Water Supply and Pollution Control

by Viessman Jr., Warren; Hammer, Mark J.; Perez, Elizabeth M.; Chadik, Paul A.

• ISBN13: 9780131409705
• ISBN10: 0131409700
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For upper-division undergraduate or beginning graduate courses in civil and environmental engineering. This bestselling text has been revised and modernized to meet the needs of today's environmental engineering students who will be engaged in the design and management of water and wastewater systems. It emphasizes the application of the scientific method to problems associated with the development, movement, and treatment of water and wastewater. Recognizing that all waters are potential sources of supply, the authors present treatment processes in the context of what they can do, rather than dividing them along clean water or waste water lines. An abundance of examples and homework problems amplify the concepts presented.

Author Biography

Warren Viessman, Jr. is Professor Emeritus with the Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering University of Florida.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction	1	(5)
1.1 Drinking Water Systems	1	(2)
1.2 Drainage and Sewerage Systems	3	(2)
References	5	(1)
Chapter 2 Water Management	6	(14)
2.1 From Projects to Issues	6	(1)
2.2 Institutions	7	(1)
2.3 Integrated Water Management	8	(2)
2.4 Roadblocks to Be Overcome	10	(1)
2.5 Environmental Regulation and Protection	10	(5)
2.6 Effects of Environmental Regulations	15	(1)
2.7 A Look to the Future	16	(2)
2.8 Conclusions	18	(1)
Problems	18	(1)
References	18	(2)
Chapter 3 Water Resources Development	20	(49)
Water Quantity	20	(4)
3.1 Soil Moisture	21	(1)
3.2 Surface Waters and Groundwater	21	(1)
3.3 Runoff Distribution	22	(1)
3.4 Groundwater Distribution	22	(2)
Water Quality	24	(2)
3.5 Groundwater	26	(1)
3.6 Surface Water	26	(1)
Hydrology and Water Management	26	(2)
3.7 The Water Budget	27	(1)
Surface Water Sources	28	(1)
3.8 Basin Characteristics Affecting Runoff	28	(1)
3.9 Natural and Regulated Runoff	28	(1)
3.10 Storage	29	(1)
Reservoirs	29	(7)
3.11 Determination of Required Reservoir Capacity	30	(1)
3.12 Methods of Computation	30	(2)
3.13 Frequency of Extreme Events	32	(1)
3.14 Probabilistic Mass Type of Analysis	33	(1)
3.15 Losses from Storage	34	(2)
Groundwater	36	(90)
3.16 The Subsurface Distribution of Water	36	(1)
3.17 Aquifers	37	(1)
3.18 Fluctuations in Groundwater Level	37	(2)
3.19 Safe Yield of an Aquifer	39	(1)
3.20 Groundwater Flow	39	(5)
3.21 Hydraulics of Wells	44	(11)
3.22 Boundary Effects	55	(1)
3.23 Regional Groundwater Systems	56	(3)
3.24 Salt Water Intrusion	59	(1)
3.25 Groundwater Recharge	60	(1)
3.26 Concurrent Development of Groundwater and Surface Water Sources	61	(1)
3.27 Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)	62	(1)
Problems	63	(4)
References	67	(2)
Chapter 4 Water Use	69	(48)
4.1 Water Sources	69	(3)
4.2 Water-Using Sectors	72	(9)
4.3 The Impact of Climate Change on Water Availability and Use	81	(2)
4.4 Water Use Trends	83	(5)
4.5 Factors Affecting Water Use	88	(1)
4.6 Population	89	(11)
4.7 Water Use Forecasting	100	(11)
Problems	111	(2)
References	113	(4)
Chapter 5 Wastewater Generation	117	(9)
5.1 Quantities of Wastewater	117	(1)
5.2 Waste Flows from Urban Areas	117	(5)
5.3 Industrial Waste Volumes	122	(1)
5.4 Agricultural Wastes	123	(1)
5.5 A Closing Note	123	(1)
Problems	123	(1)
References	124	(2)
Chapter 6 Conveying and Distributing Water	126	(82)
6.1 Aqueducts	126	(1)
6.2 Hydraulic Considerations	127	(11)
6.3 Design Considerations	138	(1)
Distribution Systems	139	(54)
6.4 System Configurations	139	(1)
6.5 Distribution System Components	140	(4)
6.6 System Requirements	144	(1)
6.7 Distribution System Design and Analysis	144	(3)
6.8 Hydraulic Design	147	(23)
6.9 Network Modeling Software	170	(15)
