Waterlogging Signalling and Tolerance in Plants

by Mancuso, Stefano; Shabala, Sergey

• ISBN13: 9783642103049
• ISBN10: 3642103049
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-05-15
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Waterlogging is a major problem for plant cultivation in many regions of the world.This book combines both academic and practical aspects of this topic. Based on recent progress in cell and molecular biology, various facets of waterlogging signalling and tolerance are addressed, starting from the molecular level, through membrane transport, cells and plant organs, up to the whole organism. Leading scientists contribute 13 chapters grouped into the following main parts: whole-plant regulation, intracellular signalling, membrane transporters in waterlogging tolerance and agronomical and environmental aspects.This work offers a universal handbook for any researcher or agronomist interested in the impact of waterlogging in plants.

Table of Contents

Whole-Plant Regulation
Oxygen Transport in Waterlogged Plants	p. 3
Introduction	p. 4
O2 Transport in Plants: Some Basic Physics, and Modelling of O2 Diffusion	p. 5
A Survey of Methods to Study O2 Transport and Related Parameters in Higher Plants	p. 7
Anatomical Adaptations to Flooding Stress: Barriers to Radial Oxygen Loss	p. 10
Anatomical Adaptations to Flooding Stress: Formation of Aerenchyma	p. 11
Mechanisms of O2 Transport in Plants	p. 13
O2 Transport in Plants: Ecological Implications	p. 18
Open Questions and Directions of Further Research	p. 18
References	p. 19
Waterlogging and Plant Nutrient Uptake	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
Effects of Hypoxia on Nutrient Uptake	p. 26
Physiological Effects of Hypoxia Change Root Elongation Rate, k, and Maximal Nutrient Uptake Rate, Imax	p. 26
Waterlogging Leads to Changes in the Availability, Cli, and the Effective Diffusion Coefficient, De, of Some of the Nutrients in the Soil	p. 28
In Waterlogged Conditions, Some Plant Species Show More Root Hair Development, Longer and Thinner Roots and Increased Levels of Infection With Mycorhizal Fungi - Effectively Increasing k	p. 29
Waierlogging Decrease Evaporation and Bulk Water Flow, Vo	p. 30
In Response to Waterlogging the Kinetics of Root Transport Systems, Km and Imax, Can be Modified	p. 31
Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 31
References	p. 32
Strategies for Adaptation to Waterlogging and Hypoxia in Nitrogen Fixing Nodules of Legumes	p. 37
Introduction: The Oxygen Diffusion Barrier in Nodules	p. 38
Nodule Morphology and the Gas Diffusion Barrier	p. 38
Modulation of the Gas Diffusion Barrier	p. 40
Control of the Gas Diffusion Barrier in Response to Sub-Ambient O2 and Flooding	p. 40
Mechanism of Regulation of the Gas Diffusion Barrier in Response to pO2	p. 41
Developmental and Morphological Adaptations of Nitrogen-Fixing Nodules to Low Oxygen Stress	p. 43
Secondary Aerenchyma Formation	p. 43
The Inner Cortex and Infected Zone	p. 44
Influence of Adaptive Changes on Nitrogen Fixation Under Altered Rhizosphere pO2 Conditions	p. 45
Strategies of Adaptation: Flood-Tolerant Legumes and Oxygen Diffusion	p. 46
Tropical Wetland Legumes	p. 46
Lotus uliginosus: A Temperate Wetland Legume	p. 49
Strategies of Adaptation: Alternate Nodulation Pathways for Flooding Tolerant Legumes	p. 50
Intercellular-Based Mechanism of Nodulation: The Lateral Root Boundary Pathway	p. 50
