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Preface
Versions and Supplements
Working with Primary Sources
Prologue: From Cosmic History to Human History
PART 1 First Things First: Beginnings in History, to 600 b.c.e.
THE BIG PICTURE Turning Points in Early World History
The Emergence of Humankind
The Globalization of Humankind
The Revolution of Farming and Herding
The Turning Point of Civilization
Time and World History
LANDMARKS IN WORLD HISTORY (to ca. 600 b.c.e.)
1. FIRST PEOPLES; FIRST FARMERS: MOST OF HISTORY IN A SINGLE CHAPTER, to 3500 B.C.E.
Out of Africa: First Migrations
Into Eurasia
Into Australia
Into the Americas
Into the Pacific
Paleolithic Lifeways
The First Human Societies
Economy and the Environment
The Realm of the Spirit
Settling Down: The Great Transition
Breakthroughs to Agriculture
Common Patterns
Variations
The Globalization of Agriculture
Triumph and Resistance
The Culture of Agriculture
Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture
Pastoral Societies
Agricultural Village Societies
Chiefdoms
Conclusions and Reflections: History before Civilization
Revisiting Chapter 1
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 1
CONTROVERSIES: Debating the Timescales of History
ZOOMING IN: Göbekli Tepe: Monumental Construction before Agriculture
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: The Australian Dreamtime
Source 1.1 Understanding Creation: Yhi Brings Life to the World, Oral tradition recorded in 20th century
Source 1.2 The Rainbow Serpent: The Rainbow Serpent Awakens, Oral tradition recorded in 20th century
Source 1.3 Explaining the World in Aboriginal Rock Art: Namondjok and the Lightning Man
Source 1.4 Understanding the Significance of Animals: The Platypus, Oral tradition recorded in 20th century
Source 1.5 Hunting in Aboriginal Rock Art: Aboriginal Hunters
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Australian Aboriginal Culture
Voice 1.1 Dale Kerwin on the Economic and Social Life of Aboriginal Australians, from Aboriginal Dreaming Paths and Trading Routes, 2012
Voice 1.2 Barbara West on Aboriginal Dreamtime Cosmology, from A Brief History of Australia, 2010
2. FIRST CIVILIZATIONS: CITIES, STATES, AND UNEQUAL SOCIETIES, 3500 B.C.E.–600 B.C.E.
Something New: The Emergence of Civilizations
Introducing the First Civilizations
The Question of Origins
An Urban Revolution
The Erosion of Equality
Hierarchies of Class
Hierarchies of Gender
Patriarchy in Practice
The Rise of the State
Coercion and Consent
Writing and Accounting
The Grandeur of Kings
Comparing Mesopotamia and Egypt
Environment and Culture
Cities and States
Interaction and Exchange
Conclusions and Reflections: Pondering Civilization
Revisiting Chapter 2
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 2
ZOOMING IN: Caral, a City of Norte Chico
THEN AND NOW: Patriarchy
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Indus Valley Civilization
Source 2.1 Cityscape of Mohenjo Daro: Wall Painting of Mohenjo Daro Reconstruction, 20th century
Source 2.2 A Seal from the Indus Valley: A Humped Cattle Seal from Mohenjo Daro, 19th century b.c.e.
Source 2.3 Man from Mohenjo Daro: Statue of an Elite Man, 3rd millennium b.c.e.
Source 2.4 Cart and Oxen from Monhenjo Daro: Stone Model of a Cart Pulled by Two Oxen, ca. 2400 b.c.e.
Source 2.5 Dancing Girl: An Indus Valley Girl, ca. 2500 b.c.e.
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The State . . . or Its Absence . . . in the Indus Valley
Voice 2.1 Gregory Possehl on Indus Valley Civilization in Context, from The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, 2002
Voice 2.2 Jonathan Kenoyer on Political Life in the Indus Valley, from Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, 1998
PART 2 Continuity and Change in the Second-Wave Era, 600 b.c.e.–600 c.e.
THE BIG PICTURE The Globalization of Civilization
LANDMARKS IN WORLD HISTORY (600 b.c.e.–600 c.e.)
3. STATE AND EMPIRE IN EURASIA / NORTH AFRICA, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.
Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
The Persian Empire
The Greeks
Collision: The Greco-Persian Wars
Collision: Alexander and the Hellenistic Era
Comparing Empires: Roman and Chinese
Rome: From City-State to Empire
China: From Warring States to Empire
Consolidating the Roman and Chinese Empires
The Collapse of Empires
Intermittent Empire: The Case of India
Conclusions and Reflections: Enduring Legacies of Second-Wave Empires
Revisiting Chapter 3
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 3
ZOOMING IN: Trung Trac: Resisting the Chinese Empire
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Perceptions of Outsiders in the Ancient World
Source 3.1 A Greek Historian on Persia: Herodotus, The Histories, mid-5th century b.c.e.
Source 3.2 A Greek Goldsmith Depicts the Scythians: Scythian Cup, Crimea, 4th century b.c.e.
Source 3.3 A Roman Historian on the Germans: Tacitus, Germania, 1st century c.e.