6.10 Distribution Reservoirs and Service Storage	185	(8)
Pumping	193	(15)
6.11 Pumping Head	193	(1)
6.12 Power	193	(1)
6.13 Cavitation	194	(1)
6.14 System Head	195	(1)
6.15 Pump Characteristics	195	(2)
6.16 Selection of Pumps	197	(2)
Problems	199	(7)
References	206	(2)
Chapter 7 Wastewater and Storm Water Systems	208	(78)
Hydraulics	208	(1)
7.1 Uniform Flow	209	(4)
7.2 Gradually Varied Flow and Surface Profiles	213	(4)
7.3 Velocity	217	(1)
Design of Sanitary Sewers	218	(15)
7.4 House and Building Connections	218	(1)
7.5 Collecting Sewers	219	(1)
7.6 Intercepting Sewers	219	(1)
7.7 Materials	220	(1)
7.8 System Layout	221	(2)
7.9 Hydraulic Design	223	(8)
7.10 Protection Against Floodwaters	231	(1)
7.11 Inverted Siphons	231	(1)
7.12 Wastewater Pumping Stations	232	(1)
Storm Water Management	233	(1)
7.13 Alternative Strategies	233	(1)
Water Quality	233	(3)
7.14 Best Management Practices	235	(1)
7.15 Treatment Processes	236	(1)
Water Quantity	236	(50)
7.16 Hydrologic Considerations	237	(1)
7.17 Design Flow	237	(1)
7.18 Runoff Estimates	238	(22)
7.19 System Layout	260	(1)
7.20 Storm Water Inlets	260	(4)
7.21 Hydraulic Design	264	(9)
7.22 Storm Water Storage	273	(4)
Problems	277	(6)
References	283	(3)
Chapter 8 Water Quality	286	(44)
Microbiological Quality	286	(8)
8.1 Waterborne Diseases	287	(4)
8.2 Coliform Bacteria as Indicator Organisms	291	(3)
Chemical Quality of Drinking Water	294	(14)
8.3 Monitoring Drinking Water for Pathogens	295	(1)
8.4 Assessment of Chemical Quality	296	(3)
8.5 Chemical Contaminants	299	(9)
Quality Criteria for Surface Waters	308	(8)
8.6 Water Quality Standards	308	(1)
8.7 Pollution Effects on Aquatic Life	309	(1)
8.8 Conventional Water Pollutants	310	(3)
8.9 Toxic Water Pollutants	313	(3)
Selected Pollution Parameters	316	(14)
8.10 Total and Suspended Solids	316	(1)
8.11 Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen Demands	317	(5)
8.12 Coliform Bacteria	322	(3)
Problems	325	(3)
References	328	(2)
Chapter 9 Systems for Treating Wastewater and Water	330	(21)
Wastewater Treatment Systems	330	(9)
9.1 Purpose of Wastewater Treatment	331	(1)
9.2 Selection of Treatment Processes	332	(7)
Water Treatment Systems	339	(12)
9.3 Water Sources	339	(4)
9.4 Selection of Water Treatment Processes	343	(4)
9.5 Water-Processing Sludges	347	(4)
Chapter 10 Physical Treatment Processes	351	(67)
Flow-Measuring Devices	351	(3)
10.1 Measurement of Water Flow	351	(1)
10.2 Measurement of Wastewater Flow	352	(2)
Screening Devices	354	(1)
10.3 Water-Intake Screens	354	(1)
10.4 Screens in Wastewater Treatment	354	(1)
10.5 Shredding Devices	355	(1)
Hydraulic Characteristics of Reactors	355	(10)
10.6 Residence Time Distribution	356	(1)
10.7 Ideal Reactors	357	(4)
10.8 Dispersed Plug Flow	361	(4)
Mixing and Flocculation	365	(5)
10.9 Rapid Mixing	365	(1)
10.10 Flocculation	366	(4)
Sedimentation	370	(14)
10.11 Fundamentals of Sedimentation	370	(1)
10.12 Types of Clarifiers	371	(3)
10.13 Sedimentation in Water Treatment	374	(3)
10.14 Sedimentation in Wastewater Treatment	377	(5)
10.15 Grit Chambers in Wastewater Treatment	382	(2)
Filtration	384	(34)
10.16 Gravity Granular-Media Filtration	384	(3)
10.17 Description of a Typical Gravity Filter System	387	(5)
10.18 Flow Control Through Gravity Filters	392	(6)
10.19 Head Losses Through Filter Media	398	(3)
10.20 Backwashing and Media Fluidization	401	(6)
10.21 Pressure Filters	407	(1)
10.22 Membrane Filtration	407	(4)
Problems	411	(5)
References	416	(2)
Chapter 11 Chemical Treatment Processes	418	(102)
Chemical Considerations	418	(17)
11.1 Inorganic Chemicals and Compounds	419	(4)
11.2 Hydrogen Ion Concentration	423	(1)
11.3 Alkalinity and pH Relationships	424	(1)
11.4 Chemical Equilibria	425	(1)
11.5 Ways of Shifting Chemical Equilibria	426	(1)
11.6 Chemical Process Kinetics	427	(5)
11.7 Colloidal Dispersions	432	(3)
