Water Resources Systems Planning and Management

by Jain; Singh

• ISBN13: 9780444514295
• ISBN10: 0444514295
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-09-12
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

This book is divided into four parts. The first part, Preliminaries, begins by introducing the basic theme of the book. It provides an overview of the current status of water resources utilization, the likely scenario of future demands, and advantages and disadvantages of systems techniques. An understanding of how the hydrological data are measured and processed is important before undertaking any analysis. The discussion is extended to emerging techniques, such as Remote Sensing, GIS, Artificial Neural Networks, and Expert Systems. The statistical tools for data analysis including commonly used probability distributions, parameter estimation, regression and correlation, frequency analysis, and time-series analysis are discussed in a separate chapter. Part 2 Decision Making, is a bouquet of techniques organized in 4 chapters. After discussing optimization and simulation, the techniques of economic analysis are covered. Recently, environmental and social aspects, and rehabilitation and resettlement of project-affected people have come to occupy a central stage in water resources management and any good book is incomplete unless these topics are adequately covered. The concept of rational decision making along with risk, reliability, and uncertainty aspects form subject matter of a chapter. With these analytical tools, the practitioner is well equipped to take a rational decision for water resources utilization. Part 3 deals with Water Resources Planning and Development. This part discusses the concepts of planning, the planning process, integrated planning, public involvement, and reservoir sizing. The last part focuses on Systems Operation and Management. After a resource is developed, it is essential to manage it in the best possible way. Many dams around the world are losing some storage capacity every year due to sedimentation and therefore, the assessment and management of reservoir sedimentation is described in details. No analysis of water resources systems is complete without consideration of water quality. A river basin is the natural unit in which water occurs. The final chapter discusses various issues related to holistic management of a river basin.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
Acknowledgments	x
Part I Preliminaries	1	(276)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Water Resources Systems	3	(38)
1.1 Need for Water	6	(6)
1.1.1 Likely Future Trends of Water Demands	10	(1)
1.1.2 Water and Ecosystems	11	(1)
1.2 Availability of Water	12	(6)
1.2.1 Water Resources Assessment	14	(4)
1.3 Technology for Meeting Water Needs	18	(1)
1.4 Water Resources Planning	19	(1)
1.5 Water Resources Development	20	(1)
1.6 Water Resources Management	21	(5)
1.7 Water Resources Systems	26	(5)
1.7.1 Concept of a System	26	(3)
1.7.2 Systems Analysis Techniques	29	(1)
1.7.3 Characteristics of Water Resources Systems	30	(1)
1.8 Issues in Systems Approach	31	(3)
1.8.1 Potential of Systems Analysis Approach	32	(1)
1.8.2 Economics in Systems Engineering	33	(1)
1.9 Advantages and Limitations of Systems Approach	34	(2)
1.10 Challenges in Water Sector	36	(4)