Source 3.4 A Roman Depiction of Sarmatians: Scene from Trajan’s Column, Rome, 107–113 c.e.
Source 3.5 A Chinese Historian on the Xiongnu: Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian, ca. 100 b.c.e.
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Early Sources on Foreign Cultures
Voice 3.1 Stephen Gosch and Peter Stearns on Travelers’ Accounts as Historical Sources, from Premodern Travel in World History, 2008
Voice 3.2 Jerry Bentley on the Idea of Barbarian, from Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times, 1993
4. CULTURE AND RELIGION IN EURASIA / NORTH AFRICA, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.
China and the Search for Order
The Legalist Answer
The Confucian Answer
The Daoist Answer
Cultural Traditions of Classical India
South Asian Religion: From Ritual Sacrifice to Philosophical Speculation
The Buddhist Challenge
Hinduism as a Religion of Duty and Devotion
Toward Monotheism: The Search for God in the Middle East
Zoroastrianism
Judaism
The Cultural Tradition of Classical Greece: The Search for a Rational Order
The Greek Way of Knowing
The Greek Legacy
The Birth of Christianity . . . with Buddhist Comparisons
The Lives of the Founders
The Spread of New Religions
Institutions, Controversies, and Divisions
Conclusions and Reflections: Religion and Historians
Revisiting Chapter 4
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 4
ZOOMING IN: Perpetua, Christian Martyr
CONTROVERSIES: Debating Religion and the Axial Age
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Representations of the Buddha
Source 4.1 A Greco-Indian Buddha: The Temptation of the Buddha, 2nd or 3rd century c.e.
Source 4.2 A Classical Indian Buddha: An Indian Buddha, 6th century c.e.
Source 4.3 The Reputation of the Buddha in Ancient Buddhist Stories: The Greater Discourse to Sakuludayin, ca. 1st century b.c.e.
Source 4.4 A Korean Bodhisattva of Compassion: A Bodhisattva of Compassion: Avalokitesvara with a Thousand Arms
Source 4.5 The Buddha and the Outcast: Sunita the Outcaste
Source 4.6 A Chinese Buddha: The Chinese Maitreya Buddha, 10th to 14th century c.e.
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: On the Buddha
Voice 4.1 John Strong on the Context of the Buddha’s Life, from The Buddha: A Short Biography, 2001
Voice 4.2 Karen Armstrong on the Buddha and Biography, from Buddha, 2001
5. SOCIETY AND INEQUALITY IN EURASIA / NORTH AFRICA, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.
Society and the State in China
An Elite of Officials
The Landlord Class
Peasants
Merchants
Class and Caste in India
Caste as Varna
Caste as Jati
The Functions of Caste
Slavery: The Case of the Roman Empire
Slavery and Civilization
The Making of Roman Slavery
Comparing Patriarchies
A Changing Patriarchy: The Case of China
Contrasting Patriarchies: Athens and Sparta
Conclusions and Reflections: Pondering Inequality
Revisiting Chapter 5
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 5
ZOOMING IN: The Spartacus Slave Revolt
THEN AND NOW: Slavery
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Pompeii as a Window on the Roman World
Source 5.1 Terentius Neo and His Wife: An Elite Couple of Pompeii, 1st century c.e.
Source 5.2 A Pompeii Banquet: A Dinner with Friends, 1st century c.e.
Source 5.3 From a Pompeii Tavern: An Evening Out at a Pompeii Bar, 1st century c.e.
Source 5.4 The Graffiti and Inscriptions of Pompeii: The Grafitti of Pompeii, 1st century c.e.
Source 5.5 Household Religion in Pompeii: A Household Shrine from Pompeii, 1st century c.e.
Source 5.6 Mystery Religion in Pompeii: An Initiation Ritual, 1st century c.e.
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: On Pompeii
Voice 5.1 Mary Beard on the Artifacts of Pompeii, from Pompeii Exhibition, 2017
Voice 5.2 Andrew Wilson and Miko Flohr on the Economy of Pompeii, from The Economy of Pompeii, 2017
6. COMMONALITIES AND VARIATIONS: AFRICA, THE AMERICAS, AND PACIFIC OCEANIA, 600 B.C.E.–1200 C.E.
Continental Comparisons
Civilizations of Africa
Meroë: Continuing a Nile Valley Civilization
Axum: The Making of a Christian Kingdom
Along the Niger River: Cities without States
Civilizations of Mesoamerica
The Maya: Writing and Warfare
Teotihuacán: The Americas’ Greatest City
Civilizations of the Andes
Chavín: A Pan-Andean Religious Movement
Moche: A Civilization of the Coast
Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires of the Interior
Alternatives to Civilization
Bantu Africa: Cultural Encounters and Social Variation
North America: Ancestral Pueblo and Mound Builders
Pacific Oceania: Peoples of the Sea
Conclusions and Reflections: One History...or Many?
Revisiting Chapter 6
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 6
ZOOMING IN: The Lord of Sipan and the Lady of Cao
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Axum and the World
Source 6.1 The Making of an Axumite Empire: Inscription on a Stone Throne, 2nd or 3rd century c.e.
