Water Resources Engineering in Karst

by Milanovic; Petar

• ISBN13: 9781566706711
• ISBN10: 1566706718
• eBook ISBN(s): 9781135461249
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-06-11
• Publisher: CRC Press
• More Book Details

Summary

Karstified geologic formations (carbonates and evaporites) cover more than 15% of the Earth's land surface ; in fact, 25% of the world's population either lives on top of karst formations or obtains its water from them. These areas contain unusual landscape features such as caves, sinkholes, springs, aquifers, and disappearing streams that are particularly susceptible to anthropogenic disturbance. Engineers, hydrologists, and geologists therefore need to have a detailed understanding of characteristics and vulnerabilities of these formations.Water Resources Engineering in Karst is a definitive engineering guide for the design and construction of water infrastructure projects within karst formations and protection systems for karstified reservoirs, aquifers, streams and springs. It includes investigative techniques, practical design solutions, case studies with failure analysis, criteria proposals for karst groundwater protection zoning, and a comprehensive review of the unique hydrogeological dynamics of karst formations. Most importantly, it provides engineering approaches for preventing and mitigating environmental problems common in karst regions.The author presents a wealth of data collected during his role as an investigating and designing hydrogeologist on karst projects. He gives readers a better understanding of the challenges involved in engineering and construction in karst regions around the world.

Author Biography

Dr. Milanovic was educated in the Faculty of Mining and Geology at the University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia, and he has also studied at Colorado State University and the EROS Data Center in the United States. Most of his career has been spent at the Karst Institute of the Multipurpose Hydrosystem Trebisnjica