1.11 An Example Water Resources System - Sabarmati System	40	(3)
1.11.1 Regulation of Sabarmati System	43	(1)
1.12 Closure	43	(1)
1.13 References	44
Chapter 2 Acquisition and Processing of Water Resources Data	41	(82)
2.1 Types of Water Resources Data	48	(4)
2.1.1 Time-Oriented Data	50	(1)
2.1.2 Space-Oriented Data	50	(1)
2.1.3 Relation-Oriented Data	50	(1)
2.1.4 Techniques for Observation of Water Resources Data	51	(1)
2.1.5 Sources of Data	52	(1)
2.2 Design of Hydrometeorological Networks	52	(3)
2.2.1 Precipitation Networks	53	(1)
2.2.2 Streamflow Networks	54	(1)
2.3 Data Validation	55	(4)
2.3.1 Primary Validation	58	(1)
2.3.2 Secondary Validation	58	(1)
2.3.3 Hydrological Validation	58	(1)
2.3.4 Data Fill-in	59	(1)
2.4 Acquisition and Processing of Precipitation Data	59	(17)
2.4.1 Precipitation Gages	59	(5)
2.4.2 Processing of Precipitation Data	64	(3)
2.4.3 Spatial Interpolation of Precipitation Data	67	(8)
2.4.4 Disaggregation of Rainfall Data	75	(1)
2.4.5 Rain Storm Analysis	75	(1)
2.5 Acquisition and Processing of other Meteorological Data	76	(5)
2.5.1 Pan Evaporation Data	76	(2)
2.5.2 Temperature and Humidity Data	78	(1)
2.5.3 Wind Speed and Direction	79	(1)
2.5.4 Sunshine Duration	80	(1)
2.5.5 Automatic Hydrologic Stations	80	(1)
2.6 Acquisition and Processing of Streamflow Data	81	(18)
2.6.1 Selection of Gauging Sites	82	(1)
2.6.2 Measurement of Stage	83	(2)
2.6.3 Measurement of Discharge	85	(9)
2.6.4 Processing of Streamflow Data	94	(5)
2.7 Water Quality Data	99	(8)
2.7.1 Physical Parameters	99	(2)
2.7.2 Chemical Parameters	101	(2)
2.7.3 Biological Parameters	103	(1)
2.7.4 Sediment Data	104	(2)
2.7.5 Processing of Water Quality Data	106	(1)
2.8 Other Data	107	(7)
2.8.1 Ground Water Data	107	(1)
2.8.2 Reservoir and Lake Data	108	(1)
2.8.3 Spatial Data	108	(1)
2.8.4 Socio-economic and Agriculture Data	109	(2)
2.8.5 Water Use and Demand Data	111	(1)
2.8.6 Data Gathered during System Operation	112	(2)
2.9 Water Resource Information System	114	(5)
2.9.1 Data Transmission	115	(1)
2.9.2 Data Storage and Retrieval	116	(2)
2.9.3 Data Dissemination	118	(1)
2.10 Closure	119	(4)
2.11 References
Chapter 3 Emerging Techniques for Data Acquisition and Systems Modeling	123	(84)
3.1 Remote Sensing	123	(23)
3.1.1 Basic Components of Remote Sensing Data Collection	126	(1)
3.1.2 Remote Sensing Sensors	127	(1)
3.1.3 Remote Sensing Platforms	128	(3)
3.1.4 Resolution of Remote Sensing Data	131	(1)
3.1.5 Reflectance Characteristics of Earth Features	132	(3)
3.1.6 Remote Sensing Data Analysis	135	(1)
3.1.7 Digital Image Processing	135	(6)
3.1.8 Applications of Remote Sensing to Water Resources Problems	141	(5)
3.1.9 Cost of Remote Sensing Analysis	146	(1)
3.2 Geographic Information Systems	146	(25)
3.2.1 Geographic Data Types	148	(3)
3.2.2 GIS Data Structure	151	(6)
3.2.3 Geographic Coordinate Systems	157	(3)
3.2.4 GIS-User Interface	160	(1)
3.2.5 Steps o GIS Based Analysis	160	(2)
3 2 6 Analysis of Geographic Data using a GIS	162	(5)
3.2.7 Digital Terrain Model (DTM)	167	(2)
3.2.8 GIS Applications in Water Resources	169	(2)
3.2.9 Conclusions	171	(1)
3.3 Artificial Neural Networks	171	(18)
3.3.1 Structure and Classification of ANNS	173	(1)
3.3.2 Feed-forward ANNS	173	(3)
3.3.3 Designing an ANN	176	(1)
3.3.4 Training of ANN	176	(2)
3.3.5 Error Back Propagation Algorithm	178	(4)
3.3.6 Cascade Correlation Algorithm	182	(1)
