War, Terror & Peace In The Qur'an And In Islam

by Schwartz-Barcott, T. P.

• ISBN13: 9780970968227
• ISBN10: 0970968221
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-10-31
• Publisher: Army War College Foundation Pr

Summary

War, Terror & Peace In Koran & In Islam is a Stackpole Books publication.

Author Biography

Timothy P. Schwartz-Barcott is a former Marine Corps captain. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina and is a widely-published author in the realm of warfare and international affairs. He is currently the director of research services for a consulting firm in East Greenwich, Rhode Island.

Table of Contents

PREFACE BY GENERAL ANTHONY C. ZINNI, USMC (RET.)	XVII
FOREWORD	XIX
FOREWORD ENDNOTES	XXV
CHAPTER ONE: APPROACHING THE QUR'AN AND ITS PROPONENTS	1	(40)
IMAGES OF THE QUR'AN IN CURRENT CONFLICTS	1	(3)
THE QUR'AN AS A HOLY BOOK	4	(3)
WHY IS THE QUR'AN SO IMPORTANT?	7	(3)
CONSIDERING VIOLENCE-ORIENTED OPPORTUNISTS AND LITERALISTS	10	(5)
THE CASE OF NAJI: ONCE A TALIBAN SOLDIER IN AFGHANISTAN	15	(1)
MULLAH MUHAMMAD OMAR: SELF-PROCLAIMED CALIPH OF THE FORMER TALIBAN GOVERNMENT	16	(3)
AUKAI COLLINS: AMERICAN JIHADIST	19	(5)
TO WHOM IS THE QUR'AN IMPORTANT REGARDING PEACE AND WAR?	24	(5)
HOLY BOOKS AS SOURCES OF GUIDANCE ON PEACE AND WAR	29	(4)
First Reading	29	(1)
Second Reading	30	(1)
Third Reading	30	(3)
FINDING PEACE AND WAR IN THE QUR'AN: SOME RESEARCH PROCEDURES	33	(1)
CHAPTER 1 ENDNOTES	34	(7)
CHAPTER TWO: THE QUR'AN'S PASSAGES ON PEACE, TERROR, AND WAR	41	(54)
PEACE	42	(3)
TREATIES TO ESTABLISH TEMPORARY PEACE?	45	(2)
WAR: ITS MORAL NATURE, CAUSES, AND SOME GENERAL PROHIBITIONS	47	(3)
WARTIME ENEMIES OF MUSLIM ARMIES	50	(1)
GOALS AND THREE GENERAL ORDERS FOR MUSLIM BATTLE	51	(4)
SOME THEMES AND FORMS OF MUSLIM WARFARE	55	(9)
Defend The Far Borders Vigorously	55	(1)
Fight In The Way Of Allah	56	(1)
Fight The Enemy In Like Manner, Retaliate, Possibly Forgive	56	(2)
Fight In Closed Ranks As A Solid Unit	58	(1)
Rout Them And Strike Fear In Their Supporters	58	(1)
Inflict Terror, And Much More, On Domestic And Foreign Targets	59	(4)
Suppress Dissent Among Troublesome Muslims And Allies	63	(1)
MOTIVATIONS AND JUSTIFICATIONS FOR MUSLIMS FIGHTING IN COMBAT	64	(5)
It Is Allah Who Is Killing Them And Is Responsible	64	(1)
For The Cause Of Allah And To Oppose The Devil	64	(1)
To Protect The Feeble People And Other Victims	64	(1)
Because You Have Been Wronged In Ways That Are Unacceptable To Allah	64	(1)
Because Allah Will Restrain The Might Of Your Enemies Even Though They Outnumber You	65	(1)
Because Some Adversaries Broke Treaties And Assailed Your Religion	65	(1)
Because Paradise Is A Reward For Muslims Who Fight In War For Allah	65	(1)
Because Courage In Combat Proves To Allah That You Are a Believer And May Enable You To Be A Martyr ("Witness")	66	(1)
Because The Behaviors And Beliefs Of Some Jews And Christians Are Bellicose, Sacrilegious, And Evil	67	(1)
Because Muslims Who Help In Conquering Other Religions Will Have Their Sins Forgiven And Will Gain Eternal Paradise	68	(1)
