Wari

by Everett,Daniel L.

• ISBN13: 9780415009997
• ISBN10: 0415009995
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-12-11
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

This first major study of any Chapakuran language offers a unique, comprehensive grammatical description of Wari, covering syntax, negation, morphology, phonology, ideophone/interjection and lexicon. This grammar is especially important as Wari and all the Chapakuran languages are currently threatened with extinction; the known speakers of these languages, natives of Western Brazil and Eastern Bolivia, number less than 2,000.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv	(2)
Abbreviations	xvii
0. OVERVIEW OF `ORO NAO' GRAMMAR	1	(9)
0.0. Introduction	1	(1)
0.1. Phonology	1	(1)
0.1.1. Segmental inventory	1	(1)
1.1.2. Syllable structure and prosody	1	(1)
0.2. Morphology	2	(5)
0.2.1. Word classes	2	(1)
0.2.2. Nouns	2	(2)
0.2.3. Verbs	4	(1)
0.2.4. Preposition	5	(1)
0.2.5. Emphatic pronouns	5	(1)
0.2.6. Demonstratives and personal pronouns	6	(1)
0.2.7. Verbal and nominal inflectional clitics	6	(1)
0.2.7.1. Nominal inflectional clitics (NICS)	6	(1)
0.2.7.2. Verbal inflectional clitics (VICS)	6	(1)
0.3. Derivational morphology	7	(1)
0.4. COMP and INFL	8	(2)
1. SYNTAX	10	(213)
1.1. General questions	10	(107)
1.1.1. Sentence types	10	(68)
1.1.1.1. Direct and indirect speech sentence types	10	(2)
1.1.1.2. Interrogative sentences	12	(23)
1.1.1.3. Imperative sentences	35	(4)
1.1.1.4. `Oro Nao' sentence types	39	(39)
1.1.2. Subordination	78	(39)
1.1.2.1. General markers of subordination	78	(1)
1.1.2.2. Noun clauses	78	(5)
1.1.2.3. Relative clauses	83	(7)
1.1.2.4. Verbal modification clauses	90	(26)
1.1.2.5. Sequence of tenses	116	(1)
1.2. Structural questions	117	(42)
1.2.1. Internal structure of the sentence	117	(29)
1.2.1.1. Copular sentences	117	(3)
1.2.1.2. Verbal sentences	120	(19)
1.2.1.3. Verbal modification	139	(7)
1.2.2. Nominal modification phrases	146	(1)
1.2.3. Verbal modification phrases	146	(1)
1.2.4. Prepositional phrases	146	(3)
1.2.4.1. Operational definition for the prepositional phrase	146	(2)
1.2.4.2. Prepositional phrases and their arguments	148	(1)
1.2.5. Noun phrase	149	(10)
1.2.5.1. Operational definition for a noun phrase	149	(1)
1.2.5.2. Modifiers of noun phrases	150	(7)
1.2.5.3. Number of modifiers of a particular type which may co-occur	157	(1)
1.2.5.4-5. Constraints on combinations of modifiers and order of the heads and various modifiers	158	(1)
1.3. Coordination	159	(13)
1.3.1. Means of expressing coordination	159	(4)
1.3.1.1. `and'-coordination	159	(2)
1.3.1.2. `but'-coordination	161	(1)
1.3.1.3. `or'-coordination	162	(1)
1.3.1.4. `like'-coordination	162	(1)
1.3.2. Number of coordinators	163	(1)
1.3.3. Coordination of major categories of the sentence	163	(3)
1.3.4. Coordination and accompaniment	166	(1)
1.3.5. Structural parallelism in coordination	167	(2)
1.3.5.1. Coordination of nominal modifiers and participal constructions	167	(1)
1.3.5.2. Coordination of nouns and nominalized constructions	168	(1)
1.3.5.3. Coordination of various types of adverbials	169	(1)
1.3.5.4. Coordination of active and passive verbs	169	(1)