Water Coagulation	435	(7)
11.8 Coagulation Process	435	(2)
11.9 Coagulants	437	(4)
11.10 Polymers	441	(1)
Water Softening	442	(13)
11.11 Chemistry of Lime-Soda Ash Process	442	(2)
11.12 Process Variations in Lime-Soda Ash Softening	444	(10)
11.13 Cation Exchange Softening	454	(1)
Iron and Manganese Removal	455	(4)
11.14 Chemistry of Iron and Manganese	455	(1)
11.15 Preventive Treatment	456	(1)
11.16 Iron and Manganese Removal Processes	457	(2)
Chemical Disinfection and By-Product Formation	459	(9)
11.17 Chemistry of Chlorination	459	(4)
11.18 Chlorine Dioxide	463	(1)
11.19 Ozone	464	(1)
11.20 Disinfection By-Products	465	(2)
11.21 Control of Disinfection By-Products	467	(1)
11.22 Disinfection/Disinfection By-Products Rule	468	(1)
Disinfection of Potable Water	468	(13)
11.23 Concept of the C.t Product	469	(3)
11.24 Surface Water Disinfection	472	(4)
11.25 Groundwater Disinfection	476	(5)
Disinfection of Wastewater	481	(5)
11.26 Conventional Effluent Disinfection	481	(3)
11.27 Tertiary Effluent Disinfection	484	(2)
Taste and Odor	486	(1)
11.28 Control of Taste and Odor	486	(1)
Fluoridation	487	(2)
11.29 Fluoridation	488	(1)
Corrosion and Corrosion Control	489	(3)
11.30 Electrochemical Mechanism of Iron Corrosion	489	(1)
11.31 Corrosion of Lead Pipe and Solder	490	(1)
11.32 Corrosion of Sewer Pipes	491	(1)
Reduction of Dissolved Salts	492	(8)
11.33 Distillation of Seawater	492	(2)
11.34 Reverse Osmosis	494	(6)
Volatile Organic Chemical Removal	500	(3)
11.35 Design of Air-Stripping Towers	500	(3)
Synthetic Organic Chemical Removal	503	(17)
11.36 Activated Carbon Adsorption	504	(1)
11.37 Granular Activated Carbon Systems	505	(1)
Problems	506	(11)
References	517	(3)
Chapter 12 Biological Treatment Processes	520	(124)
Biological Considerations	520	(21)
12.1 Bacteria and Fungi	521	(1)
12.2 Algae	522	(1)
12.3 Protozoans and Higher Animals	523	(1)
12.4 Metabolism, Energy, and Synthesis	524	(3)
12.5 Enzyme Kinetics	527	(2)
12.6 Growth Kinetics of Pure Bacterial Cultures	529	(4)
12.7 Biological Growth in Wastewater Treatment	533	(2)
12.8 Factors Affecting Growth	535	(2)
12.9 Population Dynamics	537	(4)
Characteristics of Wastewater	541	(7)
12.10 Flow and Strength Variations	542	(3)
12.11 Composition of Wastewater	545	(3)
Trickling (Biological) Filters	548	(24)
12.12 Biological Process in Trickling Filtration	549	(1)
12.13 Trickling-Filter Operation and Filter Media Requirements	550	(2)
12.14 Trickling-Filter Secondary Systems	552	(3)
12.15 Efficiency Equations for Stone-Media Trickling Filters	555	(5)
12.16 Efficiency Equations for Plastic-Media Trickling Filters	560	(9)
12.17 Combined Trickling-Filter and Activated-Sludge Processes	569	(1)
12.18 Description of Rotating Biological Contactor Media and Process	570	(2)
Activated Sludge	572	(44)
12.19 BOD Loadings and Aeration Periods	573	(4)
12.20 Operation of Activated-Sludge Processes	577	(1)
12.21 Activated-Sludge Treatment Systems	578	(13)
12.22 Kinetics Model of the Activated-Sludge Process	591	(5)
12.23 Laboratory Determination of Kinetic Constants	596	(5)
12.24 Application of the Kinetics Model in Process Design	601	(4)
12.25 Oxygen Transfer and Oxygenation Requirements	605	(5)
12.26 Determination of Oxygen Transfer Coefficients	610	(6)
Stabilization Ponds	616	(9)
12.27 Description of a Facultative Pond	616	(2)
12.28 BOD Loadings of Facultative Ponds	618	(1)
12.29 Advantages and Disadvantages of Stabilization Ponds	619	(2)
12.30 Completely Mixed Aerated Lagoons	621	(4)
Odor Control	625	(4)
12.31 Sources of Odors in Wastewater Treatment	625	(1)
12.32 Methods of Odor Control	626	(2)
Individual On-Site Wastewater Disposal	628	(1)
12.33 Septic Tank-Absorption Field System	628	(1)
Marine Wastewater Disposal	629	(15)
12.34 Ocean Outfalls	629	(2)
Problems	631	(11)
References	642	(2)
Chapter 13 Processing of Sludges	644	(92)