Sesbania rostrata: A Model Legume for Aquatic Nodulation	p. 51
Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 53
References	p. 55
Oxygen Transport in the Sapwood of Trees	p. 61
Brief Anatomy of a Woody Stem	p. 62
Atmosphere inside a Stem: Gas Composition and is Effects on Respiration	p. 63
Gas Transport and Diffusion	p. 66
Radial and Axial Oxygen Transport to Sapwood	p. 68
Sapwood Respiration	p. 70
References	p. 73
Intracellular Signalling
pH Signaling During Anoxia	p. 79
Introduction	p. 79
pH, Signal and Regulator	p. 81
pH as Systemic Signal	p. 82
The Nature of pH Transmission	p. 83
What is the Information?	p. 83
Anoxic Energy Crisis and pH Regulation	p. 85
The Davis-Roberts-Hypothesis: Aspects of pH Signaling	p. 85
Cytoplasmic Acidification, ATP and Membrane Potential	p. 86
Cytoplasmic pH (Change), An Error Signal?	p. 87
pH Interactions Between the (Major) Compartments during Anoxia	p. 88
The pH Trans-Tonoplast pH Gradient	p. 88
Cytoplasm and Apoplast	p. 90
The Apoplast under Anoxia	p. 90
Anoxia Tolerance and pH	p. 91
pH as a Stress Signal - Avoidance of Cytoplasmic Acidosis	p. 92
pH as Signal for Gene Activation	p. 93
pH Signaling and Oxygen Sensing	p. 94
Conclusions	p. 94
References	p. 95
Programmed Cell Deaths and Aerenchyma Formation under Hypoxia	p. 99
Introduction	p. 100
Description of Aerenchyma Formation: Induced and Constitutive	p. 102
Evidence for PCD During Lysigenous Aerenchyma Formation	p. 103
Description of the sequence of events leading to induced lysigenous aerenchyma formation	p. 104
Stimuli for Lysigenous Aerenchyma Development (Low Oxygen, Cytosolic Free Calcium, Ethylene, P, N, and S Starvation, and Mechanical Impedance)	p. 105
PCD and the Clearing of the Cell Debris	p. 110
What Determines the Architecture of Aerenchyma? - Targeting and Restricting PCD	p. 112
Future Prospects	p. 113
References	p. 113
Oxygen Deprivation, Metabolic Adaptations and Oxidative Stress	p. 119
Introduction	p. 120
Anoxia: Metabolic Events Relevant for ROS Formation	p. 121
ôClassicö Metabolic Changes Under Oxygen Deprivation Related to ROS Formation	p. 121
Changes in Lipid Composition and Role of Free Fatty Acids under Stress	p. 124
Modification of Lipids: LP	p. 125
ROS and-RNS Chemistry Overview and Sources of Formation Under Lack of Oxygen	p. 126
Reactive Oxygen Species	p. 126
Reactive Nitrogen Species	p. 127
Plant Mitochondria as ROS Producers: Relevance for Oxygen Deprivation Stress	p. 129
O2 Fluxes in Tissues and Factors Affecting O2 Concentration In Vivo	p. 131
Microarray Experiments in the Study of Hypoxia-Associated Oxidative Stress	p. 132
Update on Antioxidant Protection	p. 133
Low Molecular Weight Antioxidants	p. 134
Enzymes Participating in Quenching ROS	p. 136
Concluding Remarks	p. 138
References	p. 139
Membrane Transporters in Waterlogging Tolerance
Root Water Transport Under Waterlogged Conditions and the Roles of Aquaporins	p. 151
Introduction	p. 151
Variable Root Hydraulic Conductance (Lr)	p. 152
Changes in Root Morphology and Anatomy	p. 153
Root Death and Adventitious Roots	p. 153
Barriers to Radial Flow	p. 154
Varying the Root or Root Region Involved in Water Uptake	p. 157
Volatile and Toxic Compounds in Anaerobic Soils	p. 158
Water Permeability of Root Cells and Aquaporins	p. 158
Plant Aquaporins	p. 159
Responses at the Cell Level Affecting Water Permeability and Potential Mechanisms	p. 161
