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9780691012131

Volcanoes

by ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780691012131

  • ISBN10:

    069101213X

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 1997-05-01
  • Publisher: Princeton Univ Pr
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Summary

Whenever a volcano threatens to erupt, scientists and adventurers from around the world flock to the site in response to the irresistible allure of one of nature's most dangerous and unpredictable phenomena. In a unique book probing the science and mystery of these fiery features, the authors chronicle not only their geologic behavior but also their profound effect on human life. From Mount Vesuvius to Mount St. Helens, the book covers the surprisingly large variety of volcanoes, the subtle to conspicuous signs preceding their eruptions, and their far-reaching atmospheric consequences. Here scientific facts take on a very human dimension, as the authors draw upon actual encounters with volcanoes, often through firsthand accounts of those who have witnessed eruptions and miraculously survived the aftermath.The book begins with a description of the lethal May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens--complete with an explanation of how safety officials and scientists tried to predict events, and how unsuspecting campers and loggers miles away struggled against terrifying blasts of ash, stone, and heat. The story moves quickly to the ways volcanoes have enhanced our lives, creating mineral-rich land, clean thermal energy, and haunting landscapes that in turn benefit agriculture, recreation, mining, and commerce. Religion and psychology embroider the account, as the authors explore the impact of volcanoes on the human psyche through tales of the capricious volcano gods and attempts to appease them, ranging from simple homage to horrific ritual sacrifice.Volcanoes concludes by assisting readers in experiencing these geological phenomena for themselves. An unprecedented "tourist guide to volcanoes" outlines over forty sites throughout the world. Not only will travelers find information on where to go and how to get there, they will also learn what precautions to take at each volcano. Tourists, amateur naturalists, and armchair travelers alike will find their scientific curiosity whetted by this informative and entertaining book.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii(2)
Acknowledgments xv
Part I. Volcanoes and Eruptions 1(86)
Chapter 1. Politicians and Volcanoes
3(26)
A Modern Tragedy: Mount St. Helens
7(20)
An Eruption Carnival Turned Tragic
7(6)
Far from the Volcano
13(3)
The Costs of the Eruption
16(1)
The Eruption Setting
17(1)
Tracking the Eruption
18(9)
References
27(2)
Chapter 2. Why Do Volcanoes Erupt?
29(12)
From the Tiny Molecule, Giants Grow
34(4)
Volcano Country
38(2)
References
40(1)
Chapter 3. Volcanoes and Eruptions
41(24)
Types of Volcanoes
43(5)
Composite Volcanoes
43(2)
Domes
45(1)
Calderas
46(1)
Cinder Cones (Scoria Cones)
47(1)
Maars
47(1)
Shield Volcanoes
47(1)
Volcanic Eruptions
48(5)
Gas Eruptions
48(2)
Hawaiian Eruptions
50(1)
Strombolian Eruptions
51(1)
Plinian Eruptions
51(2)
Two Eruption Types
53(9)
Mount Pinatubo's Big Surprise
53(4)
Hawaiian Eruptions
57(5)
References
62(3)
Chapter 4. Poseidon and Pluto: Water and Volcanoes
65(22)
Bikini and the Base Surge
69(2)
Taal Volcano
71(2)
Maar Volcanoes and Cinder Cones
73(4)
A Little-Known Frontier: Volcanic Eruptions under the Sea
77(9)
Deep-Sea Eruptions
81(3)
Black Pillows on the Seafloor
84(2)
References
86(1)
Part II. The Hazards of Volcanoes 87(88)
Chapter 5. Volcanic Hurricanes
89(26)
What Happens inside a Pyroclastic Flow?
94(1)
What Goes Up Must Come Down
95(1)
Mount Unzen and Merapi
95(7)
Firecloud Rock: A Detective Story
102(3)
Calderas and Pyroclastic Flows
105(6)
Volcanism after a Caldera Collapse
111(1)
World War II and the Battle for a Caldera
111(3)
References
114(1)
Chapter 6. Falling Volcanoes and Floods of Mud
115(18)
A Mountain Fell
117(6)
Debris Avalanches and Slides beneath the Sea
123(1)
Volcanic Debris Flows (Lahars)
123(6)
Potential Destruction from Mount Rainier
129(3)
References
132(1)
Chapter 7. Lava Flows
133(14)
Stopping a Lava Flow
137(2)
Ditches, Walls, and Dams
137(1)
Cooling Lava with Water
138(1)
Interrupting a Lava Flow
139(1)
The 1991-1992 Eruption of Mount Etna
140(2)
Lava Put to Use
142(2)
A Ride on a Lava Flow
144(2)
References
146(1)
Chapter 8. Never Sail through an Eruption Cloud
147(16)
A Sailing Ship and a Jet
149(4)
Other Encounters with Ash Clouds
153(2)
Jetliners
155(2)
Ash and Aircraft Safety
157(4)
References
161(2)
Chapter 9. The Breath of Volcanoes
163(12)
Effects of Volcanic Gases
165(5)
The Year without a Summer
170(3)
References
173(2)
Part III. Myths and Benefits of Volcanoes 175(84)
Chapter 10. Sometimes the Gods Are Angry
177(22)
Volcanoes Assault the Senses
179(2)
Changing Ideas from Old to New
181(1)
Thera (Santorini): Its Influence on the Modern World
182(5)
Volcanoes and the Underworld
187(2)
Divine Intervention
189(5)
The Making of a Myth
194(2)
The Emergence of Volcanology as a Science
196(1)
Science and Modern Ritual
197(1)
References
198(1)
Chapter 11. Volcanoes for Consumers
199(18)
Skiing and Hot Baths
201(1)
Construction Materials and Kitty Litter
202(9)
The Grand Tour
211(3)
Modern Volcano Tourism
214(2)
References
216(1)
Chapter 12. Volcanic Treasures: Steam, Gold, and Diamonds
217(14)
Steam
219(5)
Oil and Volcanoes Don't Mix...or Do They?
224(1)
Volcanoes and Prospectors' Dreams
225(2)
Volcanic Gemstones
227(1)
References
228(3)
Chapter 13. From Ashes Grow the Vines
231(14)
The Allure of Volcanoes
237(3)
Farms
237(2)
Coffee Plantations
239(1)
Fertility and Rebirth
240(1)
Recovery from Vulcan's Devastation
241(3)
References
244(1)
Chapter 14. Volcanic Rocks: Guardians of History
245(14)
Volcanic Ash: The Nearly Perfect Preservative
247(1)
Human Origins in the Ethiopian Rift
248(3)
Preserving Historic Cultures
251(6)
References
257(2)
Part IV. Living near Volcanoes 259(28)
Chapter 15. Mitigation and Survival
261(26)
Assessing the Hazards: The Pulse of Volcanoes
266(2)
What Is a Disaster?
268(4)
The Lesson of Armero
272(3)
Mount Pinatubo: A Success Story
275(4)
Volcanologists on the Front Lines
279(5)
The Tragedy at Galeras Volcano
279(5)
Dante and the Volcano
284(1)
References
285(2)
Appendix 1. The Volcano Traveler 287(25)
Canada and United States 288(9)
Mexico and Central America 297(3)
Composite Volcanoes of Costa Rica 300(1)
South America 301(1)
New Zealand 302(2)
Indonesia 304(1)
Philippines 305(1)
Japan 305(3)
Italy 308(3)
Greece 311(1)
Appendix 2. Metric Conversion Table 312(1)
Index 313

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