We The People: An Introduction To American Politics

by Ginsberg, Benjamin; Lowi, Theodore J.; Weir, Margaret; Champagne, Anthony; Forshee, John; Harpham, Edward J.

• ISBN13: 9780393926217
• ISBN10: 0393926214
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-07-30
• Publisher: W W Norton & Co Inc

Table of Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments	xxvii
Part I FOUNDATIONS
American Political Culture	2	(34)
What Americans Think about Government	6	(7)
Trust in Government	8	(2)
Political Efficacy	10	(3)
What Americans Know about Government	13	(2)
Citizenship: Knowledge and Participation	13	(1)
The Necessity of Political Knowledge	14	(1)
Government	15	(4)
Is Government Needed?	16	(1)
Forms of Government	16	(1)
Limiting Government	17	(1)
Access to Government: The Expansion of Participation	18	(1)
Influencing the Government through Participation: Politics	18	(1)
American Political Culture: Shared Values, but Disagreements over the Role of Government	19	(12)
Liberty	20	(1)
Equality	21	(1)
Democracy	22	(2)
Does the System Uphold American Political Values?: Thinking Critically about Liberty, Equality, and Democracy	24	(6)
Values and the Ends of Government	30	(1)
Who Benefits from Government?	30	(1)
What You Can Do: Test the Political Waters	31	(2)
Summary	33	(1)
For Further Reading	34	(1)
Study Outline	34	(1)
Practice Quiz	34	(1)
Key Terms	35	(1)
The Founding and the Constitution	36	(44)
The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts	39	(4)
British Taxes and Colonial Interests	40	(1)
Political Strife and the Radicalizing of the Colonists	41	(1)
The Declaration of Independence	42	(1)
The Articles of Confederation	43	(1)
The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution	43	(7)
International Standing and Balance of Power	44	(1)
The Annapolis Convention	44	(1)
Shays's Rebellion	45	(1)
The Constitutional Convention	45	(5)
The Constitution	50	(7)
The Legislative Branch	50	(2)
The Executive Branch	52	(1)
The Judicial Branch	53	(1)
National Unity and Power	54	(1)
Amending the Constitution	54	(1)
Ratifying the Constitution	54	(1)
Constitutional Limits on the National Government's Power	54	(3)
The Fight for Ratification	57	(7)
Federalists versus Antifederalists	58	(5)
Reflections on the Founding	63	(1)
The Citizen's Role and the Changing Constitution	64	(9)
Amendments: Many Are Called, Few Are Chosen	64	(3)
The Case of the Equal Rights Amendment	67	(1)
Which Were Chosen? An Analysis of the Twenty-Seven	68	(5)
Thinking Critically about Liberty, Equality, and Democracy	73	(1)
What You Can Do: Become a Framer	74	(1)
Summary	75	(2)
For Further Reading	77	(1)
Study Outline	77	(2)
Practice Quiz	79	(1)
Key Terms	79	(1)
Federalism	80	(38)
The Federal Framework	84	(12)
Federalism in the Constitution	84	(4)
Restraining National Power with Dual Federalism, 1789--1937	88	(2)
Federalism and the Slow Growth of the National Government's Power	90	(3)
The Changing Role of the States	93	(3)
Who Does What? The Changing Federal Framework	96	(14)
Expansion of the National Government	97	(1)
Federal Grants	97	(2)
Cooperative Federalism	99	(1)
Regulated Federalism and National Standards	100	(3)
New Federalism and State Control	103	(5)
Devolution: For Whose Benefit?	108	(2)
Thinking Critically about Liberty versus Equality	110	(1)
What You Can Do: Participate at Different Levels of the Federal System	111	(2)
Summary	113	(2)
For Further Reading	115	(1)
Study Outline	115	(1)
Practice Quiz	116	(1)
Key Terms	116	(2)
Civil Liberties	118	(44)
A Brief History of the Bill of Rights	121	(5)
Nationalizing the Bill of Rights	122	(4)