Source 6.2 The Columns of Axum: An Axumite Monument, late 3rd or early 4th century c.e
Source 6.3 The Coming of Christianity to Axum: Rufinus, On the Evangelization of Abyssinia, late 4th century c.e.
Source 6.4 Axum and the Gold Trade: Cosmas, The Gold Trade of Axum, 6th century c.e.
Source 6.5 Axum Gold Coin: A Christian Coin from Axum
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Christian Axum
Voice 6.1 Erik Gilbert and Jonathan Reynolds on the Transregional Nature of Early Christianity, from African World History, 2004
Voice 6.2 Christopher Ehret on the Role of Trade in the Coming of Christianity to Axum, from The Civilizations of Africa, 2002
PART 3 Civilizations and Encounters during the Third-Wave Era, 600–1450
THE BIG PICTURE Patterns and Processes of the Third-Wave Era
Third-Wave Civilizations
The Ties That Bind: Transregional Interaction in the Third-Wave Era
LANDMARKS IN WORLD HISTORY (600–1450)
7. COMMERCE AND CULTURE, 600–1450
Silk Roads: Exchange across Eurasia
The Growth of the Silk Roads
Goods in Transit
Cultures in Transit
Diseases in Transit
Sea Roads: Exchange across the Indian Ocean
Weaving the Web of an Indian Ocean World
Sea Roads as a Catalyst for Change: Southeast Asia
Sea Roads as a Catalyst for Change: East Africa
Sand Roads: Exchange across the Sahara
Commercial Beginnings in West Africa
Gold, Salt, and Slaves: Trade and Empire in West Africa
An American Network: Commerce and Connection in the Western Hemisphere
Conclusions and Reflections: Globalization — Ancient and Modern
Revisiting Chapter 4
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 7
ZOOMING IN: The Arabian Camel
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Travelers’ Tales and Observations
Source 7.1 A Chinese Buddhist in India: Xuanzang, Record of the Western Region, 7th century c.e.
Source 7.2 A European Christian in China: Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, 1299
Source 7.3 A European Artist Depicts Asia: The Marvelous Races of the East, ca. 1410
Source 7.4 A Moroccan Diplomat in West Africa: Leo Africanus, The History and Description of Africa, 1526
Source 7.5 A Korean World Map: The Honkoji Copy of the Kangnido Map, Korea, 15th century
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: On Travel Writers
Voice 7.1 John Larner on Whether Polo Really Traveled to China, from Marco Polo and the Discovery of the World, 1999
Voice 7.2 Natalie Zemon Davis on Leo Africanus’s Audiences, from Trickster Travels: A Sixteenth-Century Muslim between Worlds, 2006
8. CHINA AND THE WORLD: EAST ASIAN CONNECTIONS, 600–1300
Together Again: The Reemergence of a Unified China
A Golden Age of Chinese Achievement
Women in the Song Dynasty
China and the Northern Nomads: A Chinese World Order in the Making
The Tribute System in Theory
The Tribute System in Practice
Cultural Influence across an Ecological Frontier
Interacting with China: Comparing Korea, Vietnam, and Japan
Korea and China
Vietnam and China
Japan and China
China and the Eurasian World Economy
Spillovers: China’s Impact on Eurasia
On the Receiving End: China as Economic Beneficiary
China and Buddhism
Making Buddhism Chinese
Losing State Support: The Crisis of Chinese Buddhism
Conclusions and Reflections: Pondering Change in China
Revisiting Chapter 8
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 8
ZOOMING IN: Gunpowder
THEN AND NOW: China and the World
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Society during China’s Golden Age
Source 8.1 Becoming a Scholar-Official
Po Chu-I, After Passing the Examination, ca. 800
Po Chu-I, Escorting Candidates to the Examination Hall, 805
Source 8.2 Scholar-Officials and the Emperor: Scholars Gathering in a Bamboo Garden, 12th century
Source 8.3 Life in the Fields
Po Chu-I, Watching the Reapers, 806
Du Fu, A Song of War Chariots, 8th century
Source 8.4 City Life in Art: Zhang Zeduan, Along the River during the Qingming Festival, 12th century
Source 8.5 Family and Society: Yan Zhitui, Family Instructions, 6th century
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Economy and Society in Golden Age China
Voice 8.1 Morris Rossabi on the Place of Merchants in Chinese Society from A History of China, 2014
Voice 8.2 Valerie Hansen on the Social Implications of the Commercializing Economy from The Year 1000: When Explorers Connected the World - and Globalization Began, 2020
9. THE WORLDS OF ISLAM: AFRO-EURASIAN CONNECTIONS, 600–1450
The Birth of a New Religion
The Homeland of Islam
The Messenger and the Message
The Transformation of Arabia
The Making of an Arab Muslim Empire
War, Conquest, and Tolerance
Conversion
Divisions and Controversies
Women and Men in Early Islam
Islam and Cultural Encounter: A Four-Way Comparison
The Case of India
The Case of Anatolia
The Case of West Africa
The Case of Spain
The World of Islam as a New Civilization
Networks of Faith
Networks of Exchange
Conclusions and Reflections: The Islamic World and the Uses of History
Revisiting Chapter 9
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 9
ZOOMING IN: Mullah Nasruddin, the Wise Fool of Islam
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Cultural Encounters in Muslim Spain
Source 9.1 Conquest
Anonymous Christian Chronicle, 754
The Peace Treaty of Tudmïr, 713
Source 9.2 Islam in the Urban Landscape: Prayer Hall, the Great Mosque of Cordoba, ca. 800
Source 9.3 Arabic Culture and the Christian Community: Paul Alvarus, On Christian Youths, 9th century
Source 9.4 Regulating Interfaith Interactions: Ibn ‘Abdun, Handbook for Market Inspectors, early 12th century
Source 9.5 Depicting Social Interactions between Muslims and Christians: Playing Chess, 1283
Source 9.6 The Expulsion of Muslims from Christian Spain: Queen Isabella, Royal Edict of Expulsion, 1502