3.3.7 Modular Neural Network	183	(1)
3.3.8 Radial-Basis Function Networks	184	(2)
3.3.9 Applications	186	(1)
3.3.10 Issues in ANN Applications	187	(2)
3.4 Expert Systems	189	(9)
3.4.1 Expert Systems Architecture	191	(1)
3.4.2 ES Development	192	(1)
3.4.3 ES Techniques	193	(1)
3.4.4 ES Tools	193	(1)
3.4.5 Knowledge Base	194	(1)
3.4.6 Inference Engine	195	(1)
3.4.7 Applications in Water Resources	196	(2)
3.5 Closure	198	(1)
3.6 References	199	(8)
Chapter 4 Statistical Techniques for Data Analysis	207	(70)
4.1 Basic Concepts	208	(7)
4.1.1 Distribution Characteristics	210	(5)
4.2 Probability Distributions	215	(7)
4.2.1 Continuous Probability Distributions	217	(4)
4.2.2 Discrete Probability Distributions	221	(1)
4.3 Methods of Parameter Estimation	222	(8)
4.3.1 Method of Moments for Continuous Systems	223	(1)
4.3.2 Method of Moments for Discrete Systems	224	(2)
4.3.3 Method of Probability Weighted Moments	226	(1)
4.3.4 Methods of Mixed Moments	227	(1)
4.3.5 Method of L-Moments	227	(2)
4.3.6 Method of Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE)	229	(1)
4.3.7 Method of Least Squares	230	(1)
4.4 Concept of Entropy	230	(2)
4.4.1 Principle of Maximum Entropy	231	(1)
4.4.2 Entropy-Based Parameter Estimation	232	(1)
4.5 Problems of Parameter Estimation	232	(3)
4.6 Hypothesis Testing	235	(5)
4.6.1 The t-test	238	(1)
4.6.2 Chi-square Distribution	239	(1)
4.7 Linear Regression	240	(8)
4.7.1 Parameter Estimation	241	(1)
4.7.2 Goodness of Regression	241	(2)
4.7.3 Inferences on Regression Coefficients	243	(1)
4.7.4 Confidence Intervals	243	(4)
4.7.5 Extrapolation	247	(1)
4.8 Multiple Linear Regression	248	(3)
4 8.1 Estimation of Regression Coefficients	249	(1)
4.8.2 Inferences on Regression Coefficients	249	(1)
4.8.3 Stepwise Regression	250	(1)
4.9 Correlation Analysis	251	(3)
4.9.1 Cross-Correlation	251	(1)
4.9.2 Serial or Auto-Correlation	252	(1)
4.9.3 Inferences on Correlation Coefficients	253	(1)
4.10 Frequency Analysis	254	(8)
4.10.1 Point Frequency Analysis	255	(1)
4.10.2 Frequency-Factor Method	256	(2)
4.10.3 Confidence Limits	258	(1)
4.10.4 Regional Frequency Analysis	259	(1)
4.10.5 Index Flood Method	259	(3)
4.10.6 Multiple Regression Method	262	(1)
4.11 Time Series Analysis	262	(9)
4.11.1 Stationary Stochastic Processes	264	(1)
4.11.2 Time Series Models	264	(2)
4.11.3 Partial Autoconelation Function	266	(1)
4.11.4 Fitting of ARMA Models	267	(4)
4.12 Markov Models	271	(3)
4.13 Closure	274	(1)
4.14 References	274	(3)
Part II Decision Making	277	(226)
Chapter 5 Systems Analysis Techniques	279	(72)
5.1 Systems Analysis Techniques	279	(1)
5.2 Optimization	280	(2)
5.2.1 Classification of Optimization Techniques	282	(1)
5.3 Linear Programming	282	(15)
5.3.1 Assumptions in LP	283	(1)
5.3.2 Mathematical Representation of an LP Problem	283	(2)
5.3.3 Formulation of an LP Model	285	(1)
5.3.4 Reduction of a General LP Problem to a Standard Form	286	(1)
5.3.5 Canonical Form of an LP Problem	287	(1)
5.3.6 Graphical Solution of a LP Problem	288	(2)
5.3.7 Simplex.Method of LP	290	(4)
5.3.8 Duality in LP	294	(2)
5.3.9 Post Optimality Analysis	296	(1)
5.3.10 Important Classes of LP Problems	296	(1)
5.4 Nonlinear Programming	297	(10)
5.4.1 Lagrange Multipliers and Kuhn-Tucker Conditions	299	(1)
5.4.2 Classification of Nonlinear Programming Methods	300	(1)
5.4.3 Unconstrained Nonlinear Programming Methods	300	(4)
