Technology and Applications	898	(2)
Facsimile Technology	900	(2)
Data Transmission	902	(2)
Digital Cellular Evolution	904	(1)
Personal Communications Services	905	(2)
Technology	907	(1)
The Concept of PCS/PCN	908	(4)
Questions	912	(3)
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)	915	(22)
WAP Protocol Stack	918	(5)
Wireless Application Environment	918	(1)
Wireless Session Protocol	919	(1)
Wireless Transaction Protocol	919	(1)
Wireless Transport Layer Security	920	(1)
Wireless Datagram Protocol	920	(1)
Short Message Service	921	(1)
Circuit-Switched Data	921	(1)
Unstructured Supplementary Services Data	921	(1)
General Packet Radio Service	922	(1)
WAP Clients and Gateways	923	(2)
Applications	925	(1)
The WAP Forum	926	(4)
The WAP Forum Goals	927	(1)
Standards Are Important	928	(1)
Full Industry Participation	929	(1)
Bearer Independence	930	(1)
Device Independence	930	(1)
Interoperability	931	(1)
Why WAP?	932	(1)
Market Differentiation	932	(1)
Subtle Network Differences	933	(1)
Devices Are Definitely Different	934	(1)
Questions	935	(2)
3G Wireless	937	(16)
Enter the Data	939	(1)
What to Call the Data Systems of the Future	940	(2)
What about the CDMA Folks?	942	(1)
IS-2000-A/cdma2000 3X	943	(1)
Third-Generation (3G) Wireless	944	(3)
Applications for 3G	947	(3)
What Does It All Mean?	950	(1)
Questions	950	(3)
Light Systems	953	(22)
System Geometry	955	(2)
Atmospheric Conditions	957	(3)
Absorption	958	(1)
Scattering	958	(1)
Shimmer	959	(1)
Site Selection	960	(3)
Clear Line of Sight	960	(1)
Adverse Mounting Conditions	961	(2)
Licensing Requirements	963	(1)
Bandwidth Capacities	963	(1)
Applications	964	(5)
The Cable Decision	964	(1)
The Radio Decision	965	(1)
The Infrared Decision	965	(4)
Can the System Carry LAN Traffic Transparently?	969	(1)
Advantages of Infrared	970	(1)
Disadvantages of Infrared	971	(1)
Fiber-Optic-Compatible Systems	971	(2)
Questions	973	(2)
SONET and SDH	975	(18)
Background Leading to SONET Development	976	(1)
The SONET Line Rates	977	(5)
SONET Frame Format	980	(2)
SONET Topologies	982	(3)
Point to Point	982	(1)
Point to Multipoint	983	(1)
Hub and Spoke	984	(1)
Ring	984	(1)
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)	985	(1)
Synchronous Communications	986	(1)
Plesiochronous	987	(1)
SDH Frame	987	(3)
Waves of Light on the Fiber	990	(1)
The Benefits of a Combined Network	991	(1)
Questions	991	(2)
Finances for Telecommunications	993	(20)
Benefits	996	(4)
Hard Benefits	996	(1)
Soft Benefits	997	(3)
Costs	1000	(3)
Cost and Benefit Calculations	1000	(1)
Life Cycles	1000	(3)
Pricing Considerations	1003	(8)
The Decision-Making Process	1005	(1)
Justifying Costs	1005	(1)
Maintenance Issues	1006	(1)
Reduced Rates versus Improved Service	1007	(1)
Sample Calculations	1008	(1)
Initial Costs	1008	(2)
Add-On Costs	1010	(1)
Questions	1011	(2)
Cabling Systems	1013	(24)
Twisted Pair	1018	(7)
Coax	1025	(2)
Fiber Optics	1027	(4)
Applications of Fiber	1031	(1)
Fiber Differences	1032	(2)
Why Would One Not Use Fiber Wherever Possible?	1033	(1)
Questions	1034	(3)
Planning the Communications Applications	1037	(14)
Starting Point	1038	(8)
Make a Phone Call Anywhere in the World by Picking up Any Phone and Dialing It	1038	(1)
Make a Data Connection	1039	(2)
Make a Physical Inspection of the Wiring	1041	(1)
Make a List of Features and Functions Added to the Phone and Data Network	1042	(1)
Talk to the Users	1042	(1)
Meet with the Appropriate Departments	1043	(3)
Wrap up What You Learned	1046	(1)
Plan the Plan	1047	(1)
Implement the Plan	1048	(1)
Track the Results	1048	(1)
Report the Results	1049	(2)
Index	1051