The West Encounters & Transformations, Concise Edition, Combined Volume

by Levack, Brian; Muir, Edward; Maas, Michael; Veldman, Meredith

• ISBN13: 9780321275974
• ISBN10: 0321275977
• Edition: Concise
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-09
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

The West: Encounters & Transformations Concise Editionis a brief version of the comprehensive book. It explores the changing definition and identity of the West throughout history, emphasizing the encounters between different cultures, beliefs, ideas, and peoples that shaped Western civilization, both outside the West and within it.

Author Biography

Brian Levack grew up in a family of teachers in the New York metropolitan area. From his father, a professor of French history, he acquired a love for studying the past, and he knew from an early age that he too would become a historian. He received his B.A. from Fordham University in 1965 and his Ph.D. from Yale in 1970. In graduate school he became fascinated by the history of the law and the interaction between law and politics, interests that he has maintained throughout his career. In 1969 he joined the History Department of the University of Texas at Austin, where he is now the John Green Regents Professor in History. The winner of several teaching awards, Levack teaches a wide variety of courses on British and European history, legal history, and the history of witchcraft. For eight years he served as the chair of his department, a rewarding but challenging assignment that made it difficult for him to devote as much time as he wished to his teaching and scholarship. His books include The Civil Lawyers in England, 1603-1641: A Political Study (1973), The Formation of the British State: England, Scotland and the Union, 1603-1707 (1987), and The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe (1987 and 1995), which has been translated into eight languages.

His study of the development of beliefs about witchcraft in Europe over the course of many centuries gave him the idea of writing a textbook on Western civilization that would illustrate a broader set of encounters between different cultures, societies, and ideologies. While writing the book, Levack and his two sons built a house on property that he and his wife, Nancy, own in the Texas hill country. He found that the two projects presented similar challenges: it was easy to draw up the design, but far more difficult to execute it. When not teaching, writing, or doing carpentry work, Levack runs along the jogging trails of Austin, and he has recently discovered the pleasures of scuba diving.

Edward Muir grew up in the foothills of the Wasatch Mountains in Utah, close-by the Emigration Trail along which wagon trains of Mormon pioneers and California-bound settlers made their way westward. As a child he loved to explore the broken-down wagons and abandoned household goods left at the side of the trail and from that acquired a fascination with the past. Besides the material remains of the past, he grew up with stories of his Mormon pioneer ancestors and an appreciation for how the past continued to influence the present. During the turbulent 1960s, he became interested in Renaissance Italy as a period and a place that had been formative for Western civilization. His biggest challenge is finding the time to explore yet another new corner of Italy and its restaurants.

He received his Ph.D. from Rutgers University where he specialized in the Italian Renaissance and did archival research in Venice and Florence, Italy. He is now the Clarence L. Ver Steeg Professor in the Arts and Sciences at Northwestern University and former chair of the History Department. At Northwestern he has won several teaching awards. His books include, Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice (Princeton, 1981); Mad Blood Stirring: Vendetta in Renaissance Italy (Johns Hopkins, 1993 and 1998); and Ritual in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1997).

Some years ago Ed began to experiment with the use of historical trials in teaching and discovered that students loved them. From that experience he decided to write this textbook, which employs trials as a central feature. Ed lives beside Lake Michigan in Evanston, Illinois. His twin passions are skiing in the Rocky Mountains and rooting for the Chicago Cubs, who manage every summer to demonstrate that winning isn't everything.

Michael Maas was born in the Ohio River Valley, a community that had been a frontier outpost during the late eighteenth century. He grew up reading the stories of the early settlers and their struggles with the native peoples, and seeing in the urban fabric how the city had subsequently developed into a prosperous coal and steel town, with immigrants from all over the world. As a boy he developed a lifetime interest in the archaeology and history of the ancient Mediterranean world and began to study Latin. At Cornell University he combined his interests in cultural history and the Classical world by majoring in Classics and Anthropology. A semester in Rome clinched his commitment to these fields — and to Italian cooking. Michael went on to get his PhD in the Graduate Program in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology at UC Berkeley.

He has traveled widely in the Mediterranean and the Middle East and participated in several archaeological excavations, including an underwater dig in Greece. Since 1985 he has taught ancient history at Rice University in Houston, Texas, where he founded and directs the interdisciplinary B.A. Program in Ancient Mediterranean Civilizations. He has won several teaching awards.

Maas' special area of research is Late Antiquity, the period of transition from the Classical to the Medieval worlds, which saw the collapse of the Roman Empire in western Europe and the development of the Byzantine state in the east. During his last sabbatical, he was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N. J., where he worked on his current book The Conqueror's Gift. Ethnography, Identity, and Imperial Power at the End of Antiquity (forthcoming). His other books include John Lydus and the Roman Past. Antiquarianism and Politics in the Age of Justinian (1992); Readings in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook (2000); and Exegesis and Empire in the Early Byzantium (2003).