Other Changes under Oxygen Deficiency that Could Affect Water Transport	p. 169
Transport of Other Molecules besides Water Through MIPs Relevant to Flooding	p. 170
Signalling	p. 171
Conclusion and Future Perspectives	p. 172
References	p. 173
Root Oxygen Deprivation and Leaf Biochemistry in Trees	p. 181
Introduction	p. 182
Root O2 Deprivation	p. 183
Root O2 Deprivation: Effects on Leaves	p. 185
The Role of ADH	p. 185
Carbon Recovery	p. 186
Differential mRNA Translation	p. 188
Effects on Cell Metabolism	p. 189
Conclusions	p. 191
References	p. 192
Membrane Transporters and Waterlogging Tolerance	p. 197
Introduction	p. 198
Waterlogging and Plant Nutrient Acquisition	p. 198
Root Ion Uptake	p. 198
Transport between Roots and Shoots	p. 199
Ionic Mechanisms Mediating Xylem Loading	p. 200
Control of Xylem Ion Loading Under Hypoxia	p. 201
Oxygen Sensing in Mammalian Systems	p. 201
Diversity and Functions of Ion Channels as Oxygen Sensors	p. 201
Mechanisms of Hypoxic Channel Inhibition	p. 203
The Molecular Mechanisms of Oxygen Sensing in Plant Systems Remain Elusive	p. 203
Impact of Anoxia and Hypoxia on Membrane Transport Activity in Plant Cells	p. 204
Oxygen Deficiency and Cell Energy Balance	p. 204
H+ and Ca+2Pumps	p. 204
Ca2+-Permeable Channels	p. 205
K+-Permeable Channels	p. 206
Secondary Metabolites Toxicity and Membrane Transport Activity in Plant Cells	p. 206
Waterlogging and Production of Secondary Metabolites	p. 206
Secondary Metabolite Production and Plant Nutrient Acquisition	p. 207
Secondary Metabolites and Activity of Key Membrane Transporters	p. 208
Pumps	p. 208
Carriers	p. 209
Channels	p. 209
Breeding for Waterlogging Tolerance by Targeting Key Membrane Transporters	p. 211
General Trends in Breeding Plants for Waterlogging Tolerance	p. 211
Improving Membrane Transporters Efficiency Under Hypoxic Conditions	p. 211
Reducing Sensitivity to Toxic Secondary Metabolites	p. 212
References	p. 213
Ion Transport in Aquatic Plants	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Morphological and Physiological Adaptations of Aquatic Plants	p. 222
Ion Transport	p. 224
Cation Transport Systems	p. 228
Anion Transport Systems	p. 230
Root versus Leaf Uptake	p. 230
Molecular Characterisation of Transporter Genes	p. 232
The Relevance of Aquatic Plants to Terrestrial Plants in Regards to Waterlogging and Inundation Stresses	p. 233
Conclusions	p. 233
References	p. 234
Agronomical and Environmental Aspects
Genetic Variability and Determinism of Adaptation of Plants to Soil Waterlogging	p. 241
Introduction	p. 242
Diversity among Populations: Adaptation to Water-Logged Soils?	p. 246
Genetic Control of Traits Related to Hypoxia Tolerance	p. 249
Genetic Determinism of Tolerance to Waterlogging and Identification of the Involved Genome Regions	p. 250
Methodology of the Detection of QTL for Hypoxia Tolerance: Caution and Strategies	p. 251
Major Loci Detected for Hypoxia Tolerance	p. 256
Conclusions	p. 260
References	p. 260
Improvement of Plant Waterlogging Tolerance	p. 267
Introduction	p. 267
Genetic Resources of the Tolerance	p. 268
Selection Criteria	p. 271
Genetic Studies on Waterlogging Tolerance	p. 273
Marker-Assisted Selection	p. 275
QTL Controlling Waterlogging Tolerance	p. 275
Accurate Phenotyping is Crucial in Identifying QTLs for Waterlogging Tolerance	p. 278
References	p. 281
Index	p. 287
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