SOME OTHER PRESCRIPTIONS AND PROSCRIPTIONS FOR MUSLIMS IN COMBAT	69	(5)
Be Willing To Commit Your Wealth And Lives To Long Expeditions Against Distant Enemies	69	(1)
Be Steadfast, Obedient, Loyal, Despite Being Heavily Outnumbered	70	(1)
Fight Harshly, That Is Your Duty, Possibly Including Degradation, Mutilation, And Annihilation Of The Enemy	71	(1)
Don't Retreat Or Allow Others To Do So	72	(1)
Kill Those Who Don't Offer Peace	72	(1)
Don't Kill Those Who Offer Peace Just Because They Don't Believe In Allah (Discrimination Principle)	72	(1)
Honor Those Who Are First To Fight; Reject Late-Comers	73	(1)
Reward And Protect Persecuted Refugees, Especially Those Who Fight	73	(1)
Don't Send All Believers Into Battle	74	(1)
Exempt The Blind, Lame, And Sick From Combat	74	(1)
SPOILS OF WAR: BOOTY, CAPTIVES, AND PRISONERS OF WAR	74	(5)
Prisoners Of War	76	(3)
ENDING A WAR	79	(2)
MIRACLES, NATURE, TOXINS, AND AIR ATTACKS AS WAYS TO END WARS?	81	(3)
AN ASIDE ON THE HADITH: ISLAM'S SECOND MOST IMPORTANT BOOK	84	(7)
War Directives In The Hadith And In The Qur'an	85	(2)
Beyond The Qur'an	87	(4)
LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING AHEAD	91	(1)
CHAPTER 2 ENDNOTES	92	(3)
CHAPTER THREE: MUHAMMAD AS A MILITARY COMMANDER	95	(46)
PEACE, CONFLICT, AND WAR IN AND AROUND ARABIA PRIOR TO MUHAMMAD	97	(2)
MUHAMMAD IN PEACE, CONFLICT, AND WAR	99	(6)
THE MUSLIM AMBUSH AT NAKHLA	105	(3)
THE STUNNING MUSLIM VICTORY AT BADR	108	(4)
Correspondence With The Qur'an	110	(2)
THE REVERSAL AND WOUNDING AT MT. UHUD (OHOD)	112	(6)
Congruence With The Qur'an	116	(2)
FROM UHUD TO "THE TRENCH:" TWO YEARS OF TROUBLE, TURMOIL, AND TREACHERY	118	(4)
THE BATTLE OF THE TRENCH: A DECISIVE POLITICAL VICTORY WITHOUT MUCH BLOODSHED	122	(5)
Congruence With The Qur'an	125	(2)
THE TRUCE AT HUDAYBIYA AND THE SACKING OF KHAYBAR	127	(3)
ISLAM EXTENDS INTO MECCA AND BEYOND	130	(4)
The First Pilgrimage To Mecca (Hall)	130	(1)
Mu'ta: A Failed Foray Into The Byzantine Empire	131	(1)
The Acquisition Of Mecca (Al-Fat'h)	132	(1)
Correspondence With The Qur'an	133	(1)
FAR BEYOND MECCA: MUHAMMAD'S LAST TWO YEARS	134	(2)
MUHAMMAD AS A COMMANDER AND As THE RECITER OF THE QUR'AN	136	(2)
CHAPTER 3 END NOTES	138	(3)
CHAPTER FOUR: THE QUR'AN AND MUSLIM WARS, 632-1984 A.D	141	(70)
MUSLIM EMPIRES AFTER MUHAMMAD	141	(8)
The Caliphate Period	143	(4)
Sultanate Period: The "Medieval" Empires	147	(2)
A QUESTION OF CONGRUENCE: THE QUR'AN AND 214 BATTLES	149	(1)
TWO STEREOTYPES OF MUSLIM BATTLES	150	(2)
Muslim-Dominant: Muslim Battles Expand Religious And Economic Dominion	150	(1)
Muslim-Defendent: Muslim Battles As Desperate Efforts To Protect Persecuted Communities	151	(1)
KADISIYA, IRAQ, 637: MUSLIM INVADERS OVERWHELM PERSIANS	152	(2)
SIFFIN, SYRIA, 657: TWO MUSLIM FACTIONS INVOKE THE QUR'AN	154	(1)
RIO BARBATE, SPAIN, 711: MUSLIM INVASION AND VICTORY WITH FEW EXCESSES	155	(1)
TOURS, FRANCE, 732: A DECISIVE MUSLIM DEFEAT SURROUNDED BY EXCESSES	156	(3)
JERUSALEM VII, 1099: FIRST CRUSADERS "MASSACRE MUSLIMS AND JEWS"	159	(3)