The First Amendment and Freedom of Religion	126	(5)
Separation Between Church and State	126	(3)
Free Exercise of Religion	129	(2)
The First Amendment and Freedom of Speech and the Press	131	(8)
Absolutely Protected Speech	131	(3)
Freedom of the Press	134	(1)
Conditionally Protected Speech	135	(4)
The Second Amendment and the Right to Bear Arms	139	(2)
Rights of the Criminally Accused	141	(8)
The Fourth Amendment and Searches and Seizures	142	(2)
The Fifth Amendment	144	(2)
The Sixth Amendment and the Right to Counsel	146	(1)
The Eighth Amendment and Cruel and Unusual Punishment	147	(2)
The Right to Privacy	149	(5)
Thinking Critically about the Future of Civil Liberties: Does the War on Terrorism Affect It?	154	(2)
What You Can Do: Defend Liberty	156	(3)
Summary	159	(1)
For Further Reading	159	(1)
Study Outline	160	(1)
Practice Quiz	160	(1)
Key Terms	161	(1)
Civil Rights	162	(48)
The Struggle for Civil Rights	165	(18)
Slavery and the Abolitionist Movement	165	(1)
The Link to the Women's Rights Movement	166	(1)
The Civil War Amendments to the Constitution	167	(1)
Civil Rights and the Supreme Court: ``Separate but Equal''	167	(1)
Organizing for Equality	168	(1)
Litigating for Equality after World War II	169	(2)
Civil Rights after Brown v. Board of Education	171	(4)
The Civil Rights Acts	175	(8)
The Universalization of Civil Rights	183	(10)
Women and Gender Discrimination	183	(3)
Latinos and Asian Americans	186	(4)
Native Americans	190	(1)
Disabled Americans	191	(1)
The Aged	191	(1)
Gays and Lesbians	191	(2)
Affirmative Action	193	(10)
The Supreme Court and the Burden of Proof	193	(5)
Referendums on Affirmative Action	198	(1)
Thinking Critically about the Affirmative Action Debate	198	(5)
What You Can Do: Mobilize for Civil Rights	203	(3)
Summary	206	(1)
For Further Reading	206	(1)
Study Outline	207	(1)
Practice Quiz	207	(1)
Key Terms	208	(2)
Part II POLITICS
Public Opinion	210	(42)
Political Values	213	(16)
Fundamental Values	213	(2)
Forms of Disagreement	215	(1)
How Political Values Are Formed	215	(2)
Influences on Our Political Values	217	(9)
From Political Values to Ideology	226	(3)
How We Form Political Opinions	229	(8)
Political Knowledge	231	(1)
The Influence of Political Leaders, Private Groups, and the Media	232	(5)
Measuring Public Opinion	237	(7)
Constructing Public Opinion from Surveys	238	(6)
Thinking Critically about Public Opinion and Democracy	244	(3)
What You Can Do: Become Politically Knowledgeable	247	(1)
Summary	247	(2)
For Further Reading	249	(1)
Study Outline	249	(1)
Practice Quiz	250	(1)
Key Terms	251	(1)
The Media	252	(36)
The Media Industry and Government	255	(10)
Types of Media	255	(3)
Regulation of the Broadcast Media	258	(1)
Organization and Ownership of the Media	259	(5)
Nationalization of the News	264	(1)
News Coverage	265	(7)
Journalists	266	(1)
Subjects of the News	267	(3)
The Power of Consumers	270	(2)
Media Power in American Politics	272	(10)
Shaping Events	272	(1)
The Sources of Media Power	273	(7)
The Rise of Adversarial Journalism	280	(2)
Thinking Critically about Media Power and Democracy	282	(1)
What You Can Do: Analyze News Sources	283	(2)
Summary	285	(1)
For Further Reading	285	(1)
Study Outline	286	(1)
Practice Quiz	286	(1)
Key Terms	287	(1)
Political Participation and Voting	288	(38)
Political Participation	290	(7)
Forms of Participation	291	(3)
Voting	294	(3)
Who Participates, and How?	297	(11)
African Americans	300	(1)
Latinos	300	(2)
Asian Americans	302	(1)
Women versus Men	302	(2)
Religious Identity and Politics	304	(2)
Age and Participation	306	(2)