5.4.4 Constrained Nonlinear Programming Methods	304	(2)
5.4.5 Some Common Problems in NLP Applications	306	(1)
5.5 Dynamic Programming	307	(7)
5.5.1 Recursive Equation of DP	309	(3)
5.5.2 Discrete Differential DP	312	(1)
5.5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of DP	313	(1)
5.6 Stochastic Optimization	314	(5)
5.6.1 Chance-constrained Linear Programming	315	(1)
5.6.2 Stochastic Dynamic Programming	316	(3)
5.7 Multi-Objective Optimization	319	(9)
5.7.1 Classification of Multi-objective Optimization Techniques	324	(1)
5.7.2 Generating Techniques	324	(2)
5.7.3 Surrogate Worth Trade-off Method	326	(2)
5.8 Goal Programming	328	(9)
5.8.1 Goal Programming Model	330	(7)
5.9 Simulation	337	(8)
5.9.1 Classification of Simulation Models	338	(1)
5.9.2 Monte Carlo Simulation	339	(1)
5.9.3 Time Management in Simulation	340	(1)
5.9.4 Design of Sampling Strategy	341	(1)
5.9.5 Steps in Simulation Modeling	342	(1)
5.9.6 Inputs to Simulation Models	343	(1)
5.9.7 Outputs of Simulation Models	344	(1)
5.9.8 Pros and Cons of Simulation Models	344	(1)
5.10 Closure	345	(1)
Appendix 5A.1 Generation of Random Numbers	346	(1)
Appendix 5A.2 Transformation of Random Numbers	347	(2)
5.11 References	349	(2)
Chapter 6 Economic Considerations	351	(44)
6.1 Basic Principles of Project Economics	352	(7)
6.1.1 Cash Flow Diagram	353	(1)
6.1.2 Discount Rate	353	(2)
6.1.3 Discount Factors	355	(2)
6.1.4 Sunk Cost	357	(1)
6.1.5 Intangible Values	357	(1)
6.1.6 Salvage Value	358	(1)
6.1.7 Marginal Returns	358	(1)
6.1.8 Planning Horizons	358	(1)
6.2 Demand and Utility of Water	359	(4)
6.2.1 Water Demand and Cost	359	(2)
6.2.2 Elasticity of Water Demand	361	(1)
6.2.3 Utility Theory	361	(2)
6.3 Project Economics and Evaluation	363	(3)
6.3.1 Project Cost	363	(1)
6.3.2 Project Installation Cost	363	(1)
6.3.3 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Costs	364	(1)
6.3.4 Operation, Maintenance and Replacement Costs	365	(1)
6.3.5 Total Annual Cost	365	(1)
6.3.6 Project Benefits	366	(1)
6.4 Discounting Techniques	366	(1)
6.5 Benefit-Cost Ratio Method	367	(6)
6.5.1 Steps of BC Analysis	368	(2)
6.5.2 Incremental Benefit and Cost	370	(2)
6.5.3 Economic Rationale of Benefit-Cost Analysis	372	(1)
6.6 Other Discounting Methods	373	(8)
6.6.1 Present Worth Method	373	(2)
6.6.2 Rate-of-Return Method	375	(2)
6.6.3 Comparison of BC Ratio and IRR Method	377	(2)
6.6.4 Annual Cost Method	379	(1)
6.6.5 Comparison of Discounting Techniques	380	(1)
6.7 Project Feasibility and Optimality	381	(5)
6.7.1 Cost and Benefit Curves	383	(1)
6.7.2 Optimal Allocation of Water to Individual Users	383	(1)
6.7.3 Optimal Allocation of Water among Different Uses	384	(1)
6.7.4 Allocation of Ground Water	385	(1)
6.7.5 Project Optimality	385	(1)
6.8 Allocation of Project Cost	386	(6)
6.8.1 Cost Allocation Practices in India	389	(1)
6.8.2 Funding Needs in Water Sector	389	(1)
6.8.3 Case Study of Dharoi Project	390	(2)
6.9 Closure	392	(1)
6.10 References	392	(3)
Chapter 7 Environmental and Social Considerations	395	(64)
7.1 Dynamism of Environment	396	(1)
7.2 Water in Environment	397	(1)
7.3 Environmental Impacts of Water Resources Projects	398	(7)
7.3.1 Adverse Impacts	401	(2)
7.3.2 Beneficial Impacts	403	(2)
7.4 Environmental Impacts of Reservoirs	405	(8)
7.4.1 Physical Impacts	406	(3)
7.4.2 Biological Impacts	409	(1)
7.4.3 Small Dams Versus Big Dams	410	(3)
