Voices of a Nation: A History of Mass Media in the United States

by Folkerts, Jean; Teeter, Dwight

• ISBN13: 9780205335466
• ISBN10: 0205335462
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This text presents a cultural interpretation of the history of both traditional and nontraditional media, emphasizing that minority as well as mainstream media have impacted American history.Voices of a Nation sets media history in the context of overall historical events and themes and tries to understand the role of media in a democratic society at varied historical points. Organized chronologically, the text recognizes the significant "voices" of such non-traditional media as suffrage newspapers, ethnic newspapers, and cultural movement papers and magazines.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
PART 1 MEDIA IN EARLY AMERICA	1	(138)
Crossing the Atlantic	3	(30)
Printing Revolution as a Catalyst for Social Change	4	(3)
Prior Restraint in England: Publishing Precedent	7	(3)
Licensing Challenge by Books and Newspapers	8	(2)
British America	10	(5)
Definitions of News	10	(3)
Diffusion of News	13	(2)
Publishing---A Commercial Enterprise	15	(15)
Conclusion	30	(3)
Resistance and Liberty	33	(32)
Impartiality: Principle or Economics?	34	(1)
Resistance Personified: The Zenger Trial	34	(5)
Bradford as Forerunner	35	(1)
The New York Journal	36	(2)
The Zenger Trial	38	(1)
After Zenger	39	(1)
Colonial Resistance to Economic Policy	39	(2)
The Stamp Act	40	(1)
Economic Resistance Turns Political	41	(4)
The Boston Gazette as Radical Rag	42	(2)
Letters from a Farmer: Serial Essays	44	(1)
Journal of Occurrences: Fact or Fiction?	44	(1)
News of Congress and of War	45	(11)
Congressional Proceedings Secret	46	(1)
News of War Spreads through Colonies	47	(1)
Declaration of Independence	48	(2)
Public Opinion and Freedom of Expression	50	(3)
Newspapers and Political Pamphlets: Relative Merits	53	(3)
Newspapers for a Continent	56	(5)
The Significance of Circulations	56	(2)
Recording Early History: Isaiah Thomas	58	(3)
Conclusion	61	(4)
Forming A New Nation	65	(26)
Constitutional Politics and the Press	67	(5)
The Fight for Ratification: Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists	68	(2)
The Bill of Rights: Congress Shall Make Now Law	70	(2)
Enlightenment Philosophy and the Bill of Rights	72	(1)
Evolution of the Commercial Press	72	(3)
Information Demand and Developing Dailies	73	(2)
Political Press and National Politics	75	(13)
Federalist Newspapers	76	(2)
Jeffersonian (Republican) Newspapers	78	(3)
Lingering Legacy of Seditious Libel	81	(7)
Conclusion	88	(3)
Diversity in the Early Republic	91	(25)
Newspapers and an Informed Public	92	(16)
Modernization and the Postal Dilemma	92	(2)
Continuing Political Tradition	94	(6)
Foreign-Language Press and Diverse Ethnic Backgrounds	100	(2)
Labor Press	102	(1)
Native-American Press Responds to European Settlement	103	(4)
African-American Newspapers as a Response to White Society	107	(1)
Magazines	108	(2)
The Struggle to Circulate	108	(2)
The New-York-Magazine; or, Literary Repository	110	(1)
The Port Folio	110	(1)
Book Publishing as a Challenge to Cultural Norms	110	(3)
Technology, Production, and Labor	111	(1)
Relationship to Religion and Values	112	(1)
McGuffey's Textbook Series: Books and Public Education	112	(1)
Conclusion	113	(3)
Penny Papers in the Metropolis	116	(23)
Characteristics of the Penny Press	118	(2)
Advertising: Buyer Beware	118	(1)
Continuity and Change in the Early Nineteenth Century	119	(1)
The New York Leaders	120	(10)
Benjamin Day and the New York Sun	120	(6)
James Gordon Bennett and the New york Herald	126	(4)
Reasons for Development	130	(5)
Conclusion	135	(4)
PART 2 MEDIA IN AN EXPANDING NATION	139	(168)
Expansion Unifies and Divides	141	(32)
Transportation and Communication	142	(9)
Postal Express	143	(2)
Telegraph: Technological and Cultural Change	145	(6)
Communication and the Movement Westward	151	(8)
Mexican War: Of Words and Images	152	(1)
Frontier Newspapers	153	(6)
Oral Culture and the Lecture Circuit	159	(2)
Evolution of the Penny Press	161	(6)
Horace Greeley and the New York Tribune	161	(4)
Henry Jarvis Raymond and the New York Times	165	(1)
Chicago Tribune	166	(1)
Press Development in the Antebellum South	167	(2)