Explaining Political Participation	308	(11)
Socioeconomic Status	308	(1)
Civic Engagement	308	(5)
Formal Obstacles	313	(2)
Political Mobilization	315	(4)
Thinking Critically about Political Participation and Liberty, Equality, and Democracy	319	(1)
What You Can Do: Become a Voter	320	(3)
Summary	323	(1)
For Further Reading	324	(1)
Study Outline	324	(1)
Practice Quiz	324	(1)
Key Terms	325	(1)
Political Parties	326	(48)
What Are Political Parties?	329	(1)
Outgrowths of the Electoral Process	329	(1)
Outgrowths of the Policy-Making Process	329	(1)
The Two-Party System in America	330	(17)
Historical Origins	330	(7)
Party Systems	337	(4)
Electoral Alignments and Realignments	341	(2)
American Third Parties	343	(4)
Party Organization	347	(7)
National Convention	348	(4)
National Committee	352	(1)
Congressional Campaign Committees	353	(1)
State and Local Party Organizations	353	(1)
Parties and the Electorate	354	(3)
Group Affiliations	355	(2)
Parties and Elections	357	(3)
Recruiting Candidates	357	(2)
Nominations	359	(1)
Getting Out the Vote	359	(1)
Facilitating Voter Choice	360	(1)
Parties and Government	360	(4)
Parties and Policy	360	(1)
Parties in Congress	361	(2)
President and Party	363	(1)
Thinking Critically about the Role of Parties in a Democracy	364	(3)
What You Can Do: Become a Party Activist	367	(2)
Summary	369	(1)
For Further Reading	370	(1)
Study Outline	370	(1)
Practice Quiz	371	(1)
Key Terms	372	(2)
Campaigns and Elections	374	(52)
Elections in America	377	(11)
Types of Elections	377	(2)
The Criteria for Winning	379	(1)
Electoral Districts	380	(2)
The Ballot	382	(5)
The Electoral College	387	(1)
Election Campaigns	388	(5)
Advisers	388	(2)
Polling	390	(2)
The Primaries	392	(1)
Presidential Elections	393	(10)
The Convention	393	(5)
The General Election Campaign and High-Tech Politics	398	(3)
Campaigns and Political Equality: From Labor-Intensive to Capital-Intensive Politics	401	(2)
How Voters Decide	403	(4)
Partisan Loyalty	404	(1)
Issues	405	(1)
Candidate Characteristics	406	(1)
The 2004 Elections	407	(6)
Building Blocks of Republican Success	409	(1)
Democratic Opportunities	410	(1)
Republican Strategy	411	(1)
The End Game	412	(1)
Money and Politics	413	(7)
Sources of Campaign Funds	414	(5)
Implications for Democracy	419	(1)
Thinking Critically about the Electoral Process	420	(1)
What You Can Do: Campaign on Campus	420	(3)
Summary	423	(1)
For Further Reading	423	(1)
Study Outline	424	(1)
Practice Quiz	424	(1)
Key Terms	425	(1)
Groups and Interests	426	(40)
The Character of Interest Groups	430	(8)
What Interests Are Represented?	430	(2)
What Interests Are Not Represented?	432	(1)
Organizational Components	433	(3)
The Characteristics of Members	436	(2)
The Proliferation of Groups	438	(3)
The Expansion of Government	440	(1)
The New Politics Movement and Public Interest Groups	440	(1)
Strategies: The Quest for Political Power	441	(17)
Direct Lobbying	441	(4)
Cultivating Access	445	(2)
Using the Courts (Litigation)	447	(1)
Mobilizing Public Opinion	448	(2)
Using Electoral Politics	450	(8)
Thinking Critically about Groups and Interests: The Dilemmas of Reform	458	(1)
What You Can Do: Join an Interest Group	459	(2)
Summary	461	(2)
For Further Reading	463	(1)
Study Outline	463	(1)
Practice Quiz	464	(1)
Key Terms	464	(2)
Part III INSTITUTIONS
Congress	466	(54)
Congress: Representing the American People	470	(13)
House and Senate: Differences in Representation	470	(1)
Sociological versus Agency Representation	471	(5)
The Electoral Connection	476	(5)
Direct Patronage	481	(2)
The Organization of Congress	483	(7)
