Water Quality Indices

by Abbasi, Tasneem; Abbasi, S. A.

• ISBN13: 9780444543042
• ISBN10: 044454304X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-05-30
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd

Summary

This book covers water quality indices (WQI) in depth - it describes what purpose they serve, how they are generated, what are their strengths and weaknesses, and how to make the best use of them. It is a concise and unique guide to WQIs for chemists, chemical/environmental engineers and government officials. Whereas it is easy to express the quantity of water, it is very difficult to express its quality because a large number of variables determine the water quality. WQIs seek to resolve the difficulty by translating a set of a large number of variables to a one-digit or a two-digit numeral. They are essential in communicating the status of different water resources in terms of water quality and the impact of various factors on it to policy makers, service personnel, and the lay public. Further they are exceedingly useful in the monitoring and management of water quality. With the importance of water and water quality increasing exponentially, the importance of this topic is also set to increase enormously because only with the use of indices is it possible to assess, express, communicate, and monitor the overall quality of any water source. Provides a concise guide to WQIs: their purpose and generation Compares existing methods and WQIs and outlines strengths and weaknesses Makes recommendations on how the indices should be used and under what circumstances they apply

Author Biography

Dr. Tasneem Abbasi has been educated at Pondicherry University, Anna University of Technology, and the University of Surrey. She has authored over a 100 technical papers and 4 books. Professor S.A. Abbasi graduated from NT Bombay and had post-doctoral training at Japan and the USA leading to a higher doctorate (DSc). An author of 35 books and over 300 technical papers, Professor Abbasi has received several prizes and lifetime achievement awards. The authors work as Assistant Professor and Senior Professor and Head respectively, at the Centre for Pollution Control Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry University.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xi
Water Quality Indices Based Predominantly on Physico-Chemical Characteristics
Why Water-Quality Indices	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Water-Quality Indices (WQIs)	p. 4
Back to Water-Quality Indices (WQIs)	p. 5
The First Modern WQI: Horton's Index	p. 5
More on the Benefits of WQI	p. 6
WQIs Based on Bioassessment	p. 6
References	p. 7
Approaches to WQI Formulation	p. 9
Introduction	p. 9
The Common Steps	p. 9
Parameter Selection	p. 10
Transformation of the Parameters of Different Units and Dimensions to a Common Scale: Making Subindices	p. 11
Assignment of Weightages	p. 15
Aggregation of Subindices to Produce a Final Index	p. 15
Characteristics of Aggregation Models	p. 18
References	p. 23
'Conventional' Indices for Determining Fitness of Waters for Different Uses	p. 25
General	p. 26
Brown's or the National Sanitation Foundation's Water-Quality Index (NSF-WQI)	p. 26
Nemerow and Sumitomo's Pollution Index	p. 29
Prati's Implicit Index of Pollution	p. 30
Deininger and Landwehr's PWS Index	p. 31
Mcduffie and Haney's River Pollution Index (RPI)	p. 32
Dinius' Water-Quality Index (1972)	p. 33
O'Connor's Indices	p. 34
Walski and Parker's Index	p. 34
Stoner's Index	p. 35
Bhargava's Index (1983, 1985)	p. 36
Dinius' Second Index	p. 38
Viet and Bhargava's Index (1989)	p. 39
The River Ganga Index of Ved Prakash et al.	p. 39
Smith's Index (1990)	p. 40
Chesapeake Bay Water-Quality Indices (Haire et al. 1991)	p. 47