JERUSALEM VIII, 1187: SALADIN SHOWS SOME RESTRAINT	162	(1)
LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA, 1212: CHRISTIAN RECONQUEST OF SPAIN	163	(1)
GRANADA, SPAIN, 1491-92: A PEACEFUL RESOLUTION DESPITE THE OPPORTUNITY FOR A BLOODBATH	164	(1)
TARAORI, INDIA, 1192, AND TALIKOTA, INDIA, 1565: MUSLIM CONQUESTS TO THE FAR EAST OF MECCA	165	(2)
BAMIAN, 1221, AND BAGHDAD I, 1258: TWO MONGOL MASSACRES OF MUSLIM FORCES	167	(1)
SIX BATTLES BETWEEN ELROPEANS AND OTTOMAN ARMIES ALONG THE "CROSSROADS"	168	(14)
Kosovo I, 1389: The Brutal Beginning Of Five Centuries Of Ottoman Warfare In The Balkans	169	(2)
Mohacs, Hungary, 1526: Yet Another Massacre Not Soon Forgotten	171	(1)
Vienna, 1529: Muslim Massacre Before And After The Famous Failed Siege	172	(2)
Pyramids, 1798: Napoleon Stretches His Empire And Invokes The Qur'an	174	(2)
Dardanelles And Gallipoli, 1915-16: The Ottoman-German Coalition Repulses Allied Naval And Ground Attacks	176	(4)
Megiddo III, Palestine, 1918: Separate Muslim Forces Allied With Both Adversaries Fight Without Obvious Violations Of The Qur'an	180	(2)
SOME NAVAL BATTLES BY AND AGAINST MUSLIM FORCES	182	(5)
Lepanto II, 1571: A Bloody And Permanent End To Ottoman Dominance Of The Mediterranean	182	(3)
Tripoli II, 1804: The U.S. Navy Duels With The Barbary Pirates	185	(2)
214 BATTLES: PRESENCE AND DIRECT INFLUENCE OF THE QUR'AN	187	(2)
214 BATTLES: EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES	189	(1)
SOME GENERAL STATISTICS ON 214 MUSLIM BATTLES	189	(2)
INVADERS AND ATTACKERS IN MUSLIM VERSUS NON-MUSLIM BATTLES	191	(15)
CHAPTER 4 ENDNOTES	206	(5)
CHAPTER FIVE: SOME RECENT AND CURRENT "MUSLIM" WARS	211	(54)
THE QUIR'AN'S INFLUENCE ON SOME BATTLES AND WARS SINCE 1984	211	(1)
THE, USSR WAR IN AFGHANISTAN, 1979-1989	212	(2)
THE, IRAQ-IRAN WAR, 1980-1988	214	(5)
THE. ISRAELI INVASION AND OCCUPATION OF LEBANON, 1982-1993	219	(3)
BATTLES BETWEEN SERBIAN FORCES AND MUSLIM SEPARATISTS IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA, 1991-1995	222	(2)
IRAQ INVADES KUWAIT, 1990 (THE BATTLE OF KUWAIT CITY)	224	(3)
THE COALITION EXPELS IRAQI FORCES FROM KUWAIT, 1991	227	(11)
THE BATTLE OF THE BLACK SEA, SOMALIA, OCTOBER 3-4, 1993	238	(4)
WAR AGAINST TILE TALIBAN AND AL-QAEDA IN AFGHANISTAN, 2001-	242	(8)
THE U.S. LED INVASION AND OCCUPATION OF IRAQ, 2003-	250	(10)
The Battle Of Diyala Bridge	254	(6)
SUMMING UP THE Waits SINCE 1984	260	(1)
CHAPTER 5 ENDNOTES	260	(5)
CHAPTER SIX: INTERPRETATIONS OF THE QUR'AN AND OF MUSLIM WARFARE	265	(42)
KHADDURI'S INTERPRETATIONS	266	(18)
The Origins Of Conflict	267	(2)
Islamic Laws Of War	269	(2)
The Doctrine And Practice Of Jihad	271	(3)
Initiation Of Battle	274	(1)
Military Organization And Strategy	275	(1)
Siege Warfare And Collateral Damage	276	(2)
Spoils Of War	278	(1)
Maritime Warfare	279	(1)
Termination Of Fighting	280	(2)
Islamic Law Of Peace	282	(1)
Treaties	282	(1)
Muslim Diplomacy	283	(1)
Khadduri's View Of The Future	284	(1)
