Voice and Data Internetworking

by Held, Gilbert

• ISBN13: 9780072122169
• ISBN10: 0072122161
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-09-01
• Publisher: McGraw Hill (Tx)

Summary

-- Networking expert Gil Held shows network managers techniques that can be used to transport real-time voice conversations over networks designed for data transmission.
-- Not just theory - Application notes in each chapter show how to implement the technology, such as how to route call center calls over an IP gateway.
-- New cutting edge material on Voice over IP Gateways and QoS (Quality of Service) including why its needed, and how it can be obtained.
-- In depth explanation of how to transmit voice over private IP networks, the Internet, and Intranets.

Author Biography

Gil Held is an award winning author and lecturer who specializes in the application of computer and communications technology. He is the author of more than 40 books covering personal computers and data communications. Mr. Held was selected by Federal Computer World as one of the top 100 persons in government, industry, and academia who have made a difference in the acquisition and use of computer systems.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xix
Introduction	1	(28)
Overview	2	(2)
Rationale	4	(6)
Classical Data over Voice Constraints	4	(2)
Advantages of Voice over Data Networking	6	(1)
Bandwidth Allocation	6	(1)
Modern Voice-compression Techniques	6	(1)
Sunk Costs	7	(1)
Multiple Access via a Single Network Connection	7	(1)
Enhanced Reliability	8	(1)
Economics of Use	9	(1)
Potential Problems to Consider	10	(9)
Reliability	10	(1)
Predictability	11	(1)
Effects on Voice Applications	11	(1)
Techniques to Improve Predictability	12	(1)
Security	13	(1)
Access Control	13	(2)
Encryption	15	(1)
Authentication	16	(1)
Regulatory Considerations	16	(1)
Rationale	16	(1)
National Events	17	(1)
International Events	17	(1)
Standards	18	(1)
Applications	19	(4)
Document Conferencing	19	(1)
Help Desk Access	20	(1)
Integrated Call Management	20	(1)
Order Placement	21	(1)
Unified Messaging	22	(1)
Technological Success	23	(2)
Circuit Switching versus Packet Switching	23	(1)
The Rosetta Stone of Delay	24	(1)
Topic Preview	25	(4)
The Internet Protocol	25	(1)
Frame Relay	26	(1)
Voice Basics	26	(1)
Telephone Operations	26	(1)
Voice over IP	27	(1)
Voice over Frame Relay	27	(1)
Management	27	(2)
IP and Related Protocols	29	(58)
The TCP/IP Family	30	(11)
The OSI Reference Model	31	(1)
The Physical Layer	32	(1)
The Data Link Layer	32	(1)
The Network Layer	32	(1)
The Transport Layer	33	(1)
The Session Layer	33	(1)
The Presentation Layer	33	(1)
The Application Layer	33	(1)
Data Flow	34	(1)
The TCP/IP Protocol Family	35	(1)
FTP	36	(1)
Telnet	36	(1)
SMTP	36	(1)
HTTP	37	(1)
SNMP	37	(1)
DNS	37	(1)
RTP	37	(1)
Transport Protocol Overview	38	(1)
TCP	38	(1)
UDP	39	(1)
Virtual Circuit Transmission	39	(1)
Datagram Transmission	40	(1)
The Internet Protocol	41	(28)
The IP Header	42	(1)
Vers Field	42	(1)
Hlen and Total Length Fields	43	(1)
Service Type Field	43	(1)