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Religious Tolerance in Muslim Spain
Voice 9.1 Bernard Lewis on Second-Class Citizenship, From The Jews of Islam, 1984
Voice 9.2 David Levering Lewis on Religious Tolerance in Ninth Century Spain, 2008
10. THE WORLDS OF CHRISTENDOM: CONTRACTION, EXPANSION, AND DIVISION, 600–1450
Christian Contraction in Asia and Africa
Asian Christianity
African Christianity
Byzantine Christendom: Building on the Roman Past
The Byzantine State
The Byzantine Church and Christian Divergence
Byzantium and the World
The Conversion of Russia
Western Christendom: Rebuilding in the Wake of Roman Collapse
Political Life in Western Europe
Society and the Church
Accelerating Change in the West
Europe Outward Bound: The Crusading Tradition
The West in Comparative Perspective
Catching Up
Pluralism in Politics
Reason and Faith
Conclusions and Reflections: Remembering and Forgetting
Revisiting Chapter 10
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 10
ZOOMING IN: Cecilia Penifader, an English Peasant and Unmarried Woman
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: The Remaking of Western Europe
Source 10.1 The Conversion of Clovis: Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks, late 6th Century
Source 10.2 Advice on Dealing with Pagans: Pope Gregory, Advice to the English Church, 601
Source 10.3 Pagan Art and Christian Texts: Lindisfarne Gospel, 698–721
Source 10.4 Germanic Law: Burgundian Code, ca. 474 c.e.
Source 10.5 Charlemagne’s Palace Chapel: Aachen Palace Chapel, completed 805 c.e.
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The Legacy of Rome
Voice 10.1 Blockmans and Hoppenbrouwers on the End of Roman Civilization, from Introduction to Medieval Europe, 300–1500, 2014
Voice 10.2 Cunliffe on Charlemagne, from Europe between the Oceans, 9000 BC–AD 1000, 2008
11. PASTORAL PEOPLES ON THE GLOBAL STAGE: THE MONGOL MOMENT, 1200–1450
The Long History of Pastoral Peoples
The World of Pastoral Societies
Before the Mongols: Pastoralists in History
Breakout: The Mongol Empire
From Temujin to Chinggis Khan: The Rise of the Mongol Empire
Explaining the Mongol Moment
Encountering the Mongols in China, Persia, and Russia
China and the Mongols
Persia and the Mongols
Russia and the Mongols
The Mongol Empire as a Eurasian Network
Toward a World Economy
Diplomacy on a Eurasian Scale
Cultural Exchange in the Mongol Realm
The Plague: An Afro-Eurasian Pandemic
Conclusions and Reflections: Historians, Bias, and the Mongols
Revisiting Chapter 11
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 11
ZOOMING IN: A Mongol Failure: The Invasion of Japan
CONTROVERSIES: Debating Empires
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Perceptions of the Mongols
Source 11.1 The Self-Perception of Mongol Rulers
Chinggis Khan, Letter to Changchun, 1219
The Secret History of the Mongols, ca. 1240
Source 11.2 Picturing Khubilai Khan
Liu Guandao, Khubilai on a Hunt, 1280
Marco Polo and Khubilai Khan, 15th century
Khubilai Khan in Council with His Courtiers and Scribes, 1590
Source 11.3 A Persian View of the Conquest of Bukhara: Juvaini, The History of the World Conqueror, 1219
Source 11.4 A European View of Mongol Life: William of Rubruck, Journey to the Land of the Mongols, ca. 1255
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Assessing the Mongol Impact
Voice 11.1 Jack Weatherford on the Mongols in World History, from Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, 2004
Voice 11.2 Paul S. Ropp on the Mongol Impact on China’s Economy, from China in World History, 2010
12. THE WORLDS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY
Societies and Cultures of the Fifteenth Century
Paleolithic Persistence: Australia and North America
Agricultural Village Societies: The Igbo and the Iroquois
Pastoral Peoples: Central Asia and West Africa
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: Comparing China and Europe
Ming Dynasty China
European Comparisons: State Building and Cultural Renewal
European Comparisons: Maritime Voyaging
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Islamic World
In the Islamic Heartland: The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
On the Frontiers of Islam: The Songhay and Mughal Empires
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Americas
The Aztec Empire
The Inca Empire
Webs of Connection
After 1500: Looking Ahead to the Modern Era
Conclusions and Reflections: Perspectives on Turning Points
Revisiting Chapter 12
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 12
ZOOMING IN: 1453 in Constantinople
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Islam and Renaissance Europe
Source 12.1 Portrait of Mehmed II: Gentile Bellini, Portrait of Mehmed II, ca. 1479
Source 12.2 Machiavelli on the Turkish State: Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 1513
Source 12.3 Venetian Trade in the Middle East: The Venetian Ambassador Visits Damascus, 1511
Source 12.4 Greek and Islamic Philosophers in Renaissance Art: Girolamo de Cremona, Aristotle and Averroes, 1483
Source 12.5 A Papal Call for Crusade: Pope Clement VI, Call for Crusade, September 30, 1343
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Christian/Muslim Relations during the Renaissance
Voice 12.1 Jerry Brotton on the Role of Cross-cultural Exchange in the European Renaissance, from The Renaissance Bazaar: From the Silk Road to Michelangelo, 2002
Voice 12.2 Bernard Lewis on Hostility between Christians and Muslims, from Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims and Jews in the Age of Discovery, 1995
PART 4 The Early Modern World, 1450–1750
THE BIG PICTURE Toward Modernity . . . or Not?