7.5 Environmental problems in Command Areas	413	(2)
7.6 Environmental Impact Assessment	415	(15)
7.6.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure	416	(1)
7.6.2 Techniques of Environmental Impact Assessment	417	(10)
7.6.3 Indices for Environmental Impact Assessment	427	(2)
7.6.4 Current EIA Procedures	429	(1)
7.7 Integration of Environmental Aspects in Water Resources Planning	430	(3)
7.7.1 Optimization Methods	432	(1)
7.8 Environmental Considerations in Reservoir Planning and Operation	433	(3)
7.8.1 Guidelines of ICOLD	433	(2)
7.8.2 Guidelines for Planning	435	(1)
7.9 Sustainable Development	436	(6)
7.9.1 Defining Sustainable Development	437	(3)
7.9.2 Issues in Sustainable Development	440	(2)
7.10 Social Impacts	442	(6)
7.10.1 Rehabilitation and Resettlement	444	(4)
7.11 Case Study - Sardar Sarovar Project, India	448	(6)
7.11.1 The Project	449	(2)
1.11.2 The Controversy	451	(1)
7.11.3 The Protests by NGO's	452	(1)
7.11.4 Project Status	453	(1)
7.12 Closure	454	(1)
7.13 References	454	(3)
Appendix 7A The Report of World Commission on Dams	457	(2)
Chapter 8 Rational Decision Making	459	(44)
8.1 Concept of Rationality	461	(1)
8.2 Risk Analysis and Management	462	(10)
8.2.1 Classification of Risks	466
8.2.2 Sources of Risk	461	(8)
8.2.3 Estimation of Risk	469	(2)
8.2.4 Risk Management	471	(1)
8.3 Uncertainty Analysis	472	(13)
8.3.1 Classification of Uncertainty	472	(2)
8.3.2 Sources of Uncertainty	474	(1)
8.3.3 Analysis of Errors	474	(6)
8.3.4 Analysis of Uncertainty	480	(4)
8.3.5 Value of Information	484	(1)
8.4 Utility Theory	485	(7)
8.4.1 Expected Monetary Value of a Decision	487	(2)
8.4.2 Improving the Decision Policy	489	(1)
8.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis	489	(3)
8.5 Systems Techniques for Rational Decision Making	492	(3)
8.5.1 Stochastic Optimization	492	(2)
8.5.2 Stochastic Simulation	494	(1)
8.6 Bayesian Decision Making	495	(6)
8.6.1 Bayes' Theoreiri	495	(1)
8.6.2 Application of Bayes' Theorem	496	(5)
8.7 Closure	501	(1)
8.8 References	501	(2)
Part III Water Resources Planning and Development	503	(110)
Chapter 9 Water Resources Planning	505	(50)
9.1 Integrated Planning	508	(1)
9.2 Stages in Water Resources Planning	509	(4)
9.2.1 Relationship among Stages	511	(2)
9.3 Data Collection and Processing	513	(3)
9.3.1 Specification and Sources of Data	513	(1)
9.3.2 Data Adequacy	514	(1)
9.3.3 Data Quality Control	515	(1)
9.3.4 Data Systems	515	(1)
9.4 Estimation of Future Water Demands	516	(4)
9.4.1 Water Requirements for Irrigation	517	(2)
9.4.2 Municipal Water Use	519	(1)
9.5 Plan Initiation and Preliminary Planning	520	(5)
9.5.1 Dependency of Water Sector Plan on Other Sectors	522	(1)
9.5.2 Articulation of Project Objectives	522	(1)
9.5.3 Project Constraints	523	(1)
9.5.4 Planning for Operation	524	(1)
9.5.5 Conjunctive Use Planning	525	(1)
9.6 Institutional Set-up	525	(3)
9.6.1 Involvement of Experts	526	(1)
9.6.2 Decision Making Levels	527	(1)
9.6.3 Compatibility among Agencies	528	(1)
9.6.4 Capacity Building	528	(1)
9.7 Public Involvement	528	(5)
9.7.1 Advantages of Public Involvement	530	(1)
9.7.2 Activities in Public Involvement Process	531	(2)
9.8 Formulation and Screening of Alternatives	533	(2)
9.8.1 Classification of Alternatives	533	(1)
9.8.2 Generation of Alternatives	534	(1)
9.8.3 Techniques for Screening Alternatives	534	(1)
9.8.4 Evaluation of Alternatives and Finalization	534	(1)