Party Leadership in the House and Senate	484	(2)
The Committee System: The Core of Congress	486	(3)
The Staff System: Staffers and Agencies	489	(1)
Informal Organization: The Caucuses	490	(1)
Rules of Lawmaking: How a Bill Becomes a Law	490	(5)
Committee Deliberation	492	(1)
Debate	493	(1)
Conference Committee: Reconciling House and Senate Versions of Legislation	494	(1)
Presidential Action	494	(1)
How Congress Decides	495	(7)
Constituency	495	(1)
Interest Groups	496	(2)
Party Discipline	498	(4)
Weighing Diverse Influences	502	(1)
Beyond Legislation: Other Congressional Powers	502	(7)
Oversight	502	(2)
Advice and Consent: Special Senate Powers	504	(4)
Impeachment	508	(1)
Thinking Critically about Congress and Democracy	509	(3)
What You Can Do: Make Contact with Congress	512	(1)
Summary	513	(2)
For Further Reading	515	(1)
Study Outline	516	(1)
Practice Quiz	517	(1)
Key Terms	518	(2)
The Presidency	520	(46)
The Constitutional Basis of the Presidency	523	(2)
The Constitutional Powers of the Presidency	525	(15)
Expressed Powers	526	(12)
Delegated Powers	538	(2)
The Presidency as an Institution	540	(6)
The Cabinet	540	(2)
The White House Staff	542	(1)
The Executive Office of the President	542	(1)
The Vice Presidency	543	(1)
The First Lady	544	(1)
President and Policy	545	(1)
The Contemporary Bases of Presidential Power	546	(11)
Party as a Source of Power	547	(1)
Going Public	547	(6)
The Administrative State	553	(4)
Thinking Critically about Presidential Power and Democracy	557	(2)
What You Can Do: Work in the White House	559	(3)
Summary	562	(1)
For Further Reading	562	(1)
Study Outline	562	(1)
Practice Quiz	563	(1)
Key Terms	564	(2)
Bureaucracy in a Democracy	566	(48)
Bureaucracy and Bureaucrats	569	(6)
The Size of the Federal Service	570	(3)
Bureaucrats	573	(2)
The Organization of the Executive Branch	575	(23)
Promoting the Public Welfare	577	(5)
Providing National Security	582	(9)
Maintaining a Strong Economy	591	(7)
Can Bureaucracy Be Reinvented?	598	(1)
Can the Bureaucracy Be Reduced?	599	(5)
Termination	600	(1)
Devolution	601	(2)
Privatization	603	(1)
Can Bureaucracy Be Controlled?	604	(2)
The President as Chief Executive	604	(2)
Thinking Critically about Responsible Bureaucracy in a Democracy	606	(3)
What You Can Do: Get Inside the Bureaucracy	609	(2)
Summary	611	(1)
For Further Reading	612	(1)
Study Outline	612	(1)
Practice Quiz	613	(1)
Key Terms	613	(1)
The Federal Courts	614	(42)
The Legal System	617	(3)
Cases and the Law	617	(1)
Types of Courts	618	(2)
Federal Jurisdiction	620	(6)
The Lower Federal Courts	620	(1)
The Appellate Courts	621	(1)
The Supreme Court	621	(1)
How Judges Are Appointed	622	(4)
The Power of the Supreme Court: Judicial Review	626	(20)
Judicial Review of Acts of Congress	627	(1)
Judicial Review of State Actions	627	(1)
Judicial Review of Federal Agency Actions	628	(1)
Judicial Review and Lawmaking	629	(3)
How Cases Reach the Supreme Court	632	(2)
Controlling the Flow of Cases	634	(2)
Lobbying for Access: Interests and the Court	636	(4)
The Supreme Court's Procedures	640	(3)
Explaining Supreme Court Decisions	643	(3)
Judicial Power and Politics	646	(3)
Traditional Limitations on the Federal Courts	646	(1)
Two Judicial Revolutions	647	(2)
Thinking Critically about the Judiciary, Liberty, and Democracy	649	(1)
What You Can Do: File Amicus Curiae Briefs	649	(2)
Summary	651	(1)
For Further Reading	652	(1)
Study Outline	653	(1)
Practice Quiz	654	(1)
Key Terms	654	(2)
Part IV POLICY
Government and the Economy	656	(46)
Why Is Government Involved in the Economy?	659	(5)
Managing the Economy	660	(1)