Sprouts of Modernity?
Continuing Older Patterns?
LANDMARKS IN WORLD HISTORY (1450–1750)
13. POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS: EMPIRES AND ENCOUNTERS, 1450–1750
European Empires in the Americas
The European Advantage
The Great Dying and the Little Ice Age
The Columbian Exchange
Comparing Colonial Societies in the Americas
In the Lands of the Aztecs and the Incas
Colonies of Sugar
Settler Colonies in North America
The Steppes and Siberia: The Making of a Russian Empire
Experiencing the Russian Empire
Russians and Empire
Asian Empires
Making China an Empire
Muslims and Hindus in the Mughal Empire
Muslims and Christians in the Ottoman Empire
Conclusions and Reflections: The Importance of Context
Revisiting Chapter 13
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 13
ZOOMING IN: Doña Marina: Between Two Worlds
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: State Building in the Early Modern Era
Source 13.1 The Memoirs of Emperor Jahangir: Jahangir, Memoirs, 1605–1627
Source 13.2 The Palace of an Ottoman Emperor: A Reception at the Court of Selim III, late 18th Century
Source 13.3 French State Building and Louis XIV
Louis XIV, Memoirs, 1670
Louis XIV in Costume, 1653
Source 13.4 An Outsider’s View of the Inca Empire: Pedro de Cieza de León, Chronicles of the Incas, ca. 1550
Source 13.5 The Temple of Heaven: Beijing, China: The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest, ca. 1420
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Early Modern Rulers
Voice 13.1 Charles Parker on Emperor Kangxi of China and Louis XIV of France, from Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, 1400–1800, 2010
Voice 13.2 John Darwin on Emperor Akbar’s Public Image, from After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires 1400–2000, 2008
14. ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS: COMMERCE AND CONSEQUENCE, 1450–1750
Europeans and Asian Commerce
A Portuguese Empire of Commerce
Spain and the Philippines
The East India Companies
Asians and Asian Commerce
Silver and Global Commerce
The World Hunt: Fur in Global Commerce
Commerce in People: The Transatlantic Slave System
The Slave Trade in Context
The Slave Trade in Practice
Consequences: The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa
Conclusions and Reflections: Global Trade and Moral Complexity
Revisiting Chapter 14
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 14
ZOOMING IN: Ayuba Suleiman Diallo: To Slavery and Back
CONTROVERSIES: Debating the Atlantic World
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Consumption and Culture in the Early Modern World
Source 14.1 Clothing and Status in the Americas: Miguel Cabrera, Detail from a Series on Multiracial Marriages in Mexico, 1763
Source 14.2 Regulating Dress in Europe and Japan
Venetian Law REgulating Dress, 1511
Ihara Saikaku, The Japanese Family Storehouse, 1688
Source 14.3 Tea and Porcelain in Europe: Image of Tea Drinking and Chinese Porcelain Cups, 18th century
Source 14.4 A Critical View of Coffeehouses in the Ottoman Empire: Mustafa Ali, Description of Cairo, 1599
Source 14.5 An Ottoman Coffeehouse: A Gathering of Turkish Men at an Ottoman Coffeehouse, 16th century
Source 14.6 Coffeehouse Culture in England: Thomas Jordan, News from the Coffee-house, 1667
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: On Consumer Culture in the Early Modern World
Voice 14.1 Frank Trentmann on Consumer Culture in the Netherlands and Britain,From Empire of Things: How We Became a World of Consumers, from the Fifteenth Century to the Twenty-First, 2016
Voice 14.2 Anne Gerritsen and Giorgio Riello on the Impacts of Global Consumption and Exchange, From The European World 1500-1800: An Introduction to Early Modern History, 2018
15. CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS: RELIGION AND SCIENCE, 1450–1750
The Globalization of Christianity
Western Christendom Fragmented: The Protestant Reformation
Christianity Outward Bound
Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America
An Asian Comparison: China and the Jesuits
Persistence and Change in Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions
Expansion and Renewal in the Islamic World
China: New Directions in an Old Tradition
India: Bridging the Hindu/Muslim Divide
A New Way of Thinking: The Birth of Modern Science
The Question of Origins
Science as Cultural Revolution
Science and Enlightenment
European Science beyond the West
Looking Ahead: Science in the Nineteenth Century and Beyond
Conclusions and Reflections: Many Ways of Cultural Borrowing
Revisiting Chapter 15
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 15
ZOOMING IN: Galileo and the Telescope: Reflecting on Science and Religion
THEN AND NOW: Science
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Christianity: Becoming a Global Religion
Source 15.1 Cultural Blending in Andean Christianity: La Virgen del Cerro (Virgin Mary of the Mountains), ca. 1740
Source 15.2 Christianity through Maya Eyes: The Chilam Balam of Chumayel, 18th century