The Aquatic Toxicity Index	p. 47
Li's Regional Water Resource Quality Assessment Index (1993)	p. 48
A Two-Tier WQI	p. 48
Use of WQI To Assess Pond Water Quality (Sinha, 1995)	p. 48
Use of WQI to Study Hanuman Lake, Jabalpur (Dhamija and Jain 1995)	p. 50
Coastal Water-Quality Index for Taiwan (Shyue et al. 1996)	p. 50
The Modified Oregon Water-Quality Index (Cude, 2001)	p. 51
The 'Overall Index of Pollution'	p. 52
The Canadian Water-Quality Index (CCME, 2001) and the Index of Said et al. (2004)	p. 54
A 'Universal' Water-Quality Index	p. 54
Improved Methods of Aggregation	p. 55
A First-Ever WQI For Vietnam	p. 57
A Comparison	p. 61
Reference's	p. 61
Combating Uncertainties in Index-based Assessment of Water Quality: The Use of More Advanced Statistics, Probability Theory and Artificial Intelligence	p. 63
References	p. 66
Indices Based on Relatively Advanced Statistical Analysis of Water-Quality Data	p. 67
Introduction	p. 67
Harkin's Index	p. 68
Beta Function Index	p. 69
An Index with a Multi-pronged ('Mixed') Aggregation Function	p. 69
WQI for Mediterranean Costal Water of Egypt Based on Principal-Component Analysis	p. 71
WQI for Rio Lerma River	p. 71
A New WQI Based on A Combination of Multivariate Techniques	p. 71
Indices for Liao River Study	p. 74
Water-Quality Index Based on Multivariate Factor Analysis (Coletti et al., 2010)	p. 75
Study of Anthropogenic Impacts on Kandla Creek, India	p. 76
References	p. 77
Water-Quality Indices Based on Fuzzy Logic and Other Methods of Artificial Intelligence	p. 79
Introduction	p. 80
Fuzzy Inference	p. 80
A Primer on Fuzzy Arithmetic	p. 81
Towards Application of Fuzzy Rules in Developing Water-Quality Indices: The Work of Kung et al. (1992)	p. 83
Assessment of Water Quality Using Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation and Other Approaches Towards Development of Fuzzy Water-Quality Indices	p. 86
Reach of Fuzzy Indices in Environmental Decision-Making	p. 88
A WQI Based on Genetic Algorithm	p. 92
The Fuzzy Water-Quality Index of Ocampo-Duque et al. (2006)	p. 93
ICAGA'S Fuzzy WQI	p. 97
Use of Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) Operators for Aggregation	p. 102
Fuzzy Water-Quality Indices for Brazilian Rivers (Lermontov et al., 2008, 2009; Roveda et al., 2010)	p. 105
A Hybrid Fuzzy - Probability WQI	p. 107
An Entropy-Based Fuzzy WQI	p. 109
A Fuzzy River Pollution Decision Support System	p. 112
A Fuzzy Industrial WQI	p. 114
Impact of Stochastic Observation Error and Uncertainty in Water-Quality Evaluation	p. 114
References	p. 114
Probabilistic or Stochastic Water-Quality Indices	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
A 'Global' Stochastic Index of Water Quality	p. 121
A Modification in the Global Stochastic Index by Cordoba et al. (2010)	p. 124
References	p. 125
'Planning' or 'Decision-Making' Indices	p. 127
Introduction	p. 128
Water-Quality Management Indices	p. 128
Dee's WQI-Based Environmental Evaluation System	p. 131
Zoeteman's Pollution Potential Index (PPI)	p. 131
Environmental Quality Index Presented by Inhaber (1974)	p. 132
Johanson and Johanson's Pollution Index	p. 134
Ott's NPPI	p. 134
Water-Quality Indices for Operational Management	p. 134
Index to Regulate Water-Management Systems	p. 136
Index to Assess the Impact of Ecoregional, Hydrological and Limnological Factors	p. 136
A Watershed-Quality Index	p. 137
Index for Watershed Pollution Assessment	p. 137
A GIS-Assisted Water-Quality Index for Irrigation Water	p. 137
A System of Indices for Watershed Management	p. 141
A Fuzzy WQI for Water-Quality Assessment of Shrimp Forms	p. 141
An Index to Assess Acceptability of Reclaimed Water for Irrigation	p. 143
An Index for Irrigation Water-Quality Management	p. 143