Maas has always been interested in interdisciplinary teaching and the encounters among different cultures. He sees The West: Encounters and Transformations as an opportunity to explain how the modern civilization that we call "the West" had its origins in the diverse interactions among many different peoples of antiquity.

Meredith Veldman grew up in the western suburbs of Chicago, in a close-knit, closed-in Dutch Calvinist community. In this immigrant society, history mattered: the "Reformed tradition" structured not only religious beliefs but also social identity and political practice. This influence certainly played some role in shaping Veldman's early fascination with history. But probably just as important were the countless World War II re-enactment games she played with her five older brothers. Whatever the cause, Veldman majored in history at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and then earned a Ph.D. in modern European history, with a concentration in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Britain, from Northwestern University in 1988.

As Associate Professor of History at Louisiana State University, Veldman teaches courses in nineteenth- and twentieth-century British history and twentieth-century Europe, as well as the second half of "Western Civ." In her many semesters in the Western Civ classroom, Veldman tried a number of different textbooks but found herself increasingly dissatisfied. She wanted a text that would convey to beginning students at least some of the complexities and ambiguities of historical interpretation, introduce them to the exciting work being done now in cultural history, and, most importantly, tell a good story. The search for this textbook led her to accept the offer made by Levack, Maas, and Muir to join them in writing The West: Encounters and Transformations.

The author of Fantasy, the Bomb, and the Greening of Britain: Romantic Protest, 1945-1980 (1984), Veldman is also the wife of a Methodist minister and the mother of two young sons. They reside in Baton Rouge, where Veldman finds coping with the steamy climate a constant challenge. She and her family recently returned from Manchester, England, where they lived for three years and astonished the natives by their enthusiastic appreciation of English weather.