Source 15.3 Making Christianity Chinese: Illustration of the Annunciation, ca. 17th century
Source 15.4 The Chinese Rites Controversy
Papal Decree Banning Chinese Rites, 1715
Decree of Emperor Kangxi, 1721
Source 15.5 Christian Art in the Mughal Empire: Unknown Indian Artist, The Holy Family, early 17th century
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Missions in Mesoamerica and China
Voice 15.1 Merry Wiesner-Hanks on the Virgin of Guadalupe, from A Concise History of the World, 2015
Voice 15.2 Diarmaid MacCulloch on Jesuit Missionary Strategies in China, from Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years, 2009
PART 5 The European Moment in World History, 1750–1900
THE BIG PICTURE European Centrality and the Problem of Eurocentrism
LANDMARKS IN WORLD HISTORY (1750–1900)
16. ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS, GLOBAL ECHOES, 1750–1900
Atlantic Revolutions in a Global Context
Comparing Atlantic Revolutions
The North American Revolution, 1775–1787
The French Revolution, 1789–1815
The Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804
Latin American Revolutions, 1808–1825
Echoes of Revolution
The Abolition of Slavery
Nations and Nationalism
Feminist Beginnings
Conclusions and Reflections: Pondering the Outcomes of Revolutions
Revisiting Chapter 16
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 16
ZOOMING IN: Kartini: Feminism and Nationalism in Java
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Opponents of the Atlantic Revolutions
Source 16.1 A New York Clergyman’s Criticism of the Continental Congress: Samuel Seabury, Letter of a Westchester Farmer, 1774
Source 16.2 A British Conservative’s Critique of the Universal Rights of Man: Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790
Source 16.3 An English Cartoon’s Reaction to Revolutionary Violence: Hell Broke Loose, or, The Murder of Louis, 1793
Source 16.4 The French National Assembly and Slavery: Decree and Explanation of the French National Assembly, May 15 and 29, 1791
Source 16.5 Imagining Women’s Suffrage: An Inauguration of the Future, 1897
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: How the French Revolution Went Wrong
Voice 16.1 Tocqueville on the Course of the French Revolution, from The Old Regime and the Revolution, 1856
Voice 16.2 Hippolyte Taine on the Failure of the Early Years of the Revolution and the Rise of the Radical Revolution, from The French Revolution, 1881
17. REVOLUTIONS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION, 1750–1900
Industrialization: The Global Context
The First Industrial Society
The British Aristocracy
The Middle Classes
The Laboring Classes
Social Protest
Europeans in Motion
Variations on a Theme: Industrialization in the United States and Russia
The United States: Industrialization without Socialism
Russia: Industrialization and Revolution
The Industrial Revolution and Latin America in the Nineteenth Century
After Independence in Latin America
Facing the World Economy
Becoming like Europe?
Conclusions and Reflections: Reflecting on the Industrial Revolution
Revisiting Chapter 17
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 17
CONTROVERSIES: Debating Why Europe?
ZOOMING IN: The English Luddites and Machine Breaking
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: The Socialist Vision and Its Enemies
Source 17.1 Socialism According to Marx: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 1848
Source 17.2 Socialism without Revolution: Eduard Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism, 1899
Source 17.3 Socialist Perspectives in Art: The Present and the Future
Industrial Workers of the World, A Pyramid of Capitalist Society, 1911
Manifest of International Trade Union Congress, 1896
Source 17.4 Socialism in Song: Eugène Pottier, The Internationale, 1871
Source 17.5 British Poster Depicting the Socialist Threat: Conservative Party, Socialism Throttling the Country, 1909
Source 17.6 Outlawing Socialism in Germany: Law against the Publicly Dangerous Endeavors of Social Democracy, 1878
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The Legacy of Karl Marx in the Twenty-First Century
Voice 17.1 Allan Todd on Marx and Current History, from The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia, 2016
Voice 17.2 Terry Eagleton on the Continuing Relevance of Marx, from Why Marx Was Right, 2011
18. COLONIAL ENCOUNTERS IN ASIA, AFRICA, AND OCEANIA, 1750–1950
Industry and Empire
A Second Wave of European Conquests
Under European Rule
Cooperation and Rebellion
Colonial Empires with a Difference
Ways of Working: Comparing Colonial Economies
Economies of Coercion: Forced Labor and the Power of the State
Economies of Cash-Crop Agriculture: The Pull of the Market
Economies of Wage Labor: Migration for Work
Women and the Colonial Economy: Examples from Africa
Assessing Colonial Development
Believing and Belonging: Identity and Cultural Change
Education
Religion
Race and Tribe
Conclusions and Reflections: Who Makes History?