Protecting the Welfare and Property of Individuals	661	(1)
Regulating Competition	661	(3)
Providing Public Goods	664	(1)
Should Government Be Involved in the Economy?	664	(2)
Laissez-Faire	664	(1)
Keynesians	665	(1)
Monetarists	666	(1)
What Are the Goals of Economic Policy?	666	(14)
Promote a Strong and Stable Economy	667	(4)
Promote Business Development	671	(2)
Promote International Trade	673	(2)
Regulate Industrial Relations	675	(1)
Protect the Environment	676	(2)
Protect Consumers	678	(2)
What Are the Tools of Economic Policy?	680	(14)
Monetary Policies	680	(2)
Fiscal Policies	682	(8)
Regulation and Antitrust Policy	690	(2)
Subsidies and Contracting	692	(2)
The Politics of Economic Policy Making	694	(1)
Thinking Crritically about Economic Policy and Inequality	695	(1)
What You Can Do: Assess the Impact of Economic Policies	696	(1)
Summary	697	(2)
For Further Reading	699	(1)
Study Outline	699	(2)
Practice Quiz	701	(1)
Key Terms	701	(1)
Social Policy	702	(42)
The Welfare State	705	(12)
The History of the Social Welfare System	705	(2)
Foundations of the Welfare State	707	(4)
Welfare Reform	711	(3)
How Do We Pay for the Welfare State?	714	(3)
Opening Opportunity	717	(11)
Education Policies	717	(5)
Employment and Training Programs	722	(1)
Health Policies	723	(3)
Housing Policies	726	(2)
Who Gets What from Social Policy?	728	(7)
The Elderly	729	(1)
The Middle Class	730	(1)
The Working Poor	730	(1)
The Nonworking Poor	731	(1)
Minorities, Women, and Children	732	(3)
Thinking Critically about Social Policy and Equality	735	(2)
What You Can Do: Question Social Policy	737	(2)
Summary	739	(1)
For Further Reading	740	(1)
Study Outline	740	(1)
Practice Quiz	741	(1)
Key Terms	742	(2)
Foreign Policy and Democracy	744	(48)
The Players: The Makers and Shapers of Foreign Policy	747	(8)
Who Makes Foreign Policy?	747	(4)
Who Shapes Foreign Policy?	751	(3)
Putting It Together	754	(1)
The Values in American Foreign Policy	755	(3)
Legacies of the Traditional System	755	(1)
The Great Leap to World Power	756	(2)
The Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy	758	(16)
Diplomacy	758	(2)
The United Nations	760	(2)
The International Monetary Structure	762	(1)
Economic Aid	763	(3)
Collective Security	766	(2)
Military Deterrence	768	(6)
Roles Nations Play	774	(11)
Choosing a Role	774	(2)
Thinking Critically about American Foreign Policy Values Today	776	(9)
What You Can Do: Voice Your Views to Congress	785	(2)
Summary	787	(1)
For Further Reading	788	(1)
Study Outline	788	(1)
Practice Quiz	789	(1)
Key Terms	790	(2)
Part V TEXAS POLITICS
The Political Culture, People, and Economy of Texas	792	(36)
Texas Political Culture	795	(3)
The One-Party State	796	(1)
Provincialism	797	(1)
Business Dominance	797	(1)
The Land	798	(3)
The Gulf Coastal Plains	799	(1)
The Interior Lowlands	799	(1)
The Great Plains	800	(1)
The Basin and Range Province	800	(1)
Economic Change in Texas	801	(11)
Cotton	802	(1)
Cattle Ranching	803	(1)
Oil in the Texas Economy	804	(6)
The Emergence of the High-Tech Economy	810	(1)
NAFTA	811	(1)
The People: Texas Demography	812	(8)
Anglos	813	(1)
Hispanics	814	(2)
African Americans	816	(2)
Age	818	(1)
Poverty and Wealth	819	(1)
Urbanization	820	(5)
The Urban Political Economy	821	(4)
Summary	825	(1)
For Further Reading	826	(1)
Study Outline	826	(1)
Practice Quiz	827	(1)
Key Terms	827	(1)
The Texas Constitution	828	(32)
The Role of a State Constitution	830	(1)
The Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas, 1827	831	(1)
The Constitution of the Republic of Texas, 1836	832	(3)
The Texas State Constitution of 1845	835	(2)