Identification and Fragment Offset Fields	44	(1)
Time-to-live Field	44	(1)
Flags Field	45	(1)
Protocol Field	45	(1)
Source and Destination Address Fields	45	(1)
IP Addressing	45	(1)
Overview	46	(1)
IPv4	46	(1)
The Basic Addressing Scheme	47	(1)
Address Classes	48	(3)
Dotted-Decimal Notation	51	(1)
Reserved Addresses	52	(1)
Networking Basics	53	(5)
The Subnet Mask	58	(1)
Configuration Examples	59	(3)
Classless Networking	62	(1)
IPv6	63	(1)
Address Architecture	63	(1)
Address Types	63	(1)
Address Notation	64	(1)
Address Allocation	64	(3)
Address Resolution	67	(2)
TCP and UDP Headers	69	(5)
The TCP Headers	70	(1)
Source and Destination Port Fields	70	(1)
Sequence and Acknowledgment Number Fields	71	(1)
Hlen Field	71	(1)
Code Bits Field	71	(1)
Window Field	71	(1)
The UDP Header	72	(1)
Source and Destination Port Fields	72	(1)
Length Field	73	(1)
Checksum Field	73	(1)
Firewall and Router Considerations	73	(1)
RTP, RSVP, and H.323	74	(13)
RTP	74	(1)
Overview	75	(1)
The RTP Protocol	75	(1)
The RTP Header	76	(1)
Version Field	77	(1)
Padding Field	77	(1)
Extension Field	77	(1)
CSRC Count Field	77	(1)
Market Field	77	(1)
Payload Type Field	78	(1)
Sequence Number Field	79	(1)
Time-Stamp Field	79	(1)
Synchronization Source Identifier Field	79	(1)
Contributing Source Identifier Field	79	(1)
Summary	79	(1)
RSVP	80	(1)
Overview	80	(1)
Operation	80	(1)
Flowspec and Filterspec	81	(1)
Classifiers and Schedulers	81	(1)
Message Types	82	(1)
Status	82	(1)
The H.323 Standard	82	(1)
Components	83	(1)
The H.323 Protocol Stack	83	(1)
Operation	84	(2)
Interoperability	86	(1)
Gateway-to-Gateway	86	(1)
Gateway-to-Gateway Plus Gatekeeper-to-Gatekeeper	86	(1)
Gatekeeper-to-Gateway	86	(1)
Frame Relay	87	(28)
Overview	88	(5)
x.25 Network Delay Constraints	88	(1)
Fiber-optic-based Backbones	89	(1)
Comparison to x.25	89	(1)
Protocol Stack Operation	89	(1)
Network Access	90	(1)
Network Congestion	90	(1)
Feature Comparison	91	(2)
Evolution and Standardization	93	(4)
LAP-D	94	(1)
Bell Labs and ANSI Standards	94	(1)
The Frame Relay Forum	94	(3)
Frame Relay Operations	97	(13)
Frame Formats	97	(1)
Flag Fields	97	(1)
Header Field	98	(1)
DLCI Subfield	99	(2)
FECN, BECN, and DE Subfields	101	(1)
The CIR	102	(1)
Committed Burst Size	102	(1)
Excess Burst Size	102	(1)
Using the DE Bit	103	(1)
Command/Response Subfield	104	(1)
Extended Address Subfield	104	(1)
Information Field	104	(1)
Variable-Length Field Problems	104	(2)
Quality of Service	106	(1)
Frame Check Sequence Field	107	(1)
Management	107	(1)
Frame Types	108	(1)
Optional LMI Functions	109	(1)
Global Addressing	109	(1)
Multicasting	109	(1)
Flow Control	110	(1)
Cost of Use	110	(5)
Cost Components	110	(1)
Local Access Line	110	(1)
Switch Port Cost	111	(1)
PVC Charge	111	(1)
Other Cost Considerations	111	(2)
Pricing Example	113	(2)
Understanding Voice	115	(28)
Basic Properties of Speech	116	(4)
Classes of Speech	117	(1)
Voiced Sounds	118	(1)
Unvoiced Sounds	118	(1)
Plosive Sounds	118	(2)
Waveform Coding	120	(11)
Pulse Code Modulation	121	(1)
Sampling	121	(1)
Quantization	122	(1)
Nonuiform Quantization	123	(1)
Companding	123	(2)