1.3.5.5. Coordination of verb categories	169	(1)
1.3.6. Elements of the sentence that can be omitted under identity in coordination	169	(1)
1.3.7. Elements of the noun phrase that can be omitted under identity in coordination	170	(2)
1.4. Negation	172	(8)
1.4.1. Sentence negation	172	(5)
1.4.2. Constituent negation	177	(1)
1.4.3. More than one negative element in a sentence	178	(1)
1.4.4. Coordination of negative clauses or sentences	179	(1)
1.4.5. Negation in subordinate and higher clauses	179	(1)
1.5. Anaphora	180	(9)
1.5.1. Means of expressing anaphora	180	(7)
1.5.1.1. Deletion	180	(3)
1.5.1.2. Deletion where element is marked on verb or other constituent	183	(1)
1.5.1.3. Demonstrative pronoun anaphora	183	(2)
1.5.1.4. Reflexive pronoun anaphora	185	(1)
1.5.1.5. Special anaphoric pronouns	185	(1)
1.5.1.6. Anaphoric function of referent particle quem	186	(1)
1.5.2. Anaphora in various syntactic environments	187	(1)
1.5.2.1. Anaphora within the clause	187	(1)
1.5.2.2-3. Anaphora between coordinate and superordinate and subordinate clauses	187	(1)
1.5.2.4. Anaphora between subordinate clauses	187	(1)
1.5.2.5. Anaphora between different sentences	188	(1)
1.5.3. Subordinating conjunctions	188	(1)
1.6. Reflexives	189	(2)
1.6.1. Means of expressing reflexivity	189	(1)
1.6.1.1. Invariable reflexive person marking morphemes	189	(1)
1.6.1.2. Variable reflexive person marking morphemes	189	(1)
1.6.2. Scope of reflexivity	190	(1)
1.6.3. Syntactic functions relating to reflexives	190	(1)
1.6.4. Position of reflexives within clause	191	(1)
1.6.5. Relations between antecedent and reflexive	191	(1)
1.6.6. Reflexive relations in nominalized clauses	191	(1)
1.6.7. Reflexive relations in noun phrases	191	(1)
1.6.8. Reflexives without overt antecedents	191	(1)
1.6.9. Other uses of reflexive forms	191	(1)
1.7. Reciprocals	191	(2)
1.7.1. Means of expressing reciprocality	191	(2)
1.8. Comparison	193	(3)
1.8.1. Means of expressing comparison	193	(2)
1.8.2-4. Omission of elements under identity	195	(1)
1.8.5. Types of comparative structures	195	(1)
1.8.6. Correlative comparison	195	(1)
1.9. Equative	196	(2)
1.9.1. Means of expressing equative	196	(2)
1.10. Possession	198	(1)
1.10.1. Sentences expressing possession	198	(1)
1.10.2. Alienable and inalienable possession	199	(1)
1.10.3. Temporary and permanent possession	199	(1)
1.10.4. Possession relative to persons, animals and things	199	(1)
1.10.5. Present and past possession	199	(1)
1.11. Emphasis	199	(13)
1.11.1. Sentence emphasis	199	(6)
1.11.1.1. Noncontradictory sentence emphasis	199	(6)
1.11.1.2. Contradictory sentence emphasis	205	(1)
1.11.2. Constituent emphasis	205	(6)
1.11.2.1. Means of expressing constituent emphasis	205	(4)
1.11.2.2. Elements which may be emphasized	209	(2)
1.11.3. The focus of yes-no questions	211	(1)
1.12. Topic and thematic marking	212	(6)
1.12.1. Topic marking	212	(3)
1.12.2. Thematic marking	215	(3)
1.13. Heavy shift	218	(1)
1.14. Other movement processes	218	(1)
1.15. Minor sentence types	218	(2)
1.16. Operational definitions for word classes	220	(3)
1.16.1. Noun	220	(1)
1.16.2. Pronoun	220	(1)
1.16.3. Verb	221	(1)
1.16.4. Nominal modifier	221	(1)