The Constitution of 1861: Texas Joins the Confederacy	837	(1)
The Constitution of 1866: Texas Rejoins the Union	838	(1)
The Reconstruction Constitution of 1869	839	(2)
The Constitution of 1876	841	(2)
The Constitution of Texas Today	843	(6)
The Preamble	843	(1)
Article I: Bill of Rights	844	(1)
Article II: The Powers of Government	844	(1)
Article III: Legislative Department	845	(1)
Article IV: Executive Department	846	(1)
Article V: Judicial Department	846	(1)
Article VI: Suffrage	847	(1)
Article VII: Education	847	(1)
Article VIII: Taxation and Revenue	847	(1)
Articles IX and XI: Local Government	848	(1)
Articles X, XII, XIII, and XIV	848	(1)
Article XV: Impeachment	848	(1)
Article XVI: General Provisions	849	(1)
Article XVII: Amending the Constitution	849	(1)
Recent Attempts to Rewrite the Texas Constitution	849	(7)
Sharpstown and the Failed Constitutional Reforms of 1974	849	(1)
The 1999 Ratliff-Junell Proposal	850	(2)
The 2003 Amendments	852	(4)
Summary	856	(1)
For Further Reading	857	(1)
Study Outline	857	(2)
Practice Quiz	859	(1)
Key Terms	859	(1)
Parties and Elections in Texas	860	(40)
The Role of Political Parties in Texas Politics	862	(2)
Party Organization	862	(2)
Texas's History as a One-Party State	864	(9)
The Growth of the Republican Party	866	(2)
Characteristics of Republicans and Democrats in Texas	868	(2)
Hispanics and the Future of Party Politics in Texas	870	(3)
Elections in Texas	873	(2)
Primary Elections	874	(1)
General Election	874	(1)
Special Elections	875	(1)
Participation in Texas Elections	875	(7)
Earlier Restrictions on the Franchise	875	(3)
Qualifications to Vote	878	(1)
Low Voter Turnout	878	(3)
Early Voting	881	(1)
Campaigns	882	(5)
Three Pivotal Elections	887	(8)
The Beachhead: John Tower's Election to the U.S. Senate in 1961	887	(2)
Creating a Two-Party State: The Election of Governor Bill Clements in 1978	889	(2)
Clayton Williams Versus Ann Richards in 1990	891	(3)
The Lasting Significance	894	(1)
Summary	895	(1)
For Further Reading	896	(1)
Study Outline	897	(1)
Practice Quiz	898	(1)
Key Terms	898	(2)
Interest Groups, Lobbying, and Lobbyists	900	(28)
Interest Groups in the Political Process	902	(16)
The Bond That Lasts: Interest Groups and Policy Makers	903	(1)
Types of Interest Groups and Lobbyists	904	(2)
Getting Access to Policy Makers	906	(2)
Who Represents Bubba?	908	(1)
Another Side to Lobbying: Show Me the Money	908	(5)
Getting Out the Vote	913	(2)
Suppose Interest Groups Want to Defeat a Candidate	915	(3)
The Lobbying ``Bidness'': Three Stories	918	(6)
Texans for Lawsuit Reform	918	(2)
The Chemical Lobby	920	(2)
The Trial Lawyer Lobby	922	(2)
Summary	924	(1)
For Further Reading	925	(1)
Study Outline	925	(1)
Practice Quiz	925	(1)
Key Terms	926	(2)
The Texas Legislature	928	(30)
Structure	930	(3)
Bicameralism	930	(1)
Membership	931	(2)
Sessions of the Legislature	933	(1)
Regular Sessions	933	(1)
Special Sessions	933	(1)
Powers of the Legislature	934	(2)
Legislative Powers	934	(1)
Nonlegislative Powers	935	(1)
How a Bill Becomes a Law	936	(5)
Introduction in the House	937	(1)
Referral	937	(2)
Committee Action	939	(1)
Floor Action	939	(1)
Conference Committee	940	(1)
Governor	941	(1)
Other Players in the Legislative Process	941	(4)
Governor	942	(2)
Comptroller of Public Accounts	944	(1)
Media	944	(1)
Courts	945	(1)
Lobbyist	945	(1)
Public	945	(1)
Power in the Legislature	945	(8)
Leadership	945	(1)
Centralizing Power: Sources of the Leadership's Power	946	(3)
Where Power and Partisanship Matter: The Redistricting Battle	949	(4)
Summary	953	(1)
For Further Reading	954	(1)