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 General Introduction to Karst	1	(30)
1.1 Origin and Meaning of the Term Karst	3	(1)
1.2 Types of Karst	3	(3)
1.3 The Karstification Process	6	(1)
1.4 Role of Tectonics in the Process of Karstification	7	(1)
1.5 Depth of Karstification	8	(3)
1.6 Karst Porosity	11	(2)
1.7 Basic Geomorphological Features	13	(7)
1.8 Karst Springs	20	(2)
1.9 Ponors (Swallowholes)	22	(1)
1.10 Estavelles	23	(1)
1.11 Submarine Springs	24	(1)
1.12 Subsidence and Collapse	25	(4)
References	29	(2)
Chapter 2 Groundwater in Karst	31	(12)
2.1 Basic Theories on Karst Groundwater Circulation	33	(1)
2.2 Karst Aquifer	34	(2)
2.3 Evolution of Karst Aquifers	36	(2)
2.4 Fluctuation of the Water Table	38	(1)
2.5 Average Velocity of Water Flow in Karst	38	(2)
References	40	(3)
Chapter 3 Underground Water Tapping	43	(24)
3.1 General Approach	45	(1)
3.2 Examples	45	(14)
3.2.1 Spring Lez, France	45	(2)
3.2.2 Spring Oko, Herzegovina	47	(1)
3.2.3 Intake Structure, Zvir, Croatia	47	(1)
3.2.4 Jergaly Spring, Slovakia	48	(1)
3.2.5 Spanish Examples	49	(1)
3.2.5.1 Atrita Spring	49	(1)
3.2.5.2 Algeria Spring	49	(1)
3.2.5.3 Deifontes Spring	49	(1)
3.2.5.4 Los Santos Spring	49	(1)
3.2.6 Brestovica Tapping Structure, Slovenia	49	(1)
3.2.7 Rizana Spring, Slovenia	49	(1)
3.2.8 Palata, Mali Zaton Spring, Croatia	50	(1)
3.2.9 Kiveri Marine Dam, Greece	50	(1)
3.2.10 Jama Spring, Herzegovina	50	(2)
3.2.11 OpaEica Spring, Yugoslavia	52	(3)
3.2.12 Almiros Iraklion Spring, Crete	55	(1)
3.2.13 Kotor Bay Springs, Yugoslavia	56	(1)
3.2.14 Deep Wells in Kazerun, Iran	57	(1)
3.2.15 Mrljis Spring, Yugoslavia	58	(1)
3.3 Tapping Galleries	59	(2)
3.4 Tapping of Water Intrusion under Pressure	61	(3)
References	64	(3)
Chapter 4 Dams and Reservoirs: Inherent Risk	67	(12)
4.1 Introduction	69	(2)
4.2 Geological Predisposition to Risk	71	(2)
4.3 Risk Types	73	(1)
4.4 Time as a Risk Component	74	(1)
4.5 Risk of an Ecological Nature	75	(1)
4.6 Induced Seismicity	75	(1)
4.7 Risk Reduction Strategy	75	(1)
4.8 Acceptance of Risk	76	(1)
References	77	(2)
Chapter 5 Dams and Reservoirs: Prevention and Remediation	79	(114)
5.1 Introduction	81	(1)
5.2 Data Needed for Grout Curtain Design	82	(1)
5.3 Water Pressure Test: Lugeon Test	83	(3)
5.3.1 Relationship between Water Pressure Tests (Lu) and Hydraulic Conductivity (k)	85	(1)
5.4 Grout Curtain Position	86	(1)
5.5 Grouting Criteria	87	(1)
5.6 Grouting Depth	88	(1)
5.7 Grouting Pressure	89	(3)
5.8 Hydraulic Fracturing and Hydraulic Jacking	92	(1)
5.9 Grouting Procedure	93	(95)
5.9.1 Operational Procedures	93	(2)
5.9.2 Grout Mass Consumption	95	(2)
5.9.3 The GIN Principle	97	(1)
5.10 Karstified Rock Flushing for Grouting	98	(2)
5.11 Concentrated Leakage Impermeabilization	100	(1)
5.11.1 Impermeabilization at the Surface of the Terrain	101	(1)
5.11.2 Underground Sealing (Karst Channel Plugging)	109	(12)
5.11.2.1 General Approach	109	(1)
5.11.2.2 Materials and Technologies	110	(2)
5.11.2.3 General Plugging Procedure	112	(1)
5.11.2.4 Examples of Karst Channel Plugging	113	(5)
5.11.2.5 Cut-Off (Diaphragm) Wall Sealing Technology	118	(3)
5.12 Case Studies of Dams and Reservoirs: Watertightness, Failures, and Rehabilitation	121	(1)
5.12.1 Douglas Dam, U.S	121	(1)
5.12.2 Hales Bar Dam, U.S	122	(1)
5.12.3 Great Falls Reservoir, U.S	122	(1)
5.12.4 Lar Dam, Iran	123	(1)
5.12.5 Keban Dam, Turkey	126	(1)
5.12.6 Sklope Dam, Croatia	128	(1)
5.12.7 Canelles Dam, Spain	131	(1)
5.12.8 Špilje, FYR Macedonia	135	(1)
5.12.9 Khao Laem Dam, Thailand	136	(3)
5.12.10 Karun I, Iran	139	(1)
5.12.11 Camarassa, Spain	139	(1)
5.12.12 Wolf Creek, U.S	142	(1)
5.12.13 Višegrad Dam, Bosnia and Herzegovina	142	(1)
5.12.14 Grabovica Dam, Bosnia and Herzegovina	144	(1)
5.12.15 El Cajon (Francisco Morazan) Dam, Honduras	145	(1)
5.12.16 Oymapinar Dam, Turkey	151	(1)
5.12.17 Mratinje (Piva) Dam, Yugoslavia	153	(1)
5.12.18 Grancarevo Dam, Herzegovina	156	(1)
5.12.19 Marun Dam, Iran	158	(1)
5.12.20 Hutovo Compensation Reservoir, Bosnia and Herzegovina	160	(1)
5.12.21 Busko Blato Reservoir, Bosnia and Herzegovina	163	(1)
5.12.22 Nikšicko Polje Reservoirs, Yugoslavia	165	(17)
5.12.22.1 Slano Reservoir	166	(3)
5.12.22.2 Vrtac Retention Basin	169	(1)
5.12.23 Mornos Reservoir, Greece	170	(1)
5.12.24 Perdika, Greece	170	(1)