Revisiting Chapter 18
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 18
ZOOMING IN: Vivekananda, a Hindu Monk in America
THEN AND NOW: Imperialism
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Colonial Conquest: The Scramble for Africa
Source 18.1 Competition and Conquest: Charles Tichon, Commandant Marchand across Africa, 1900
Source 18.2 Pacification in East Africa: Richard Meinertzhagen, A Small Slaughter, 1902
Source 18.3 From Cape to Cairo: The Rhodes Colossus, 1892
Source 18.4 Ethiopia and the Scramble for Africa
Menelik II, Letter to the European Great Powers, 1891
Menelik II, Mobilization Proclamation, 1895
Source 18.5 Empire Building in North Africa: British and French in North Africa, ca. 1910
Source 18.6 An African American Voice on the Scramble for Africa: W. E. B. DuBois, The African Roots of War, 1915
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The Invasion of Africa
Voice 18.1 Thomas Pakenham on European Motivations, from The Scramble for Africa, 1992
Voice 18.2 A. Adu Boahen on African Strategies, from African Perspectives on Colonialism, 1987
19. EMPIRES IN COLLISION: EUROPE, THE MIDDLE EAST, AND EAST ASIA, 1800–1900
Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of Crisis
The Crisis Within
Western Pressures
The Failure of Conservative Modernization
The Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century
The Sick Man of Europe
Reform and Its Opponents
Outcomes: Comparing China and the Ottoman Empire
The Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power
The Tokugawa Background
American Intrusion and the Meiji Restoration
Modernization Japanese-Style
Japan and the World
Conclusions and Reflections: Success and Failure in History
Revisiting Chapter 19
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 19
ZOOMING IN: Lin Zexu: Confronting the Opium Trade
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: China: On the Brink of Change
Source 19.1 Toward a Constitutional Monarchy: Kang Youwei, An Appeal to Emperor Guangxu, 1898
Source 19.2 Resistance to Change: Conservative Reactions after the Sino-Japanese War, late 19th-early 20th century
Source 19.3 Gender, Reform, and Revolution: Qiu Jin, Address to Two Hundred Million Fellow Countrywomen, 1904
Source 19.4 Cutting the Queue: The Modernization of China, 1911
Source 19.5 Toward Revolution: Wang Jingwei, We Want a Republic, Not a Constitutional Monarchy, April 25, 1910
Source 19.6 The Chinese Revolution of 1911: About the Insurrectional Movement in China, 1911
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895
Voice 19.1 David and Yurong Atwill on the Significance of the War for China, from Sources in Chinese History, 2010
Voice 19.2 James L. Huffman on the Significance of the War for Japan, from Japan in World History, 2010
PART 6 The Long Twentieth Century, 1900–present
THE BIG PICTURE The Long Twentieth Century: A New Period in World History?
LANDMARKS IN WORLD HISTORY (1900–present)
20. WAR AND REVOLUTION, 1900–1950
The First World War: A European Crisis with a Global Impact, 1914–1918
Origins: The Beginnings of the Great War
Outcomes: Legacies of the Great War
The Russian Revolution and Soviet Communism
Capitalism Unraveling: The Great Depression
Democracy Denied: The Authoritarian Alternative
European Fascism
Hitler and the Nazis
Japanese Authoritarianism
A Second World War, 1937–1945
The Road to War in Asia
The Road to War in Europe
Consequences: The Outcomes of a Second Global Conflict
Communist Consolidation and Expansion: The Chinese Revolution
Conclusions and Reflections: Historical Intersections and Their Implications
Revisiting Chapter 20
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 20
ZOOMING IN: Hiroshima
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Ideologies of the Axis Powers
Source 20.1 Italian Fascism: Creating a New Roman Empire: School Exercise Book Celebrating Italy’s Victory over Ethiopia, 1937
Source 20.2 Hitler on Nazism: Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (My Struggle), 1925–1926
Source 20.3 Nazi Anti-Semitism: H. Schluter, Der Ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew), 1937
Source 20.4 The Japanese Way: Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan, 1937
Source 20.5 Japanese Imperialism: Japanese Propaganda Poster of Manchuria under Japanese Occupation, 1933
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Anti-Semitism
Voice 20.1 Beth A. Griech-Polelle on Anti-Semitism Creating Otherness, from Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust, 2017
Voice 20.2 Christopher Browning on Why Many Ordinary Germans Tacitly Supported Nazi Anti-Semitic Policies, From The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942, 2004
21. A CHANGING GLOBAL LANDSCAPE, 1950–PRESENT
Recovering from the War
Communism Chinese-Style
Building a Modern Society
Eliminating Enemies
East versus West: A Global Divide and a Cold War
Military Conflict and the Cold War
Nuclear Standoff and Third-World Rivalry
The Cold War and the Superpowers
Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence
The End of Empire in World History
Toward Independence in Asia and Africa