Table of Contents

Documents	xxiii
Maps	xxiv
Justice in History Features	xxv
Preface	xxvii
Meet the Authors	xxxix
What Is the West?	3	(8)
The Beginnings of Civilization: 10,000-2000 B.C.E.	11	(20)
Culture, Agriculture, and Civilization	12	(3)
The Food-Producing Revolution	13	(1)
The First Food-Producing Communities	14	(1)
The Birth of Civilization in Southwest Asia	15	(7)
Sumer: A Constellation of Cities in Southern Mesopotamia	15	(3)
From Akkad to the Amorite Invasions	18	(1)
New Mesopotamian Kingdoms: Assyria and Babylonia	19	(3)
The Emergence of Egyptian Civilization	22	(3)
From the Predynastic Period to the Old Kingdom, ca. 3500-2200 B.C.E.	22	(1)
Religious Beliefs in the Old Kingdom	23	(1)
The Pyramids	23	(1)
The Middle Kingdom, ca. 2040-1785 B.C.E.	24	(1)
Egyptian Encounters with Other Civilizations	24	(1)
The Transformation of Europe	25	(3)
The Linear Pottery Culture	26	(1)
The Battle Axe Cultures	27	(1)
Technology and Social Change	27	(1)
Conclusion: Civilization in the West	28
Justice in History Gods and Kings in Mesopotamian Justice	20	(11)
The International Bronze Age and Its Aftermath: Trade, Empire, and Diplomacy, 1600-550 B.C.E.	31	(22)
The Civilization of the Nile: The Egyptian Empire	33	(6)
From the Hyksos Era to the New Kingdom	33	(3)
Military Expansion and Diplomatic Networks: Building an Empire in Canaan and Nubia	36	(1)
Pharaohs: Egypt's Dynamic Leaders	37	(1)
Hatshepsut the Female Pharaoh and Thutmose III the Conqueror	37	(1)
The Amarna Period: Religious Ferment	38	(1)
The Battle of Kadesh and the Age of Ramesses	38	(1)
The Civilizations of Anatolia and Mesopotamia: The Hittite, Assyrian, and Babylonian Empires	39	(1)
The Growth of Hittite Power: Conquest and Diversity	39	(1)
The Mesopotamian Empires	39	(1)
The Kingdom of Babylonia	40	(1)
The Kingdom of Assyria	40	(1)
The Civilizations of the Mediterranean: The Minoans and the Mycenaeans	40	(5)
Minoan Crete	41	(1)
Mycenaean Greece	42	(1)
Two Coastal Kingdoms: Ugarit and Troy	43	(1)
Ugarit: A Mercantile Kingdom	43	(1)
Troy: A City of Legend	44	(1)
The End of the International Bronze Age and Its Aftermath	45	(4)
The Raiders of the Land and Sea	45	(1)
The Phoenicians: Merchants of the Mediterranean	45	(1)
The Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires, 1050-550 B.C.E.	46	(1)
Neo-Assyrian Imperialism	46	(2)
The Neo-Babylonian Empire	48	(1)
Conclusion: The International Bronze Age and the Emergence of the West	49
Justice in History Egyptian Tomb Robbers on Trial	34	(19)
Building the Classical World: Hebrews, Persians, and Greeks, 1100-336 B.C.E.	53	(22)
Hebrew Civilization and Religion	54	(3)
The Settlement in Canaan	54	(1)
The Israelite Kingdoms	55	(1)
The Hebrew Prophets	55	(1)
The Babylonian Exile	56	(1)
The Second Temple and Jewish Religious Practice	56	(1)
The Hebrew Bible	57	(1)
Classical Persia: An Empire on Three Continents	57	(2)
Cyrus the Great and the Persian Expansion	57	(1)
A Government of Tolerance	58	(1)
Zoroastrianism: An Imperial Religion	58	(1)
The Achaemenid Dynasty	59	(1)
Greece Rebuilds, 1100-479 B.C.E.	59	(5)
The Dark Age, ca. 1100-750 B.C.E.	59	(1)
The Archaic Age, ca. 750-479 B.C.E.	60	(1)
Homer's Epic Poems	60	(1)
The Polis	60	(1)
Colonization and the Settlement of New Lands	60	(1)
Elite Athletic Competition in Greek Poleis	61	(1)
The Hoplite Revolution	62	(1)
Sparta: A Militarized Society	62	(1)
Athens: Toward Democracy	63	(1)
The Persian Wars, 490-479 B.C.E.	63	(1)
The Marathon Campaign	63	(1)
Athenian Naval Power and the Salamis Campaign	63	(1)
The Classical Age of Greece, 479-336 B.C.E.	64	(8)
The Rise and Fall of the Athenian Empire	64	(1)
From Defensive Alliance to Athenian Empire	64	(1)
Democracy in the Age of Pericles	64	(1)
The Peloponnesian War	65	(1)
The Collapse of Athenian Power	65	(1)
The Social and Religious Foundations of Classical Greece	66	(1)
Gender Roles	66	(1)
Slavery: The Source of Greek Prosperity	67	(1)
Religion and the Gods	67	(1)
Intellectual Life	68	(1)
Greek Drama	68	(1)
Scientific Thought in Ionia	68	(1)
The Origins of Writing History	69	(1)
The Origin of Philosophical Thought	69	(1)
The Arts: Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture	69	(3)
Conclusion: Classical Foundations of the West	72	(3)
Justice in History The Trial and Execution of Socrates the Questioner	70	(5)
The Hellenistic Age, 336-31 B.C.E.	75	(22)
The Warlike Kingdom of Macedon	76	(4)
Unity and Expansion Under King Philip	76	(2)
The Conquests of Alexander	78	(1)
Successor Kingdoms: Distributing the Spoils	79	(1)
Hellenistic Society and Culture	80	(4)