Index for the Analysis of Data Generated by Automated Sampling (Continuous Monitoring) Networks	p. 144
An Index of Drinking-Water Adequacy for the Asian Countries	p. 147
Indices for the Prediction of Stream of Quality in an Agricultural Setting	p. 148
An Index to Assess Extent of Wastewater Treatment	p. 149
Use of Indices for Prioritising Pacement of Water-Quality Buffers to Control Nonpoint Pollution	p. 151
References	p. 151
Indices for Assessing Groundwater Quality	p. 155
Introduction	p. 156
The WQI of Tiwari and Mishra (1985)	p. 156
Another Oft-Used Groundwater-Quality Index Development Procedure	p. 156
Index of Aquifer Water Quality (Melloul and Collin, 1998)	p. 158
Groundwater-Quality Index of Soltan (1999)	p. 159
A Groundwater Contamination Index	p. 160
An Index for Surface Water as well as Groundwater Quality	p. 160
Use of Groundwater-Quality Index, Contamination Index and Contamination Risk Maps for Designing Water-Quality Monitoring Networks	p. 161
Attribute Reduction in Groundwater-Quality Indices Based on Rough Set Theory	p. 163
Index Development Using Correspondence Factor Analysis	p. 163
Indices for Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment	p. 165
Groundwater-Quality Index to Study Impact of Landfills	p. 165
Indices for Optimising Groundwater-Quality Monitoring Network	p. 167
Economic Index of Groundwater Quality Based on the Treatment Cost	p. 168
The Information-Entropy-Based Groundwater WQI of Pei-Yue et al. (2010)	p. 168
A WQI for Groundwater Based on Fuzzy Logic	p. 169
Use of WQI and GIS in Aquifer-Quality Mapping	p. 170
References	p. 173
Water-Quality Indices of USA and Canada	p. 175
Introduction	p. 175
WQIs of Canada	p. 176
WQIs of the USA	p. 180
The WQI of Said et al. (2004)	p. 180
References	p. 185
WQI-Generating Software and a WQI-based Virtual Instrument	p. 187
Introduction	p. 187
The Basic Architecture of Qualidex	p. 187
Reference	p. 204
Water Quality Indices Based On Bioassessment
Water-Quality Indices Based on Bioassessment: An Introduction	p. 207
Introduction	p. 207
Biotic Indices in the Context of the Evolution of Water-Quality Indices	p. 208
Stressor-Based and Response-Based Monitoring Approaches	p. 211
Biotic Indices - General	p. 214
References	p. 215
The Biotic Indices	p. 219
Introduction	p. 220
The Challenge of Finding 'Control' Sites	p. 221
The Cost Associated with the Use of Biological Assessments of Water	p. 221
Organisms Commonly used in Bioassessment	p. 222
Biotic Indices for Freshwater and Saline water Systems Based on Macroinvertebrates	p. 223
Biotic Indices as Indicators of Water Safety and Human Health Risks	p. 234
Comparison of Performances of Different Biotic Indices	p. 235
Biotic Indices and Developing Countries	p. 239
Limitations of Biotic Indices	p. 239
WQIs and BIs: An Overview	p. 239
References	p. 241
Indices of Biological Integrity or the Multi-metric Indices	p. 249
Introduction	p. 250
The First IBI (KARR, 1981)	p. 251
The Driver-Pressure-Stress-Impact-Response (DPSIR) Paradigm and The IBI	p. 254
Illustrative Examples of IBI Development	p. 262
Overview of IBIs Based on Different Taxa	p. 288
IBIs for Different Aquatic Systems	p. 301
Inter-IBI Comparison	p. 304
The Present and the Future of IBI	p. 314
The Now Well-Recognised Attributes of IBI	p. 321
The Shortcomings of IBI	p. 322
References	p. 324
Multivariate Approaches for Bioassessment of Water Quality	p. 337
Introduction	p. 337
Rivpacs	p. 338
Variants of Rivpacs	p. 341
The Multivariate Approaches and the IBI	p. 345
References	p. 348
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Water-Quality Indices: Looking Back, Looking Ahead	p. 353
Introduction	p. 353
The Best WQI?	p. 354
The Path Ahead	p. 355
The Last Word	p. 355
References	p. 356
Index	p. 357
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