JOHN ESPOSITO: A POPULAR AND SYMPATHETIC INTERPRETER OF ISLAM'S ORIGINS, HISTORY, AND CURRENT STATUS	284	(8)
ALI'S INTERPRETATIONS: A FORGIVING PACIFIST	292	(3)
HALEEM'S INTERPRETATIONS: CONTEXTUALIZING THE WAY TO FORGIVENESS	295	(5)
The Conditions Allowing Muslims To Wage War	295	(1)
The Conduct Of War	296	(2)
Prisoners Of War	298	(1)
Ceasing War And Finding Peace	299	(1)
SOME CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ABOUT INTERPRETATIONS	300	(1)
CHAPTER 6 ENDNOTES	301	(6)
CHAPTER SEVEN: INSIGHTS: HOW THE QUR'AN CAN HELP IN PEACE AND IN WAR WITH ITS PROPONENTS	307	(46)
RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION AND OTHER MOTIVES FOR VIOLENCE	307	(1)
DEALING WITH PROPONENTS OF THE QUR'AN WHO USE VIOLENCE	308	(2)
THE QUR'AN AS AN ALLY: HOW THE QUR'AN CAN HELP IN PEACE AND IN WAR	310	(1)
SEVERAL CAVEATS TO KEEP IN MIND	311	(6)
1. Relevance To Current Policy Of The U.S. Government	311	(2)
2. Islam And The Qur'an's Influences On International Relations Are Growing	313	(1)
3. Past And Current Successes Could Jeopardize Future Successes	314	(2)
4. The Qur'an Could Become A Much Greater Influence In Future Hostilities	316	(1)
REVIEW OF THE QUR'AN REGARDING PEACE, TERROR, AND WAR	317	(8)
Regarding Peace And Treaties	317	(1)
The Nature And Causes Of War, According To The Qur'an	318	(1)
Goals And General Orders For Muslim Battles	319	(1)
Some Themes And Forms Of Muslim Warfare	320	(1)
Suppress Dissent At Home	321	(1)
Motivations And Justification For Muslims Engaging In Combat	321	(1)
Other Prescriptions And Proscriptions For Muslims In Combat	322	(1)
Spoils Of War, Captives, And Prisoners	323	(1)
Ending Battles And Wars	324	(1)
THE HISTORY OF MUSLIM WARFARE IN LIGHT OF TTIE QUR'AN	325	(3)
Major Patterns in Muslim Battles since 624	325	(3)
SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR DEALING WITH THE QUR'AN'S PROPONENTS IN PEACE, CONFLICT, AND WAR	328	(7)
Diplomatic Relations	328	(2)
Themes For International Communications	330	(3)
Education	333	(2)
IF WAR BECOMES IMMINENT	335	(1)
PREPARING MILITARY FORCES TO FIGHT HOSTILE
ARMED FORCES THAT ARE PROPONENTS OF THE QUR'AN	336	(2)
PREPARING COMBAT PERSONNEL TO SURVIVE AS POWS	338	(2)
SOME STRATEGIC AND TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS	340	(2)
AN ASIDE TO OPERATIONAL UNIT COMMANDERS IN COMBAT ZONES OVERCOMING CULTURAL RESISTANCE BY INDIGENOUS PEOPLE	342	(10)
Some Observations About Culture-Based Resistance	342	(2)
A Success Story	344	(1)
Acquiring An Anthropological Perspective	345	(1)
Some Procedures That Can Reduce Cultural Resistance	346	(2)
Applications To Operations In The Middle East?	348	(4)
ENDING BATTLES AND WARS AND RE-ESTABLISHING A DURALBE PEACE	352	(1)
CHAPTER 7 ENDNOTES	353	(4)
EPILOGUE: TOWARDS PEACE AND UNDERSTANDING	357	(8)
SOME WAYS TO REDUCE RELIGION-BASED MASS VIOLENCE, SELF-RIGHTEOUSNESS, TRIUMPHALISM, AND "CONTEMPT FOR THE OTHER"	358	(7)
For All Of Us	358	(1)
For Non-Muslims	359	(1)
For Muslims	360	(5)
EPILOGUE ENONOTES	365	(1)
APPENDIX A: 214 MUSLIM BATTLES	365	(14)
BIBLIOGRAPHY	379	(10)
INDEX	389