Cities: The Heart of Hellenistic Life	80	(1)
New Opportunities for Women	81	(1)
Hellenistic Literature, Philosophy, and Science	81	(1)
Literature: Poetry and History Writing	81	(1)
Philosophy: The Quest for Peace of Mind	81	(2)
Explaining the Natural World: Scientific Investigation	83	(1)
Encounters with Foreign Peoples	83	(1)
Exploring the Hellenistic World	83	(1)
Resistance to Hellenistic Culture	83	(1)
Celts on the Fringes of the Hellenistic World	83	(1)
Rome's Rise of Power	84	(6)
Romans Origins and Etruscan Influences	85	(1)
The Beginnings of the Roman State	86	(1)
Roman Territorial Expansion	86	(1)
Winning Control of Italy	86	(1)
The Struggle with Carthage	87	(1)
Conflict with the Celts	87	(1)
Rome and the Hellenistic World	87	(2)
Life in the Roman Republic	89	(1)
Patrons and Clients	89	(1)
Pyramids of Wealth and Power	89	(1)
The Roman Family	89	(1)
Beginnings of the Roman Revolution	90	(4)
The Gracchi	90	(1)
The Social War	90	(1)
The First Triumvirate	90	(1)
Julius Caesar and the End of the Republic	91	(3)
Conclusion: Defining the West in the Hellenistic Age	94
Justice in History A Corrupt Roman Governor Is Convicted of Extortion	92	(5)
Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.	97	(20)
The Imperial Center	98	(4)
Imperial Authority: Augustus and After	98	(1)
The Problem of Succession	98	(2)
The Emperor's Role: The Nature of Imperial Power	100	(1)
The Agents of Control	101	(1)
The City of Rome	101	(1)
Life in the Roman Provinces: Assimilation and Resistance	102	(3)
The Cities and the Countryside	103	(1)
Revolts Against Rome	104	(1)
Arminius and the Revolt in Germany	104	(1)
Boudica's Revolt in Britain	104	(1)
Jewish Revolts	104	(1)
Forces of Romanization	104	(1)
The Frontier and Beyond	105	(2)
Frontier Zones: Civilization and Barbarism	105	(1)
Roman Encounters with Germanic Peoples	105	(1)
Roman Encounters with Asians and Africans	106	(1)
Society and Culture in the Imperial Age	107	(8)
The Upper and Lower Classes	107	(1)
Slaves and Freedmen	107	(1)
Literature and Empire	108	(1)
Religious Life	109	(1)
Polytheism in the Empire	109	(1)
The Origins of Rabbinic Judaism	110	(1)
The Emergence of Christianity	111	(3)
The Spread of Christianity	114	(1)
Conclusion: Rome Shapes the West	115
Justice in History The Trial of Jesus in Historical Perspective	112	(5)
Late Antiquity: The Age of New Boundaries, 250-600	117	(22)
Crisis and Recovery in the Third Century	118	(4)
The Breakdown of the Imperial Government	118	(1)
Diocletian's Reforms	119	(3)
Christianizing the Empire	122	(2)
Constantine: First Christian Emperor	122	(1)
The Spread of Christianity	123	(1)
The Rise of the Bishops	123	(1)
Christianity and the City of Rome	123	(1)
Old Gods Under Attack	124	(1)
New Christian Communities and Identities	124	(4)
The Creation of New Communities	125	(1)
Christian Doctrine and Heresy	125	(1)
The Monastic Movement	126	(1)
Jews in a Christian World	127	(1)
Access to Holiness: Christian Pilgrimage	127	(1)
Christian Intellectual Life	127	(1)
The Breakup of the Roman Empire	128	(8)
The Fall of Rome's Western Provinces	129	(1)
Loss of Imperial Power in the West	129	(1)
Cultural Encounters After the End of Roman Rule	130	(1)
The Birth of Byzantium	131	(1)
Christianity and Law Under Justinian	131	(1)
Justinian's Wars: Short-Term Success, Long-Term Failure	132	(4)
Conclusion: A Transformed World	136
Justice in History Two Martyrdoms: Culture and Religion on Trial	134	(5)
Byzantium, Islam, and the Latin West: The Foundations of Medieval Europe	139	(22)
Byzantium: The Survival of the Roman Empire	140	(5)
An Embattled Empire	140	(2)
Emperor, Army, and Church	142	(1)
Imperial Administration and Economy	143	(1)
The Church and Religious Life	143	(1)
Icons and Iconoclastic Controversy	143	(2)
The New World of Islam	145	(7)
The Rise of Islam	145	(1)
Islam as Revealed to Muhammad	146	(1)
The Islamic Community After Muhammad	147	(1)
The Umayyad Caliphate	147	(3)
Conquests	150	(1)
Governing the Islamic Empire	150	(1)
Commercial Encounters	151	(1)
The Birth of Latin Christendom	152	(5)
Germanic Kingdoms on Roman Foundations	152	(1)
From Tribes into Kingdoms	152	(2)
The Growth of the Papacy	154	(1)
Different Kingdoms, Shared Traditions	154	(1)
Roman and Germanic Legacies	154	(1)
Unity Through Law	155	(1)
The Spread of Latin Christianity in the New Kingdoms of Western Europe	155	(1)
Converting the Irish and Anglo-Saxons	155	(1)
Monastic Intellectual Life	156	(1)
Jews in a Christian World	157	(1)
Conclusion: Three Cultural Realms	157
Justice in History ``Judgment Belongs to God Alone'': The Battle and Arbitration at Siffin	148	(13)