Coding	125	(1)
PCM Multiplexing	126	(1)
PCM System Operation	127	(1)
Adaptive Differential PCM	128	(1)
Operation	128	(1)
Implementation	129	(1)
Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation	130	(1)
Operation	130	(1)
Utilization	130	(1)
Digital Speech Interpolation	131	(1)
Vocoding	131	(3)
Operation	132	(1)
Types of Vocoders	133	(1)
Homomorphic Vocoders	133	(1)
Linear Predictive Vocoder	133	(1)
Hybrid Coding	134	(6)
Regular Pulse Excited Coding	135	(1)
Code Excited Linear Predictor Coders	136	(1)
FS 1016	136	(1)
The G. 728 Recommendation	137	(1)
The G. 729 Recommendation	138	(1)
The G. 723.1 Recommendation	138	(2)
Algorithm Selection	140	(3)
Telephone Operations	143	(22)
Signaling	144	(1)
Types	144	(1)
Initiating a Telephone Call	145	(5)
The Telephone Connection	145	(1)
The Subscriber Loop	146	(1)
Dial Registers and Dial Tones	146	(1)
Intraswitch Communications	146	(1)
The Telephone Set	146	(1)
The Handset	147	(1)
The Switch Hook	147	(1)
The Side Tone	147	(1)
The Dialer	147	(1)
The Local Loop	148	(1)
The Switch Hybrid	148	(2)
Signaling Methods	150	(14)
Types of Signaling	150	(1)
Supervisory Signaling	150	(1)
Loop-Start Signaling	150	(1)
Address Signaling	151	(1)
Dial Pulse	151	(1)
Tone Dialing	152	(1)
Informational Signaling	152	(1)
Dial Tone	152	(1)
Ringing Signal	153	(1)
Ringback Signal	153	(1)
Busy Signal	153	(1)
Fast Busy Signal	153	(1)
Trunk Signaling	153	(1)
Avoiding Glare	154	(1)
Start-dial Supervision	155	(1)
Wink-start Signaling	155	(1)
Immediate-start Signaling	156	(1)
Tone-start Signaling	156	(1)
Ground-start Signaling	156	(2)
E&M Signaling	158	(1)
Terminology	158	(1)
Type I Signaling	159	(1)
Type II Signaling	159	(1)
Type III Signaling	160	(1)
Type IV Signaling	160	(1)
Type V Signaling	161	(1)
Interface Considerations	161	(1)
T1 Signaling	162	(1)
CCS	162	(1)
CAS	163	(1)
PBX Interface Considerations	164	(1)
Voice over IP Networking	165	(44)
Internet Telephony versus Telephony over the Internet	167	(21)
Internet Telephony	167	(1)
Overview	167	(1)
Economic Issues	168	(1)
Basic Access Methods	168	(1)
Pricing Structure	169	(1)
Flat-Fee Billing	170	(1)
Line-Utilization Billing	171	(1)
Upgrade Considerations	171	(1)
Internet Telephony Operations	172	(1)
Hardware and Software Requirements	172	(1)
Processor and RAM	172	(1)
Modem	173	(1)
Sound Card	173	(1)
Directory Services	174	(1)
Constraints and Compatibility Issues	174	(1)
Bandwidth Conservation Method	174	(2)
Windows Code Support	176	(2)
Packet Delay and Loss Handling	178	(1)
Silence Generation	178	(1)
Voice Reconstruction	178	(1)
LAN Connectivity Operation	179	(1)
Security Considerations	179	(2)
Connection Method	181	(1)
Gateway Service	181	(2)
Features	183	(1)
Protocols Used	184	(1)
Session Initiation Protocol	185	(1)
Server Operating Modes	185	(1)
SIP Transmission Methods	186	(1)
Operation	186	(2)
Telephony over the Internet	188	(14)
LAN Traffic Constraints	189	(1)
Equipment Examination	190	(1)
Internet PhoneJACK	190	(1)
Voice Support	191	(1)
Fabrication	191	(1)
OS Support	191	(1)
Micon V/IP	191	(1)
Basic Configuration	192	(1)
Operation	192	(1)