After Freedom
The End of the Communist Era
Beyond Mao in China
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
After Communism
Conclusions and Reflections: Twentieth-Century Communism
Revisiting Chapter 21
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 21
ZOOMING IN: Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Mao’s China
Source 21.1 Revolution in Long Bow Village: William Hinton, Confronting Landlords and Husbands, 1948
Source 21.2 A Vision of the New China: Poster Work Hard for a New Age, 1970s
Source 21.3 Socialism in the Countryside
Mao Zedong, On Communes, 1958
Poster: The People’s Communes Are Good, 1958
Source 21.4 Women, Nature, and Industrialization: Poster Women Hold Up Half of Heaven, 1970
Source 21.5 The Cult of Mao: Poster Chairman Mao and Us Together, 1968
Source 21.6 Experiencing the Cultural Revolution: Gao Yuan, Born Red, 1987
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Assessing Mao
Voice 21.1 Maurice Meisner on Mao, Modernization, and Socialism, from Mao’s China and After, 1999
Voice 21.2 Frank Dikotter on Mao’s Great Famine, from Mao’s Great Famine, 2011
22. GLOBAL PROCESSES: TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMY, AND SOCIETY, 1900–PRESENT
Science and Technology: The Acceleration of Innovation
A Second Scientific Revolution
Fossil Fuel Breakthroughs
Transportation Breakthroughs
Communication and Information Breakthroughs
Military Weapons Breakthroughs
The Global Economy: The Acceleration of Entanglement
Industrial Globalization: Development in the Global South
Economic Globalization: Deepening Connections
Growth, Instability, and Inequality
Pushback: Resistance to Economic Globalization
Producing and Consuming: The Shapes of Modern Societies
Life on the Land: The Decline of the Peasantry
The Changing Lives of Industrial Workers
The Service Sector and the Informal Economy
Global Middle Classes and Life at the Top
Getting Personal: Transformations of Private Life
Modernity and Personal Life
The State and Personal Life
Feminism and Personal Life
Conclusions and Reflections: On Contemporary History
Revisiting Chapter 22
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 22
CONTROVERSIES: Debating Globalization
ZOOMING IN: Anna Dubova, a Russian Woman, and the Soviet State
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Global Feminism
Source 22.1 Western Feminism in the Twenty-First Century
A Slutwalk Protest in London, 2012
A Demonstration for Women Workers’ Rights in Toulouse, France, 2017
Source 22.2 Black American Feminism: Combahee River Collective, A Black Feminist Statement, 1977
Source 22.3 Communist Feminism: Soviet Poster Advertising Support for Women Workers, 1949
Source 22.4 Islamic Feminism: Benazir Bhutto, Politics and the Muslim Woman, 1995
Source 22.5 Mexican Zapatista Feminists
Indigenous Women’s Petition, March 1, 1994
The Women’s Revolutionary Law, January 1, 1994
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Feminism: Tensions and Resistance
Voice 22.1 Merry Wiesner-Hanks on International Feminism, from Gender in History: Global Perspectives, 2011
Voice 22.2 Peter Stearns on Resistance to Global Feminism, from Gender in World History, 2015
23. GLOBAL PROCESSES: DEMOGRAPHY, CULTURE, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, 1900–PRESENT
More People: Quadrupling Human Numbers
People in Motion: Patterns of Migration
To the Cities: Global Urbanization
Moving Abroad: Long-Distance Migration
Microbes in Motion: Disease and Recent History
Cultural Identity in an Entangled World
Race, Nation, and Ethnicity
Popular Culture on the Move
Religion and Global Modernity
The Environment in the Anthropocene Era
The Global Environment Transformed
Changing the Climate
Protecting the Planet: The Rise of Environmentalism
Conclusions and Reflections: World History and the Making of Meaning
Revisiting Chapter 23
Revisiting Specifics
Revisiting Core Ideas
A Wider View
Landmarks for Chapter 23
ZOOMING IN: Barbie and Her Competitors in the Muslim World
THEN AND NOW: Humanity and Nature
WORKING WITH EVIDENCE: Contending for Islam
Source 23.1 A Secular State for an Islamic Society: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Speech to the General Congress of the Republican Party, 1927
Source 23.2 Toward an Islamic Society: The Muslim Brotherhood, Toward the Light, 1936
Source 23.3 Two Images of Islamic Radicalism
The Violent Face of Islamic Radicalism, 2015
The Peaceful Face of Islamic Radicalism, 2015
Source 23.4 The Sufi Alternative: Narendra Modi, Sufism and Islamic Radicalism, 2016
Source 23.5 Progressive Islam: Kabir Helminski, Islam and Human Values, 2009
Source 23.6 Debating the Burqa: Protests in London against French Ban of Face Concealment, 2011
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Perspectives on the Iranian Revolution
Voice 23.1 Francis Robinson on Islamic Renewal Movements, from The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World, 1996
Voice 23.2 John Esposito on the Source of the Iranian Revolution, from The Oxford History of Islam, 1999
For Further Study
Glossary
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