Sources, Characteristics, and Quantities of Waste Sludges	644	(14)
13.1 Weight and Volume Relationships	645	(3)
13.2 Characteristics and Quantities of Wastewater Sludges	648	(7)
13.3 Characteristics and Quantities of Water-Processing Sludges	655	(3)
Arrangement of Unit Processes in Sludge Disposal	658	(10)
13.4 Selection of Processes for Wastewater Sludges	658	(6)
13.5 Selection of Processes for Water Treatment Sludges	664	(4)
Gravity Thickening	668	(3)
13.6 Gravity Sludge Thickeners in Wastewater Treatment	668	(2)
13.7 Gravity Sludge Thickeners in Water Treatment	670	(1)
Gravity Belt Thickening	671	(6)
13.8 Description of a Gravity Belt Thickener	672	(1)
13.9 Layout of a Gravity Belt Thickener System	672	(2)
13.10 Sizing of Gravity Belt Thickeners	674	(3)
Flotation Thickening	677	(4)
13.11 Description of Dissolved-Air Flotation	678	(1)
13.12 Design of Dissolved-Air Flotation Units	679	(2)
Biological Sludge Digestion	681	(16)
13.13 Anaerobic Sludge Digestion	681	(1)
13.14 Single-Stage Floating-Cover Digesters	682	(2)
13.15 High-Rate (Completely Mixed) Digesters	684	(2)
13.16 Volatile Solids Loadings and Digester Capacity	686	(4)
13.17 Aerobic Sludge Digestion	690	(4)
13.18 Open-Air Drying Beds	694	(1)
13.19 Composting	695	(2)
Pressure Filtration	697	(11)
13.20 Description of Belt Filter Press Dewatering	697	(3)
13.21 Application of Belt Filter Dewatering	700	(2)
13.22 Sizing of Belt Filter Presses	702	(2)
13.23 Description of Filter Press Dewatering	704	(2)
13.24 Application of Pressure Filtration	706	(2)
Centrifugation	708	(7)
13.25 Description of Centrifugation	708	(2)
13.26 Applications of Centrifugation	710	(5)
Cycling of Waste Solids in Treatment Plants	715	(2)
13.27 Suspended-Solids Removal Efficiency	715	(2)
Final Disposal or Use	717	(19)
13.28 Land Application	718	(5)
13.29 Codisposal in a Municipal Solid-Waste Landfill	723	(1)
13.30 Surface Land Disposal	724	(1)
Problems	724	(10)
References	734	(2)
Chapter 14 Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes and Water Reuse	736	(94)
Limitations of Secondary Treatment	737	(4)
14.1 Effluent Standards	737	(2)
14.2 Flow Equalization	739	(2)
Selection of Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes	741	(2)
14.3 Selecting and Combining Unit Processes	742	(1)
Suspended-Solids Removal	743	(6)
14.4 Granular-Media Filtration	743	(4)
14.5 Direct Filtration with Chemical Coagulation	747	(2)
Carbon Adsorption	749	(2)
14.6 Granular-Carbon Columns	749	(1)
14.7 Activated-Sludge Treatment with Powdered Activated Carbon	750	(1)
Phosphorus Removal	751	(9)
14.8 Biological Phosphorus Removal	752	(1)
14.9 Biological-Chemical Phosphorus Removal	753	(4)
14.10 Tracing Phosphorus Through Treatment Processes	757	(3)
Nitrogen Removal	760	(21)
14.11 Tracing Nitrogen Through Treatment Processes	761	(2)
14.12 Biological Nitrification	763	(8)
14.13 Biological Denitrification	771	(4)
14.14 Single-Sludge Biological Nitrification-Denitrification	775	(6)
Water Reuse	781	(49)
14.15 Water Quality and Reuse Applications	781	(7)
14.16 Agricultural Irrigation	788	(7)
14.17 Agricultural Irrigation Reuse, Tallahassee, Florida	795	(7)
14.18 Citrus Irrigation and Groundwater Recharge, Orange County and City of Orlando, Florida	802	(4)
14.19 Urban Reuse	806	(1)
14.20 Urban Reuse, St. Petersburg, Florida	807	(4)
14.21 Indirect Reuse to Augment Drinking Water Supply	811	(3)
14.22 Fred Hervey Water Reclamation Plant, El Paso, Texas	814	(3)
14.23 Direct Injection for Potable Supply, El Paso, Texas	817	(5)
14.24 Water Factory 21 and Groundwater Replenishment System, Orange County, California	822	(8)
Problems	830	(11)
References	841	(3)
Appendix	844	(11)
Index	855

Excerpts