Overcoming Predictability Problems	193	(1)
Economics	194	(1)
Gateway Cost	194	(1)
Computing Return on Investment	195	(1)
Examining Increased Usage	195	(2)
International Calling	197	(1)
Vocal Tec Internet Telephony Gateway	197	(1)
Overview	197	(1)
Calling Support	198	(1)
Telephone-to-telephone Calling	198	(1)
Internet Phone-to-telephone Calling	199	(1)
Telephone-to-Internet Phone Calling	199	(1)
Browser-to-telephone Calling	199	(1)
Other Features	200	(1)
MultiTech MultiVOIP	200	(1)
Features	201	(1)
Utilization Economics	201	(1)
IP over ATM	202	(7)
Overview	203	(1)
IP Datagram Considerations	203	(1)
ATM Classes of Service	204	(1)
Timing Relationship	204	(1)
Bit Rate Variability	204	(1)
Connection Mode	204	(2)
Ingress Considerations	206	(1)
Economics	207	(2)
Voice over Frame Relay	209	(40)
Technological Issues	210	(17)
Frame Length Handling	211	(1)
Effect of Variable-length Frames	212	(1)
Considering End-to-end Delay	213	(1)
Worst-case Delay	213	(1)
Varying the Access Line Operating Rate	214	(1)
Fragmentation	215	(1)
Frame Prioritization	216	(1)
Memory Partitioning and Priority Queues	216	(1)
Prioritization Techniques	216	(1)
Frame Loss Handling	217	(1)
Echo Cancellation	218	(1)
Frame Delay Handling	219	(1)
Jitter and Jitter Compensation	219	(1)
Silence Suppression	220	(1)
Voice-Compression Method	220	(1)
Low-Bit-Rate Coding	221	(1)
Telephony Signaling	221	(1)
Multiplexing Technique Used	222	(1)
Logical Link Multiplexing	222	(1)
Subchannel Multiplexing	222	(1)
Frame Relay over ATM	223	(1)
Overview	223	(1)
Frame Structure	224	(1)
Mapping Issues	225	(1)
Economics	226	(1)
Frame Relay Cost	226	(1)
ATM Cost	226	(1)
Equipment Operation and Utilization	227	(15)
ACT Networks	227	(1)
The Integrated FRAD	228	(1)
Operational Features	228	(1)
Signal Prioritization	229	(1)
Frame Fragmentation	229	(1)
Predictive Congestion Management	230	(1)
Jitter Buffers	230	(1)
Silence Detection	230	(1)
Voice-compression Support	231	(1)
Telephone Signaling Support	231	(1)
The SN-8800 NetPerformer	231	(2)
Memotec	233	(1)
CX900e FRAD	233	(1)
Voice Module Support	234	(1)
Operation	234	(1)
Nuera Communications	235	(1)
The F100 FRAD	235	(2)
Asymmetric Fax Channels	237	(1)
Adaptable Echo Cancellation	237	(1)
Digital Voice/fax Card Support	237	(1)
Economics of Use	237	(1)
Amortizing One-time Equipment Cost	238	(1)
Adding the Network Cost	238	(1)
Computing the Cost per Minute	238	(1)
Examining the Effect of Increased Call Volume	239	(1)
Examining the Incremental Cost of Voice	240	(1)
General Observations	240	(1)
Feature Checklist	241	(1)
The Frame Relay Forum VoFR IA	242	(7)
Overview	243	(1)
Subframes	243	(2)
The Subframe Format	245	(1)
Conformance Issues	246	(1)
For Further Reference	246	(3)
Management Issues	249	(12)
Using TCP/IP Applications	250	(9)
Ping	250	(2)
Command Format	252	(4)
Traceroute	256	(1)
Operation	256	(1)
Command Format	257	(2)
Traffic Prioritization Considerations	259	(2)
Shared versus Switched Operations	259	(1)
Ingress Operations	260	(1)
Egress Operations	260	(1)
Summary	260	(1)
Appendix A	261	(48)
Appendix B	309	(8)
Glossary	317	(16)
Index	333