Empires and Borderlands: The Early Middle Ages	161	(22)
The Carolingians	162	(3)
The Leadership of Charlemagne	162	(1)
Coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor	162	(2)
Carolingian Rulership	164	(1)
The Carolingian Renaissance	164	(1)
The Division of Western Europe	164	(1)
Invasions and Recovery in the Latin West	165	(7)
The Polytheist Invaders of the Latin West	165	(1)
The Rulers in the Latin West	166	(1)
Lords and Vassals	166	(1)
The Western European Kingdoms After the Carolingians	166	(1)
Two Worlds: Manors and Cities	167	(3)
The Medieval Agricultural Revolution	170	(1)
Manors and Serfs	170	(1)
The Growth of Cities	171	(1)
The Spread and Reform of Christianity in the Latin West	171	(1)
Conversions	171	(1)
The Task of Church Reform	172	(1)
Byzantium and Eastern Europe	172	(3)
Byzantium	172	(1)
The Macedonian Dynasty	172	(1)
Instability and Decline	173	(1)
Borderlands in Eastern Europe	174	(1)
The Dynamism of Islam	175	(4)
The Abbasid Caliphate	175	(1)
Islamic Civilization in Europe	176	(2)
Legends of the Borderlands	178	(1)
Conclusion: An Emerging Unity in the Latin West	179
Justice in History Revealing the Truth: Oaths and Ordeals	168	(15)
The West Asserts Itself: The High Middle Ages	183	(22)
The West in the East: The Crusades	184	(2)
Crusading Warfare	184	(2)
The Significance of the Crusades	186	(1)
The Consolidation of Roman Catholicism	186	(5)
The Pope Becomes Monarch	187	(1)
How the Popes Ruled	187	(1)
The Pinnacle of the Medieval Papacy: Pope Innocent III	187	(1)
Discovering God in the World	188	(1)
The New Religious Orders	188	(1)
The Flowering of Religious Sensibilities	188	(2)
Creating the Outcasts of Europe	190	(1)
The Heretics: Cathars and Waldensians	190	(1)
Systematic Persecution of the Jews	190	(1)
Strengthening the Center of the West	191	(6)
The Monarchies of Western Europe	191	(1)
The Expansion of Power: France	192	(1)
Lord of All Lords: The King of England	192	(1)
A Divided Regime: The German Empire	193	(3)
The Economic Boom Years	196	(1)
Medieval Culture: The Search for Understanding	197	(5)
Revival of Learning	197	(1)
Scholasticism: A Christian Philosophy	197	(1)
Universities: Organizing Learning	198	(1)
The Ancients: Renaissance of the Twelfth Century	198	(1)
Courtly Love	199	(1)
The Center of Medieval Culture: The Great Cathedrals	200	(2)
Conclusion: Asserting Western Culture	202
Justice in History Inquiring into Heresy: The Inquisition in Montaillou	194	(11)
The West in Crisis: The Later Middle Ages	205	(20)
A Time of Death	206	(1)
Mass Starvation	206	(1)
The Black Death	206	(1)
A Cold Wind from the East	207	(3)
The Mongol Invasions	207	(1)
The Rise of the Ottoman Turks	207	(3)
Economic Depression and Social Turmoil	210	(1)
The Collapse of International Trade and Banking	210	(1)
Rebellions from Below	210	(1)
A Economy of Monopolies: Guilds	210	(1)
``Long Live the People, Long Live Liberty''	210	(1)
A Troubled Church and the Demand for Religious Comfort	211	(1)
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church and the Great Schism	211	(1)
The Search for Religious Alternatives	211	(1)
Protests Against the Papacy: New Heresies	212	(1)
Imitating Christ: The Modern Devotion	212	(1)
An Age of Warfare	212	(6)
The Fragility of Monarchies	213	(1)
The Hundred Years' War	213	(2)
The Military Revolution	215	(3)
The Culture of Loss	218	(4)
Reminders of Death	218	(1)
Illusion of a Noble Life	219	(1)
Pilgrims of the Imagination	219	(1)
Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy	220	(1)
Geoffrey Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales	220	(1)
Margery Kempe and the Autobiographical Pilgrimage	221	(1)
Christine de Pisan and the Defense of Female Virtue	221	(1)
Conclusion: Looking Inward	222
Justice in History The Trial of Joan of Arc	216	(9)
The Italian Renaissance and Beyond: The Politics of Culture	225	(22)
The Cradle of the Renaissance: The Italian City-States	226	(4)
The Renaissance Republics: Florence and Venice	226	(1)
Florence Under the Medici	227	(1)
Venice, the Cosmopolitan Republic	228	(1)
Princes and Courtiers	228	(1)
The Ideal Prince, the Ideal Princess	228	(1)
The Ideal Courtier	229	(1)
The Papal Prince	230	(1)
The Influence of Ancient Culture	230	(5)
Petrarch and the Illustrious Ancients	230	(1)
The Humanists: The Latin Point of View	231	(4)
Antiquity and Nature in the Arts	235	(4)
The Early Modern European State System	239	(4)
Monarchies: The Foundation of the State System	239	(1)
France: Consolidating Power and Cultivating Renaissance Values	240	(1)