1.16.5. Preposition	221	(1)
1.16.6. Numeral/quantifier	221	(1)
1.16.7. Verbal modifiers	221	(1)
1.16.8. Inflectional clitics	222	(1)
1.16.9. Particles	222	(1)
1.16.10. INFL morphemes	222	(1)
1.16.11. Operator words	222	(1)
1.16.12. Ideophones	222	(1)
2. MORPHOLOGY	223	(172)
2.1. Inflection	223	(132)
2.1.1. Noun inflection	223	(80)
2.1.1.1. Means by which the syntactic and semantic functions of noun phrases are expressed	223	(2)
2.1.1.2. Means for expressing syntactic functions	225	(4)
2.1.1.3. Syntactic functions in relation to nonfinite forms	229	(1)
2.1.1.4. Means of expressing nonlocal semantic functions	229	(23)
2.1.1.5. Local semantic functions	252	(33)
2.1.1.6. Locations in time	285	(5)
2.1.1.7. Double case marking	290	(1)
2.1.1.8. Number marking system	290	(4)
2.1.1.9. Division of nouns into classes	294	(7)
2.1.1.10. Marking of definiteness in noun phrases	301	(1)
2.1.1.11-12. Marking of indefiniteness in noun phrases	302	(1)
2.1.1.13. Marking of genericness in noun phrases	302	(1)
2.1.1.14. Distinguishing of more important noun actors from less important ones	303	(1)
2.1.2. Pronouns	303	(9)
2.1.2.1. Emphatic pronouns	303	(2)
2.1.2.2. Demonstrative pronouns	305	(2)
2.1.2.3. Demonstrative pronouns used as personal pronouns	307	(4)
2.1.2.4. Reflexive, reciprocal and possessive pronouns	311	(1)
2.1.2.5. Interrogative pronouns and other question words	311	(1)
2.1.2.6. Relative pronouns	311	(1)
2.1.3. Verbal morphology	312	(29)
2.1.3.1. Voice	312	(6)
2.1.3.2. Tense	318	(5)
2.1.3.3. Aspect	323	(3)
2.1.3.4. Mood	326	(2)
2.1.3.5. Nonfinite forms	328	(1)
2.1.3.6. Person, number, tense/mood, gender, human-nonhuman	329	(12)
2.1.4. Nominal modification	341	(6)
2.1.4.1. Distinctions between predicative and attributive forms of modification	342	(2)
2.1.4.2. Distinction between absolute and contingent state	344	(1)
2.1.4.3. Agreement between modification and nouns	344	(1)
2.1.4.4. Comparison	345	(1)
2.1.4.5. Degrees of quality	346	(1)
2.1.4.6. Verbal categories with predicative modification	347	(1)
2.1.5. Prepositions	347	(1)
2.1.6. Numerals and quantifiers	347	(4)
2.1.6.1. Forms of numerals used in counting	347	(1)
2.1.6.2. Distinct cardinal numeral forms used as attributes	347	(2)
2.1.6.3. Distinct numerals for counting different kinds of objects	349	(1)
2.1.6.4. Ordinal numerals	349	(1)
2.1.6.5. Other derivatives of numerals	349	(1)
2.1.6.6. Quantifiers	349	(2)
2.1.7. Verbal modification	351	(1)
2.1.8. Clitics and particles	351	(4)
2.1.8.1. Types of clitics	351	(2)
2.1.8.2. Positions occupied by clitics	353	(2)
2.1.8.3. Relative order of clitics	355	(1)
2.1.8.4. Combinations of particles	355	(1)
2.2. Derivational morphology	355	(40)
2.2.1. Introduction	355	(1)
2.2.2. Zero-derivation	356	(23)
2.2.2.1. Verbs	356	(10)
2.2.2.2. Nouns	366	(13)
2.2.2.3. Zero-derivation of operator words	379	(1)
2.2.3. Compounding	379	(9)
2.2.3.1. Verbs	379	(8)
2.2.3.2. Nouns	387	(1)
2.2.4. Reduplication	388	(4)
2.2.4.1. Reduplication of verbs	388	(2)
2.2.4.2. Reduplication of nouns	390	(2)
2.2.5. /?/-derivation	392	(1)
2.2.6. Derivation from verbal inflectional clitics	393	(2)
3. PHONOLOGY	395	(32)
3.1. Phonological units (segments)	395	(15)