9.9 Models for Water Resources Planning	535	(6)
9.9.1 System Decomposition	536	(1)
9.9.2 Selection of Systems Analysis Tools	537	(1)
9.9.3 Use of Multi-objective Analysis	538	(2)
9.9.4 Object-Oriented Modeling Approach	540	(1)
9.9.5 Model Credibility	540	(1)
9.10 Sensitivity Analysis	541	(2)
9.10.1 Risk and Uncertainty Analysis	541	(1)
9.10.2 Uncertainties Associated with Objectives and Constraints	542	(1)
9.10.3 Post-evaluation of Projects	543	(1)
9.11 Interaction between Analyst and Decision-maker	543	(2)
9.11.1 Presentation of Results	544	(1)
9.12 Water Resource Planning - Case Studies	545	(5)
9.12.1 Ganga-Brahmputra-Barak Basin Study	545	(4)
9.12.2 Water Resources Planning for Egypt	549	(1)
9.13 Closure	550	(1)
9.14 References	551	(4)
Chapter 10 Reservoir Sizing	555	(58)
10.1 Need for Reservoirs	556	(2)
10.1.1 Classification of Reservoirs	558	(1)
10.2 Characteristics and Requirements of Water Uses	558	(3)
10.3 Reservoir Planning	561	(5)
10.3.1 Site Selection Criteria for a Reservoir	561	(1)
10.3.2 Investigations for Planning a Reservoir	562	(4)
10.4 Estimation of Water Yield Using Flow Duration Curves	566	(3)
10.4.1 Procedure to Prepare a Flow Duration Curve	567	(1)
10.4.2 Use of Flow Duration Curves	568	(1)
10.5 Hydropower Generation	569	(5)
10.5.1 Components of Hydropower Projects	571	(2)
10.5.2 Estimating Hydropower Potential and Demand	573	(1)
10.6 Reservoir Losses	574	(3)
10.6.1 Evaporation Losses	575	(1)
10.6.2 Seepage Losses	576	(1)
10.6.3 Leakage through Dam	576	(1)
10.6.4 Water Balance of a Reservoir	576	(1)
10.7 Range Analysis	577	(4)
10.7.1 Hurst Phenomenon	578	(1)
10.7.2 Dependence in Hydrologic Time-Series	579	(1)
10.7.3 Sensitivity of Reservoir Storage to Inflow Statistics	580	(1)
10.8 Regulation Regime Function	581	(2)
10.8.1 Development of Components of Regime Function	582	(1)
10.9 Reservoir Capacity Computation	583	(2)
10.9.1 Storage Zones in a Reservoir	584	(1)
10.10 Storage Requirement for Conservation Purposes	585	(10)
10.10.1 Mass Curve Method	586	(3)
10.10.2 Sequent Peak Algorithm	589	(1)
10.10.3 Stretched - Thread Rule	590	(1)
10.10.4 Storage-Yield Analysis	591	(2)
10.10.5 Simulation Method (Behavior Analysis)	593	(2)
10.10.6 Reservoir Screening	595	(1)
10.11 Flood Control Storage Capacity	595	(3)
10.11.1 Reservoir Design Flood	596	(2)
10.12 Reservoir Routing	598	(8)
10.12.1 Reservoir Routing Techniques	599	(1)
10.12.2 Mass Curve Method	599	(1)
10.12.3 Modified Puls Method	600	(1)
10.12.4 Coefficient Method	601	(1)
10.12.5 Reservoir Routing with Controlled Outflow	602	(1)
10.12.6 Major Applications of Storage Routing	602	(1)
10.12.7 General Comments	603	(3)
10.13 Fixing Top of Dam	606	(1)
Appendix 10.A Definitions	607	(2)
Appendix 10.B Fixing Live Storage Capacity of Dharoi Reservoir	609	(2)
10.14 References	611	(2)
Part IV Systems Operation and Management	613	(230)
Chapter 11 Reservoir Operation	615	(66)
11.1 Conflicts in Reservoir Operation	616	(1)
11.2 Critical Issues in Reservoir Operation	617	(3)
11.2.1 Use of Flood Storage	618	(1)
11.2.2 Use of Total Storage	618	(1)
11.2.3 Release of Stored Water	619	(1)
11.2.4 Release by Reservoir	619	(1)
11.2.5 Use of Available Water	619	(1)
11.2.6 Release Elevation	619	(1)
11.3 Basic Concepts of Reservoir Operation	620	(3)
11.3.1 Long-range Planning Schedules	621	(1)
11.3.2 Rigid Operation Schedules	621	(1)