Spain: Unification by Marriage	240	(1)
England: From Civil War to Stability Under the Tudors	241	(1)
The Origins of Modern Political Thought	242	(1)
Conclusion: The Politics of Culture	243
Justice in History Vendetta as Private Justice	232	(15)
The West and the World: The Significance of Global Encounters, 1450-1650	247	(22)
Europeans in Africa	248	(3)
European Voyages Along the African Coast	248	(2)
New Colonialism	250	(1)
The Portuguese in Africa	250	(1)
Europeans in the Americas	251	(9)
The Americas Before the Conquistadores	252	(1)
The Aztec Empire of Mexico	252	(1)
The Incan Empire of the Andes	252	(1)
The Mission of the European Voyagers	252	(2)
The Fall of the Aztec and Incan Empires	254	(1)
Hernan Cortes and the Conquest of Mexico	255	(1)
Francisco Pizarro and the Conquest of Peru	255	(1)
Spanish America: The Transplanting of a European Culture	256	(1)
Portuguese Brazil: The Tenuous Colony	257	(3)
North America: The Land of Lesser Interest	260	(1)
Europeans in Asia	260	(2)
The Beginnings of a Global System	262	(4)
The Columbian Exchange	262	(1)
The Slave Trade	262	(1)
Biological Exchanges	263	(1)
The Problem of Cultural Diversity	264	(1)
The Capitalist Global Economy	265	(1)
Conclusion: The Significance of the Global Encounters	266
Justice in History The Difficulties of a Transatlantic Marriage	258	(11)
The Reformations of Religion, 1500-1560	269	(22)
Causes of the Reformation	270	(1)
The Lutheran Reformation	271	(3)
Martin Luther and the Break with Rome	271	(2)
The Lutheran Reformation in the Cities and Principalities	273	(1)
The Appeal of the Reformation to Women and Peasants	273	(1)
Lutheran Success	274	(1)
The Diversity of Protestantism	274	(8)
The Reformation in Switzerland	275	(1)
Zwingli's Zurich	275	(1)
Calvin's Geneva	276	(1)
The Reformation in Britain	277	(1)
The Tudors and the English Reformation	277	(3)
Scotland: The Citadel of Calvinism	280	(1)
The Radical Reformation	280	(1)
The Anabaptists: The Holy Community	280	(1)
Spiritualists: The Holy Individual	281	(1)
Unitarians: A Rationalist Approach	281	(1)
The Free World of Eastern Europe	281	(1)
The Catholic Reformation	282	(2)
The Religious Orders in the Catholic Reformation	282	(1)
Paul III, The Reforming Pope	283	(1)
The Council of Trent	283	(1)
The Reformation in the Arts	284	(4)
Protestant Iconoclasm	284	(1)
Catholic Reformation Art	285	(3)
Conclusion: Competing Understandings	288
Justice in History The Trial of Anne Boleyn: The Dynastic Crime	278	(13)
The Age of Confessional Division, 1550-1618	291	(22)
The Peoples of Early Modern Europe	292	(2)
The Population Recovery	292	(1)
The Regulated Cities	293	(1)
The Price Revolution	294	(1)
Disciplining the People	294	(7)
Establishing Confessional Identities	295	(1)
Policing the Family	295	(1)
Suppressing Popular Culture	296	(4)
Hunting Witches	300	(1)
The Confessional States	301	(5)
The French Wars of Religion	301	(1)
The Origins of the Religious Wars	302	(1)
Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day	303	(1)
Philip II, The King of Paper	304	(1)
The Dutch Revolt	305	(1)
Literature in the Age of Confessional Division	305	(1)
State and Confessions in Eastern Europe	306	(3)
The Dream World of Emperor Rudolf	306	(1)
The Renaissance of Poland-Lithuania	307	(1)
The Troubled Legacy of Ivan the Terrible	308	(1)
Conclusion: The Divisions of the West	309
Justice in History The Auto-da-Fe: The Power of Penance	298	(15)
Absolutism and State Building in Europe, 1618-1715	313	(22)
The Nature of Absolutism	314	(2)
The Theory of Absolutism	315	(1)
The Practice of Absolutism	315	(1)
Warfare and the Absolutist State	315	(1)
The Absolutist State in France and Spain	316	(5)
The Foundations of French Absolutism	316	(1)
Absolutism in the Reign of Louis XIV	317	(1)
Louis XIV and the Culture of Absolutism	318	(1)
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714	319	(1)
Absolutism and State Building in Spain	320	(1)
Absolutism and State Building in Central and Eastern Europe	321	(5)
Germany and the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648	321	(1)
The Growth of the Prussian State	322	(1)
The Austrian Habsburg Monarchy	323	(1)
The Ottoman Empire: Between East and West	324	(1)
Russia and the West	324	(2)
Resistance to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic	326	(5)
The English Monarchy	326	(1)
The English Civil Wars and Revolution	326	(1)
Later Stuart Absolutism and the Glorious Revolution	327	(3)
The Dutch Republic	330	(1)
Conclusion: The Western State in the Age of Absolutism	331
Justice in History The Trial of Charles I	328	(7)