5.12.25 Mavrovo Reservoir, Macedonia (FYUR)	171	(1)
5.12.26 May, Turkey	172	(1)
5.12.27 Apa, Turkey	172	(1)
5.12.28 Onac, Turkey	173	(1)
5.12.29 Cevizli, Turkey	173	(1)
5.12.30 Lone Pine, U. .S	173	(1)
5.12.31 Dokan Dam, Iraq	173	(1)
5.12.32 Ataturk Dam, Turkey	174	(2)
5.12.33 Salakovac Dam, Bosnia and Herzegovina	176	(1)
5.12.34 Wujiangdu Dam, China	177	(2)
5.12.35 Berke Dam, Turkey	179	(1)
5.12.36 Salman Farsi Dam, Iran	180	(2)
5.13 Dam and Reservoir Construction on Conglomerate, Gypsum, and Anhydrite	182	(1)
5.13.1 McMillan Dam, U.S	185	(1)
5.13.2 Kamskaya, Russia	185	(1)
5.13.3 Mosul Dam, Iraq	186	(1)
5.13.4 Huoshipo Reservoir, China	187	(1)
References	188	(5)
Chapter 6 Underground Dams and Reservoirs	193	(22)
6.1 Introduction	195	(1)
6.2 General Underground Reservoir Classification	195	(1)
6.3 Basic Features of Artificial Underground Storage	195	(2)
6.4 Possible Concepts of Watertight Structures	197	(1)
6.5 Advantages and Shortcomings of Underground Storage and Dams	197	(1)
6.6 Examples and Projects	198	(11)
6.6.1 Examples in China	198	(4)
6.6.1.1 Yuhong Power Plant	199	(1)
6.6.1.2 Beilou Power Plant	200	(1)
6.6.1.3 Wulichong Reservoir	200	(2)
6.6.2 Miyako Project, Japan	202	(3)
6.6.3 Ombla Power Plant, Croatia	205	(4)
6.7 Some Unfavorable Consequences of Underground Storage	209	(2)
6.7.1 Flood Provoking	209	(1)
6.7.2 Induced Collapse Failure	209	(2)
6.8 Rock Instability and Local Seismic Activity	211	(1)
References	212	(3)
Chapter 7 Karst Spring Submergence	215	(8)
7.1 Introduction	217	(1)
7.2 Trebišnjica Spring Submergence	217	(3)
7.3 Dumanli Spring Submergence	220	(1)
7.4 Neraidha Spring Submergence	220	(2)
7.5 Pivsko Oko (Sinjac) Spring Submergence	222	(1)
7.6 Rama Spring Submergence	222	(1)
7.7 Yarg Spring Submergence	222	(1)
References	222	(1)
Chapter 8 Tunneling in Karst: Common Problems	223	(20)
8.1 Introduction	225	(1)
8.2 Nature of Problems	225	(1)
8.3 Investigation Needs	225	(1)
8.4 Defects and Remediations	226	(5)
8.5 Tunnel-Boring Machines in Karst	231	(1)
8.6 Relocation of Tunnel Route	232	(3)
8.7 Tunneling beneath Groundwater Level	235	(2)
8.8 Role of Hydrogeology in Tunnel Construction Planning	237	(3)
8.9 Plugging of Massive Inflows under Pressure into the Tunnel	240	(1)
References	241	(2)
Chapter 9 Proposed Criteria for Groundwater Protection Zoning in Karst Regions	243	(12)
9.1 Introduction	245	(1)
9.2 Actual Zoning Concept Applied in Nonkarstic Areas	245	(1)
9.3 Basic Hydrogeological Parameters for Zoning Criteria in Karst	245	(2)
9.4 Criteria for Zoning	247	(1)
9.4.1 Zone I: Protection Area of a Spring or Intake Structure for Drinking Water	247	(1)
9.4.2 Zone II: Immediate Protection Area: Zone Requiring Very Severe Protection and Restriction	247	(1)
9.4.3 Zone III: Protection Area	247	(1)
9.4.4 Zone IV: External Protection Area	248	(1)
9.5 Restrictions in Protection Zones	248	(1)
9.6 Particulars of Zoning Procedures in Karst	249	(1)
9.7 Water Quality Monitoring	250	(1)
9.8 Protection Planing	250	(1)
9.9 Case Study: Groundwater Protection Zones in Highly Developed Karst (Dubrovnik Area)	250	(4)
References	254	(1)
Chapter 10 Groundwater Tracing Techniques	255	(16)
10.1 Introduction	257	(1)
10.2 Dye Tracers	257	(5)
10.3 Common Salt	262	(1)
10.4 Radioactive Isotopes	263	(1)
10.4.1 Bromine-82	263	(1)
10.4.2 Iodine-131	264	(1)
10.4.3 Chromium-51	265	(1)
10.4.4 Tritium (3H)	266	(1)
10.5 Postactivated Isotopes	267	(1)
10.6 Smoke and Gaseous Tracers	267	(2)
References	269	(2)
Chapter 11 Application of Geophysical Methods in Karst	271	(30)
11.1 Introduction	273	(1)
11.2 Geoelectrical Methods	273	(7)
11.3 Geophysical Logging of Boreholes	280	(4)
11.4 Geothermal Effects as a Consequence of Water Circulation through the Karst Conduits	284	(1)
11.4.1 Investigation Procedure	285	(1)
11.4.2 Ombla Spring: Thermal Measurements for Underground Flow Determination	287	(1)
11.4.3 Temperature Measurements for Determination of Water Losses from Busko Blato Reservoir	287	(1)
11.4.4 Maotiaohe 4th Dam: Geothermal Measurements	290	(1)
11.5 Borehole Radar Method	291	(1)
11.5.1 Borehole Radar Technique	291	(1)
11.5.2 Ombla Spring Radar Investigations	292	(1)
11.6 Electromagnetic VLF Method	292	(5)
11.7 Geo-Bomb Method	297	(1)
References	297	(4)
Glossary	301	(4)
Author Index	305	(2)
Subject Index	307