This seventh edition ofWater Supply and Pollution Controlhas been updated and its coverage of topics expanded to meet the contemporary needs of civil and environmental engineering students. As we embark upon the twenty-first century, engineers responsible for providing safe water supplies to the inhabitants of this planet, and for treating wastes to render them reusable, will face many challenges. These include providing needed quantities of good-quality water for drinking and other household purposes, especially in water-short areas, and dealing with wastes that sometimes contain staggering levels of harmful substances. The engineers of tomorrow must be equipped to deal with a diversity of issues, such as forecasting future levels of population; estimating the potential for technological developments to reduce water requirements; recognizing that allocating water to meet human and other traditional water needs must also compete with water requirements for sustaining natural systems; exploring the impacts of climate change on local to global water supplies; and designing water supply and wastewater management systems to take into account technical, economic, environmental, social, legal, and political elements. The notion of continually striving to provide more water is giving way to one of husbanding this precious natural resource. Water Supply and Pollution Controlhas been revised to include new material on standards, water and wastewater treatment processes, water distribution system analysis and design, water quality, advanced wastewater treatment for recycling, storm water management, and urban hydrology. In particular, there are major revisions of the chapters, or sections, on water supply and use (Chapters 3 and 4), water distribution (Chapter 6), hydraulics and hydrology of sewer and storm drainage systems (Chapter 7), monitoring of drinking water for pathogens (Chapter 8), membrane filtration (Chapter 10), disinfection/disinfection by-products rule (Chapter 11), biological treatment processes (Chapter 12), and indirect reuse to augment drinking water supply (Chapter 14). New topics, such as security of potable water supplies, the use of membranes in water treatment, and the application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to water supply and wastewater management problems, have been introduced. There are more practical examples, and many new problems have been added. Consistent with the original intent of the book, the emphasis is on theapplicationof scientific methods to problems associated with the development, movement, and treatment of water and wastewater. The book's tradition of presenting treatment processes in the context of what they can do, rather than in the context of water or wastewater treatment, is becoming more and more appropriate as we move toward the concept of total water management, recognizing that all waters are potential sources of supply. Water reuse is increasingly becoming an important national consideration. On the water supply side, more attention is paid to the sharing of water with natural systems and the impacts that this has on the quantities of water available for traditional water-using sectors, including public water supply. Many solved examples and homework problems serve to amplify the concepts presented in the text, and appropriate Web addresses have been provided where applicable. Numerous sources have been drawn upon to provide subject matter for the book, and the authors have endeavored to provide suitable acknowledgment for them. The authors also wish to acknowledge the advice and assistance of students, professors, and practicing engineers who have reviewed and commented on previous editions. Particular recognition is given to those who helped prepare the manuscript for the seventh edition, namely, Audrey Hammer and Bette Viessman. We are indebted to them for their perseverance and understanding and for the excellent quality of their