The Scientific Revolution	335	(22)
The Discoveries and Achievements of the Scientific Revolution	336	(4)
Astronomy: A New Model of the Universe	336	(2)
Physics: The Laws of Motion and Gravitation	338	(1)
Chemistry: Discovering the Elements of Nature	339	(1)
Biology: The Circulation of the Blood	340	(1)
The Search for Scientific Knowledge	340	(2)
Observation and Experimentation	340	(1)
Deductive Reasoning	340	(1)
Mathematics and Nature	341	(1)
The Mechanical Philosophy	341	(1)
The Causes of the Scientific Revolution	342	(4)
Developments Within Science	342	(1)
Late Medieval Science	342	(1)
Renaissance Science	342	(1)
The Collapse of Paradigms	343	(1)
Developments Outside Science	343	(1)
Protestantism	343	(1)
Patronage	344	(1)
The Printing Press	344	(1)
Military and Economic Change	345	(1)
The Intellectual Effects of the Scientific Revolution	346	(4)
Skepticism and Independent Reasoning	346	(1)
Science and Religion	346	(1)
Magic, Demons, and Witchcraft	347	(3)
Humans and the Natural World	350	(3)
The Place of Human Beings in the Universe	350	(1)
The Control of Nature	350	(1)
Women, Men, and Nature	351	(2)
Conclusion: Science and Western Culture	353
Justice in History The Trial of Galileo	348	(9)
The West and the World: Empire, Trade, and War, 1650-1850	357	(24)
European Empires in the Americas and Asia	358	(7)
The Rise of the British Empire	358	(1)
The Scattered French Empire	359	(1)
The Commercial Dutch Empire	359	(2)
The Vast Spanish Empire	361	(1)
The Declining Portuguese Empire	361	(3)
The Russian Empire in the Pacific	364	(1)
Warfare in Europe, North America, and Asia	365	(2)
Mercantile Warfare	365	(1)
Anglo-French Military Rivalry	365	(1)
The Wars of the Spanish and Austrian Successions, 1701-1748	366	(1)
The Seven Years' War, 1756-1763	366	(1)
The American and French Revolutionary Wars, 1775-1815	366	(1)
The Atlantic World	367	(5)
The Atlantic Economy	368	(1)
The Atlantic Slave Trade	368	(3)
Cultural Encounters in the Atlantic World	371	(1)
The Transmission of Ideas	371	(1)
Encounters Between Europeans and Asians	372	(2)
Political Control of India	372	(1)
Military Conflict and Territorial Acquisitions, 1756-1856	372	(1)
The Sepoy Mutiny, 1857-1858	372	(1)
Changing European Attitudes Toward Asian Cultures	372	(2)
The Crisis of Empire and the Atlantic Revolutions	374	(3)
The American Revolution, 1775-1783	374	(1)
The Haitian Revolution, 1789-1804	374	(1)
The Irish Rebellion, 1798-1799	375	(1)
National Revolutions in Spanish America, 1810-1824	376	(1)
Conclusion: The Rise and Reshaping of the West	377
Justice in History The Trial of the Mutineers on the Bounty	362	(19)
Eighteenth-Century Society and Culture	381	(20)
The Aristocracy	382	(4)
The Wealth of the Aristocracy	383	(1)
The Political Power of the Aristocracy	384	(1)
The Cultural World of the Aristocracy	385	(1)
Challenges to Aristocratic Dominance	386	(1)
Encounters with the Rural Peasantry	386	(1)
The Social Position of the Bourgeoisie	387	(1)
The Bourgeois Critique of the Aristocracy	387	(1)
The Enlightenment	387	(8)
Themes of Enlightenment Thought	388	(1)
Reason and the Laws of Nature	388	(1)
Religion and Morality	388	(1)
Progress and Reform	389	(1)
Voltaire and the Spirit of Enlightenment	389	(1)
Enlightenment Political Theory	389	(3)
Baron de Montesquieu: The Separation of Powers	392	(1)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The General Will	392	(1)
Thomas Paine: The Rights of Man	393	(1)
Women and the Enlightenment	393	(1)
The Enlightenment and Sexuality	394	(1)
The Impact of the Enlightenment	395	(4)
The Spread of Enlightened Ideas	395	(1)
The Limits of the Enlightenment	395	(1)
Enlightened Absolutism	396	(1)
The Enlightenment and Revolution	397	(1)
Enlightenment and Western Identity	398	(1)
Conclusion: Change and Continuity in the Eighteenth Century	399
Justice in History A Case of Infanticide in the Age of Enlightenment	390	(11)
The Age of the French Revolution, 1789-1815	401	(22)
The First French Revolution, 1789-1791	402	(3)
The Beginning of the Revolution	402	(1)
The Creation of a New Political Society	403	(2)
The French Republic, 1792-1799	405	(5)
The Establishment of the Republic, 1792	405	(2)
The Jacobins and the Revolution	407	(1)
The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794	407	(3)
The Directory, 1795-1799	410	(1)
Cultural Change in France During the Revolution	410	(3)
The Transformation of Cultural Institutions	411	(1)
Schools	411	(1)
Academies	411	(1)
Museums and Monuments	412	(1)
The Creation of a New Political Culture	412	(1)