3.1.1. Distinctive segments	395	(1)
3.1.2. Description of distinctive segments	395	(15)
3.1.2.1. Nonsyllabics	395	(8)
3.1.2.2. Syllabics	403	(7)
3.1.2.3. Borrowings	410	(1)
3.1.2.4. Restrictions in word classes	410	(1)
3.2. Phonotactics	410	(6)
3.2.1. Distribution of single consonants	410	(1)
3.2.1.1. Word-final consonants	410	(1)
3.2.1.2. Word-initial consonants	410	(1)
3.2.2. Distribution of consonant clusters	410	(1)
3.2.2.1. Word-initial consonant clusters	410	(1)
3.2.2.2. Word-final consonant clusters	410	(1)
3.2.2.3. Word-medial consonant clusters	411	(1)
3.2.3. Distribution of vowels	411	(1)
3.2.3.1. Word-final vowels	411	(1)
3.2.3.2. Word-initial vowels	411	(1)
3.2.3.3. Sequences of (syllabic) vowels	411	(1)
3.2.4. Differences between structure of lexical morphemes and words	411	(1)
3.2.5. Syllabification	412	(1)
3.2.5.1. Assignment of medial units and clusters to syllables	412	(1)
3.2.5.2. Canonical syllable type	412	(1)
3.2.6. Sequences of segments	412	(4)
3.2.6.1. Consonant-vowel sequences	412	(1)
3.2.6.2. Vowel-consonant sequences	413	(1)
3.2.6.3. Restrictions of co-occurrence of segments	413	(1)
3.2.6.4. Vowel harmony	413	(2)
3.2.6.5. Consonant harmony	415	(1)
3.2.6.6. Restrictions between adjacent or nonadjacent units or clusters	415	(1)
3.2.6.7. Differences between phonotactic patterns with different word classes	415	(1)
3.3. Suprasegmentals	416	(3)
3.3.1. Length	416	(1)
3.3.2. Stress	416	(2)
3.3.2.1. Role of stress in the language	416	(1)
3.3.2.2. Phonetic correlates of stress	417	(1)
3.3.2.3. Levels of stress	417	(1)
3.3.2.4. Position of stress	417	(1)
3.3.3. Pitch	418	(1)
3.3.4. Intonation	418	(1)
3.3.4.1-2. Normal intonation patterns	418	(1)
3.3.4.3. Contrastive and emphatic intonation	419	(1)
3.4. Morphophonology (segmental)	419	(7)
3.4.1. Articulatory alterations	419	(3)
3.4.1.1. Assimilatory processes	419	(1)
3.4.1.2. Dissimilatory processes	420	(1)
3.4.1.3. Alternations between segments	421	(1)
3.4.2. Metathesis processes	422	(1)
3.4.3. Coalescence and split	423	(1)
3.4.4. Asyllabification	424	(1)
3.4.5. Deletion processes	424	(1)
3.4.6. Insertion processes	425	(1)
3.4.7. Reduplication processes	425	(1)
3.5. Morphophonology (suprasegmental)	426	(1)
4. IDEOPHONES AND INTERJECTIONS	427	(7)
4.1. Ideophones	427	(6)
4.2. Interjections	433	(1)
5. LEXICON	434	(26)
5.1. Structured semantic fields	434	(18)
5.1.1. Kinship terminology	434	(11)
5.1.1.1-2. Sanguineal relationships	436	(7)
5.1.1.3. Relationships by marriage	443	(2)
5.1.1.4. Relationships by adoption	445	(1)
5.1.2. Colour terminology	445	(1)
5.1.3. Body parts	446	(3)
5.1.4. Cooking terminology	449	(1)
5.1.4.1. Cooking methods	449	(1)
5.1.4.2. Cooking implements	449	(1)
5.1.4.3. Typical dishes	450	(1)
5.1.5. Artefact terminology	450	(1)
5.1.5.1. Woven artefacts	450	(1)
5.1.5.2. Hunting/warring artefacts	451	(1)
5.1.5.3. Festive artefacts	451	(1)
5.1.6. Agriculture terminology	451	(1)
5.1.6.1. Crops grown in the area	451	(1)
5.1.6.2. Agricultural activities	452	(1)
5.1.7. Weather terminology	452	(1)
5.2. Basic vocabulary	452	(8)
6. TEXTS	460	(53)
6.1. Wirin - the origin of corn	460	(22)
6.2. How a man becomes a shaman	482	(31)
References	513