11.3.3 Standard Linear Operating Policy	621	(2)
11.4 Rule Curves	623	(4)
11.4.1 Derivation of Rule Curves	623	(1)
11.4.2 Operation of a Reservoir Using Rule Curves	624	(1)
11.4.3 Concept of Storage Zoning	625	(2)
11.5 Operation of a Multi-Reservoir System	627	(12)
11.5.1 Reservoirs in Series	628	(2)
11.5.2 Hydropower Reservoirs	630	(2)
11.5.3 Reservoirs in Parallel	632	(2)
11.5.4 Other Rules	634	(5)
11.5.5 Selective Withdrawal	639	(1)
11.6 Reservoir Operation for Flood Control	639	(11)
11.6.1 Flood Control Reservation Diagram	641	(1)
11.6.2 Approaches to Reservoir Operation during Floods	642	(1)
11.6.3 Pre-depletion of Reservoirs	643	(2)
11.6.4 Normal and Emergency Operation	645	(2)
11.6.5 Flood Control Operation of a Multi-reservoir System	647	(3)
11.7 System Engineering for Reservoir Management	650	(10)
11.7.1 Optimization	650	(2)
11.7.2 Simulation	652	(2)
11.7.3 Network Flow Models	654	(1)
11.7.4 Linear Decision Rule	654	(2)
11.7.5 Recomposition-decomposition Approach	656	(4)
11.8 Real-Time Reservoir Operation	660	(4)
11.8.1 Logistics Required for Real-time Operation	662	(1)
11.8.2 Special Considerations in Real-time Operation	662	(1)
11.8.3 Information Dissemination	663	(1)
11.8.4 Advantages of Real-time Operation	664	(1)
11.9 Development of Operating Rules for Sabarmati System	664	(11)
11.9.1 Solution Approach	666	(1)
11.9.2 Data Availability and Processing	667	(1)
11.9.3 Integrated Conservation Operation of the System	667	(3)
11.9.4 Flood Control Operation of the System	670	(5)
11.10 Closure	675	(1)
11.11 References	676	(5)
Chapter 12 Reservoir Sedimentation	681	(62)
12.1 Reservoir Sedimentation	684	(7)
12.1.1 Problems due to Reservoir Sedimentation	686	(1)
12.1.2 Factors Influencing Reservoir Sedimentation	686	(1)
12.1.3 Trap Efficiency	687	(2)
12.1.4 Sedimentation and Life of a Reservoir	689	(2)
12.1.5 Allocation of Space for Sediments	691	(1)
12.2 Loss of Storage Capacity	691	(11)
12.2.1 Rate of Loss of Storage Capacity	692	(2)
12.2.2 Unit-Weight of Deposited Sediments	694	(2)
12.2.3 Aggradation and Degradation	696	(1)
12.2.4 Distribution of Sediments in Reservoirs	697	(1)
12.2.5 Empirical Area Reduction Method	697	(4)
12.2.6 Economics of Reservoir Sedimentation	701	(1)
12.3 Sediment Yield of Watersheds	702	(13)
12.3.1 Methods of Sediment Yield Determination	704	(1)
12.3.2 Comparison with Nearby Watersheds and Reservoirs	704	(1)
12.3.3 Stream Gaging	705	(1)
12.3.4 Mathematical Modelling of Reservoir Sedimentation	706	(1)
12.3.5 Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)	706	(3)
12.3.6 HEC-6 Model	709	(3)
12.3.7 The WEPP Model	712	(3)
12.4 Reservoir Surveys	715	(6)
12.4.1 Contour Survey Method	717	(1)
12.4.2 Range Survey Method	717	(2)
12.4.3 Instruments for Reservoir Survey	719	(2)
12.5 Assessment of Reservoir Sedimentation Using Remote Sensing	721	(6)
12.5.1 Identification of Water Spread Area	722	(1)
12.5.2 Analysis of Imageries	723	(2)
12.5.3 Case Study-Assessment of Sedimentation in Dharoi Reservoir	725	(2)
12.6 Methods to Control Sediment Inflow into a Reservoir	727	(7)
12.6.1 Off stream Reservoirs	728	(1)
12.6.2 Check Dams	728	(1)
12.6.3 Watershed Management to Reduce Soil Erosion	728	(1)
12.6.4 Vegetative Measures	729	(1)
12.6.5 Engineering Measures	730	(1)
12.6.6 Watershed Prioritization	731	(3)
12.7 Sediment Routing	734	(3)
12.7.1 Reservoir Drawdown	734	(1)