The Richmond Enquirer and the Southern Partisan Press	168	(1)
Conclusion	169	(4)
Communication Issues in the Antislavery Movement and the Civil War	173	(34)
The Abolitionist Movement: Printed Products in an Age of Change	175	(10)
William Lloyd Garrison: Radical Mission	176	(1)
Elijah Lovejoy: The Link Between Abolition and Civil Rights	177	(1)
Frederick Douglass and the Black Press	178	(2)
Iconography: Persuasive Visuals	180	(2)
Women, Voice, and Pen in the Antislavery Movement	182	(2)
Uncle Tom's Cabin: Slavery and the Popular Culture	184	(1)
Restrictions on Publishing	185	(2)
The Civil War	187	(12)
Reporters and the War	187	(2)
Press in the North	189	(2)
The Confederate Press	191	(3)
Censorship in the North	194	(4)
Censorship in the South	198	(1)
Photography and Pictorial Illustration	199	(4)
Conclusion	203	(4)
Modernization and Printed Products	207	(36)
A Magazine Revolution	208	(8)
Quality Monthlies as Preservers of the Old Order	209	(7)
Challenge of Modernization	216	(11)
Manufacturing/National Distribution Networks	216	(2)
Newspapers as Reflections of Urbanization	218	(5)
Dime Novels and Story Papers	223	(2)
Photographs: Questions of Technology and Culture	225	(1)
Associated Press: Wire Service Monopoly	225	(2)
Please for Equality and Progress	227	(13)
Lynching in the Late Nineteenth Century	229	(1)
Flourishing African-American Press	230	(5)
Editors and Modernization	235	(5)
Conclusion	240	(3)
Mass Markets and Mass Culture	243	(40)
Advertising and Mass Culture	244	(7)
Magazines as Vehicles for Advertising	246	(5)
Mass Press for a Mass Audience	251	(21)
The Debate over Information and Sensation	253	(2)
Information and Municipal Reform: Concepts of Urban Community	255	(5)
Sensation in the Urban Press	260	(12)
Business Promotes Itself	272	(2)
Professionalization and Exclusion	274	(4)
Development of Exclusive Press Clubs	276	(2)
Critique of the Press	278	(1)
Conclusion	279	(4)
Reform Is My Religion	283	(24)
Impact of Immigration on Society and Publications	284	(4)
Chicago Press and the ``Melting Pot''	285	(3)
The Suffragist Press	288	(6)
The Beginnings	290	(1)
The Second Wave: Unity, Diversity, and Growth	290	(1)
Voice of the Suffragist Press	291	(3)
Black Press at the Turn of the Century	294	(2)
Booker T. Washington and the Tuskegee Machine	294	(2)
Opposition to Accommodation	296	(1)
Agrarian Press and the Lecture Circuit	296	(6)
Purpose	297	(1)
From Lecture to Newspaper	297	(2)
Political Hacks or Journalists?	299	(1)
Agrarian Publications	300	(2)
Conclusion	302	(5)
PART 3 MEDIA IN A MODERN WORLD	307	(142)
Progressivism and World War I	309	(46)
Mass-Market Muckraking	310	(8)
McClure's	311	(5)
Munsey's Magazine	316	(2)
American Magazine	318	(1)
Newspapers in the Early Twentieth Century	318	(5)
Advertising and Circulation	318	(1)
Big Business and Big Power	319	(1)
Reform Legislation	320	(1)
Newspapers and Social Reform	321	(2)
Control of Information during the War	323	(13)
Restrictive legislation and ``Discovering'' The First Amendment	325	(6)
Postal Control and the Milwaukee Leader	331	(2)
Propaganda and the Committee on Public Information	333	(3)
Media Reaction to the War	336	(6)
Walter Lippmann and the Noble Cause	337	(1)
Metropolitan Newspapers and the Status Quo	338	(1)
A Challenge to the Existing Order	339	(3)
Correspondents at the Front	342	(3)
Marguerite Harrison: Correspondent, Spy	343	(2)
Electronic Media's Debut	345	(6)
Government and Industry Participation	345	(1)
Going to the Movies	346	(5)
Conclusion	351	(4)
Media and Consumer Culture	355	(30)
Radio: What Have They Done with My Child?	356	(6)
Technology Breaks Regional Barriers	357	(2)
Government and Industry Partnership	359	(3)
Newsreels: Facts and Fakery	362	(1)
``March of Time''	362	(1)
Going to the Movies	363	(2)
Advertising and Consumer Culture	365	(6)
From Space to Agency Service	366	(3)
Ethics and Regulation	369	(1)
Persuasive Strategies	370	(1)
Public Relations: A Corporate Necessity	371	(2)
The 1920s Newspaper and Nationalization	373	(7)
Chains and Conglomerates	373	(2)
Content	375	(1)
National Advertising	375	(1)
Tabloids	376	(1)
The Black Press	377	(3)
Novels and Pulps	380	(1)
Conclusion	381	(4)
Depression and Disillusion	385	(33)
Media Content as Interpretation	386	(16)
The Documentary Tradition	386	(2)
Interpretation in the Daily Press	388	(2)