Study Outline	954	(1)
Practice Quiz	955	(1)
Key Terms	956	(2)
The Texas Executive Branch	958	(38)
The Governor	962	(9)
Qualifications	962	(1)
Election and Term of Office	962	(1)
Campaigns	963	(1)
Removal of a Governor	964	(1)
Succession	964	(1)
Compensation	965	(1)
Staff	965	(1)
Executive Powers of the Governor	966	(2)
Legislative Powers of the Governor	968	(2)
Judicial Powers of the Governor	970	(1)
The Office and Its Occupants	971	(1)
The Plural Executive	971	(11)
Secretary of State	973	(1)
Lieutenant Governor	973	(2)
Attorney General	975	(2)
Commissioner of the General Land Office	977	(2)
Commissioner of Agriculture	979	(1)
Comptroller of Public Accounts	979	(1)
Accountability of the Plural Executive	980	(1)
The Plural Executive and the Governor	981	(1)
Boards, Commissions, and Regulatory Agencies	982	(9)
Appointed Officials	982	(7)
Elected Officials	989	(1)
Making Agencies Accountable	990	(1)
Summary	991	(2)
For Further Reading	993	(1)
Study Outline	993	(1)
Practice Quiz	994	(1)
Key Terms	995	(1)
The Texas Judiciary	996	(34)
Court Structure	998	(4)
The Legal Process	1002	(4)
How Judges Are Selected	1006	(16)
Initial Appointment of Judges by the Governor	1006	(1)
The Elections Become Really Partisan	1007	(4)
The Name Game	1011	(3)
Minority Representation in the Texas Judiciary	1014	(3)
Alternative Means of Selection	1017	(3)
The 1988 Texas Supreme Court Races	1020	(2)
The Importance of the Texas Courts	1022	(4)
The Death Penalty	1022	(1)
Other Criminal Punishments	1023	(1)
Civil Cases	1024	(2)
Summary	1026	(1)
For Further Reading	1027	(1)
Study Outline	1027	(1)
Practice Quiz	1028	(1)
Key Terms	1029	(1)
Local Government in Texas	1030	(26)
County Government in Texas	1033	(9)
Numerous County Offices: Checks and Balances or Built-in Problems?	1033	(3)
Are Some Counties Too Small?	1036	(4)
The Functions of County Government	1040	(1)
County Governments in Perspective	1041	(1)
City Government in Texas	1042	(7)
Forms of Government in Texas Cities	1044	(3)
A Tale of Three Cities	1047	(2)
Special Districts	1049	(4)
Types of Special Districts	1049	(1)
School Districts	1049	(1)
Nonschool Special Districts	1050	(3)
Councils of Government (COGS)	1053	(1)
Summary	1053	(1)
For Further Reading	1054	(1)
Study Outline	1054	(1)
Practice Quiz	1055	(1)
Key Terms	1055	(1)
Public Policy in Texas	1056
Taxing and Spending in Texas	1058	(12)
A Low-Tax State?	1058	(1)
The Constitution and the Budget	1059	(1)
The Budgetary Process	1060	(1)
Revenue in Texas	1061	(3)
The Question of the Income Tax in Texas	1064	(1)
Other State Revenue	1065	(1)
Expenditures in Texas	1066	(3)
The 2004 Budget Crisis in Texas	1069	(1)
Crimes and Corrections Policy	1070	(6)
History of the Prison System	1070	(1)
Texas Crime and Corrections	1071	(5)
Education Policy in Texas	1076	(8)
Desegregation	1078	(1)
Equity in the Public School System	1079	(2)
Educational Excellence and Accountability in Texas	1081	(2)
Education Policy in Perspective	1083	(1)
Welfare Policy	1084	(8)
Poverty in Texas	1084	(2)
Welfare in Texas, 1935--1996	1086	(3)
The Idea of Dependency and Welfare Reform	1089	(2)
Evaluating Welfare Reform	1091	(1)
Summary	1092	(1)
For Further Reading	1093	(1)
Study Outline	1093	(2)
Practice Quiz	1095	(1)
Key Terms	1095
APPENDIX	1	(28)
The Declaration of Independence	3	(3)
The Articles of Confederation	6	(4)
The Constitution of the United States of America	10	(6)
Amendments to the Constitution	16	(5)
The Federalist Papers	21	(5)
Presidents and Vice Presidents	26	(3)
Glossary	29	(12)
Endnotes	41	(28)
Illustration Credits	69	(4)
Answer Key	73	(2)
Index	75