12.7.2 Density Currents	734	(2)
12.7.3 Sediment By-pass	736	(1)
12.8 Recovery of Storage Capacity	737	(2)
12.8.1 Flushing	737	(1)
12.8.2 Dredging	738	(1)
12.9 Closure	739	(1)
12.10 References	739	(4)
Chapter 13 Water Quality Modeling	743	(38)
13.1 Relevant Properties of Water	744	(2)
13.2 Water Quality Monitoring	746	(6)
13.2.1 Monitoring Network	747	(1)
13.2.2 Sampling Program	748	(1)
13.2.3 Water Quality Standards	749	(1)
13.2.4 Water Quality Based Classification of Rivers	749	(3)
13.3 River Water Quality Modeling	752	(13)
13.3.1 Components of a River Water Quality Model	755	(1)
13.3.2 Hydraulic and Thermal Models	755	(1)
13.3.3 Biochemical Model	756	(1)
13.3.4 Geochemical Processes	756	(1)
13.3.5 Sorption! Desorption	757	(1)
13.3.6 Pollutant Concentration and Load	758	(1)
13.3.7 Transport of Solutes in Rivers	759	(4)
13.3.8 Governing Advective-Diffusion Equation	763	(2)
13.4 Modeling of Oxygen in Rivers	765	(7)
13.4.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)	766	(1)
13.4.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand	766	(2)
13.4.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)	768	(1)
13.4.4 Reaeration	768	(2)
13.4.5 Modeling of Dissolved Oxygen	770	(2)
13.5 Catchment-scale Water Quality Models	772	(3)
13.6 Water Quality in Lakes and Reservoirs	775	(6)
13.6.1 Differences between Lakes and Reservoirs	776	(1)
13.6.2 Chemical Considerations	777	(1)
13.6.3 Biological Considerations	778	(1)
13.6.4 Lake Mass Balance	779	(2)
13.7 Groundwater quality	781	(3)
13.7.1 Models for Groundwater Quality	782	(2)
13.8 Closure	784	(1)
13.9 References	785
Chapter 14 River Basin Planning and Management	781	(62)
14.1 Definition and Scope of River Basin Management	789	(7)
14.1.1 Scope of RBM	790	(1)
14.1.2 Operations	791	(1)
14.1.3 Water Charges	792	(2)
14.1.4 Water Rights	794	(2)
14.2 Planning and River Basin Management	796	(1)
14.2.1 The Planning Process	796	(1)
14.2.2 River Basin Planning Systems	797	(1)
14.3 Integrated Water Resources Management	797	(12)
14.3.1 Conjunctive use of Surface and Ground Water	802	(1)
14.3.2 Models for Integrated Water Resources Management	803	(3)
14.3.3 Impact of Climate Change on Basin Management	806	(3)
14.4 Decision Support Systems (DSS)	809	(8)
14.4.1 Definition and Objectives	810	(1)
14.4.2 Need and Types of DSS	810	(1)
14.4.3 Components of a DSS	811	(2)
14.4.4 Designing a DSS	813	(3)
14.4.5 Applications	816	(1)
14.5 Institutional Aspects of Basin Management	817	(8)
14.5.1 Models of RBM	818	(1)
14.5.2 Decentralisation and Privatization	819	(1)
14.5.3 Monitoring and Analysis	820	(1)
14.5.4 Practical Aspects of RBM	821	(1)
14.5.5 Role of Financiers	822	(1)
14.5.6 Co-operation among Basin Management Organizations	822	(1)
14.5.7 Some Important River Basins Organizations	822	(3)
14.6 Public Involvement	825	(2)
14.6.1 Approaches for PI	826	(1)
14.6.2 Information Dissemination and Follow-up	826	(1)
14.7 Inter-Basin Water Transfer	827	(5)
14.7.1 Planning for IB WT Projects	828	(1)
14.7.2 Evaluation of IBWT Projects	829	(1)
14.7.3 Examples of IBWT Projects	830	(2)
14.8 Management of International River Basins	832	(5)
14.8.1 International River Basin Organisations	832	(3)
14.8.2 International Initiatives for Freshwater Management	835	(2)
14.9 Closure	837	(1)
14.10 References	838	(5)
Appendix A: Conversion Factors	843	(2)
Appendix B: Useful Internet Sites	845	(4)
Index	849