News Magazines as Journalism of Synthesis	390	(5)
Radio News	395	(1)
Criticism and Alternatives	396	(6)
Media Content as Entertainment	402	(3)
Radio and Popular Culture	402	(3)
Media and Government	405	(6)
The Newspaper Industry	405	(3)
Presidents and the Press	408	(3)
The First Lady and Women in the Press	411	(1)
Photojournalism	411	(4)
Life	413	(1)
Margaret Bourke-White	414	(1)
Conclusion	415	(3)
Images of War	418	(31)
A Radio War	419	(10)
The Wire Services and the War	422	(1)
Media Play Multiple Roles	423	(1)
Correspondents and Costs	424	(1)
Columnists and Cartoonists	425	(2)
Photography Depicts Two Views of Japanese Internment	427	(1)
Coverage of Nazi Concentration Camps	428	(1)
Media and Government	429	(11)
Censorship	429	(8)
Accountability and Freedom	437	(3)
Television Technology Emerges from the Wings	440	(2)
Technology and Programming	441	(1)
Black Press Reflects Increased Consumer Power	442	(2)
Growth of Black Dailies	442	(2)
Johnson and Ebony--Magazines for the Middle Class	444	(1)
Conclusion	444	(5)
PART 3 CORPORATE POWER AND GLOBALIZATION	449	(120)
Electronic Images in a Cold War	451	(26)
Media Compete for Audiences and Advertising	453	(7)
Radio in Transition	453	(4)
Television Moves from New York to Hollywood	457	(3)
Media and the Advertising Industry	460	(2)
Advertising and Television	461	(1)
Media and Public Relations: The Image of Business	462	(2)
Corporate Public Relations: The Image Control	462	(1)
Professionalization and Expansion	463	(1)
Media, Government, and Politics	464	(8)
The Federal Communications Commission	464	(1)
The House Un-American Activities Committee	465	(5)
Television Goes to the Elections	470	(2)
A Few Lonely Voices of Dissent	472	(2)
``Izzy'' Stone	472	(2)
Conclusion	474	(3)
Affluence and Activism	477	(41)
At Home and Abroad: The Big Stories	479	(8)
Civil Rights	479	(2)
Covering Vietnam	481	(6)
Electronic Media and the Global Village	487	(2)
Satellite Development and the Global Village	488	(1)
Questions of Media Monopoly, Regulation, and Technology	489	(8)
Minow and Television As a ``Vast Wasteland''	491	(1)
Public Broadcasting as an Alternative	492	(2)
Newspaper Consolidation and Profits	494	(3)
Cultural Change in the Newsrooms	497	(1)
Changes in the Rank and File	497	(1)
Government and the Press	498	(7)
New York Times V. Sullivan	499	(2)
The Pentagon Papers Case	501	(1)
Watergate and the News Media	502	(3)
Credibility and Ethics	505	(2)
National News Council	506	(1)
Ombudsmen	506	(1)
Codes of Ethics	506	(1)
Language of 1960s Journalism	507	(2)
New Nonfiction	507	(1)
Alternative and Advocacy Journalism	508	(1)
Magazines: Death or Specialization	509	(4)
Circulation Leaders	509	(1)
The Aged Endure	510	(2)
The New Emerge and Last	512	(1)
Conclusion	513	(5)
News as a Corporate Enterprise	518	(27)
Corporate and Public Ownership	520	(3)
Media Companies on the Stock Exchange	520	(1)
Corporate Ownership of Newspapers	521	(2)
Deregulation and the FCC	523	(1)
Fairness Doctrine Abandoned	523	(1)
New Technology: Networks in Decline	524	(1)
Technologies of the 1980s	525	(3)
Cable: Shift of Power	525	(1)
Media Technology Devices	526	(2)
Computers and an Information Society	528	(2)
The Microcomputer	529	(1)
Information via the Internet	530	(1)
Government News Management in Modern War	531	(5)
Press Pools, the Persian Gulf, and Panama	532	(4)
Management of Special-Interest News	536	(3)
The Exxon Valdez---Public Relations Disaster	537	(1)
Politics and Public Relations	538	(1)
Changing News Agenda for Newspapers	539	(3)
USA Today	540	(2)
Conclusion	542	(3)
New Technologies and Globalization	545	(24)
Technologies and Regulation	546	(3)
Telecommunications Regulation	546	(1)
Regulation and Content	547	(1)
Napster, MP3, and the Courts	548	(1)
Media Convergence	549	(4)
More Merger Mania	550	(1)
On-Line Accessibility	551	(1)
Journalism and Convergence	552	(1)
Consequences of Media Consolidation	553	(2)
Journalism in a Big Media Environment	553	(1)
Did ``60 Minutes'' Chill Itself?	554	(1)
Television, Politics, and Democracy	555	(4)
The Media and the Election of 2000	556	(2)
Election on Cable and On-Line	558	(1)
The Global Picture	559	(2)
Globalization of Media Industries	560	(1)
The Mainstream Newspaper Press	561	(2)
Ethnic Media	563	(2)
African-American Media	564	(1)
Hispanic Media	565	(1)
Conclusion	565	(4)
Index	569