Cultural Uniformity	413	(1)
The Napoleonic Era, 1799-1815	413	(6)
Napoleon's Rise to Power	413	(1)
Napoleon and the Revolution	414	(1)
Napoleon and the French State	414	(1)
Concordat with the Papacy	414	(1)
The Civil Code	414	(1)
Administrative Centralization	415	(1)
Napoleon, the Empire, and Europe	415	(1)
The Downfall of Napoleon	416	(3)
The Legacy of the French Revolution	419	(1)
Conclusion: The French Revolution and Western Civilization	420
Justice in History The Trial of Louis XVI	408	(15)
The Industrial Revolution, 1760-1850	423	(22)
The Nature of the Industrial Revolution	424	(4)
New Industrial Technology	424	(1)
Textile Machinery	424	(1)
The Steam Engine	425	(1)
Mineral Source of Energy	425	(1)
The Growth of Factories	425	(2)
New Methods of Transportation	427	(1)
Conditions Favoring Industrial Growth	428	(2)
Population Growth	428	(1)
Agricultural Productivity	428	(1)
Capital Formation and Accumulation	428	(1)
Technological Knowledge and Entrepreneurship	429	(1)
Demand from Consumers and Producers	429	(1)
The Spread of Industrialization	430	(3)
Great Britain and the Continent	430	(1)
Features of Continental Industrialization	431	(1)
Industrialization in the United States	432	(1)
Industrial Regionalism	432	(1)
The Effects of Industrialization	433	(7)
Population and Economic Growth	433	(2)
Standards of Living	435	(1)
Women, Children, and Industry	435	(3)
Class and Class Consciousness	438	(1)
The Industrial Landscape	439	(1)
Industry, Trade, and Empire	440	(1)
East Asia: The Opium War, 1839-1842	440	(1)
India: Annexation and Trade	440	(1)
Latin American: An Empire of Trade	441	(1)
Conclusion: Industrialization and the West	441
Justice in History The Sadler Committee on Child Labor	436	(9)
Ideological Conflict and National Unification, 1815-1871	445	(22)
New Ideologies in the Early Nineteenth Century	446	(4)
Liberalism: The Protection of Individual Freedom	446	(1)
Conservatism: Preserving the Established Order	446	(1)
Socialism: The Demand for Equality	447	(1)
Nationalism: The Unity of the People	448	(1)
Culture and Ideology	449	(1)
Scientific Rationalism	449	(1)
Romanticism	449	(1)
Ideological Encounters in Europe, 1815-1848	450	(8)
Liberal and Nationalist Revolts, 1820-1825	451	(1)
The Liberal Revolt of 1820 in Spain	451	(1)
The Nationalist Revolt of 1821 in Greece	451	(1)
The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 in Russia	452	(1)
Liberal and Nationalist Revolts, 1830	452	(1)
The French Revolution: The Success of Liberalism	452	(1)
The Belgian Revolution: The Success of Nationalism	453	(1)
The Polish Rebellion: The Failure of Nationalism	453	(1)
Liberal Reform in Britain, 1815-1848	453	(2)
The Revolutions of 1848	455	(1)
The French Revolutions of 1848	455	(1)
The Revolutions of 1848 in Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia	455	(3)
The Revolutions of 1848 in Italy	458	(1)
National Unification in Europe and America, 1848-1871	458	(6)
Italian Unification: Building a Fragile Nation-State	459	(1)
German Unification: Conservative Nation Building	460	(2)
Unification in the United States: Creating a Nation of Nations	462	(1)
Nationalism in Eastern Europe: Preserving Multinational Empires	462	(2)
Conclusion: The Ideological Transformation of the West	464
Justice in History Prostitution, Corporal Punishment, and Liberalism in Germany	456	(11)
The Coming of Mass Politics: Industrialization, Enfranchisement, and Instability, 1870-1914	467	(20)
Economic and Social Transformations	468	(2)
Economic Developments After 1870	468	(1)
On the Move: Emigration, Urbanization, and Social Conflict	469	(1)
Defining the Political Nation	470	(5)
Russia: Revolution and Reaction	471	(1)
Germany: Identifying the Enemy	471	(2)
Italy: The Illusion of Transformation	473	(1)
France: A Crisis of Legitimacy	474	(1)
Britain: Nation, Class, and Religion	475	(1)
Broadening the Political Nation	475	(5)
The Politics of the Working Class	475	(4)
Nationalist Mass Politics	479	(1)
The Appeal of Anti-Semitism in the Age of Mass Nationalism	479	(1)
Austria-Hungary: The Politics of Division	479	(1)
Zionism: Jewish Mass Politics	480	(1)
Outside the Political Nation? The Experience of Women	480	(3)
Changes in the Position of Middle-Class Women	480	(1)
The Feminist Movement	481	(1)
Women and the Law	481	(1)
Finding a Place: Employment and Education	482	(1)
Moral Reform	482	(1)
The Fight for Women's Suffrage	482	(1)
Conclusion: The West in an Age of Mass Politics	483
Justice in History The Dreyfus Affair: Defining National Identity in France	476	(11)
The West and the World: Cultural Crisis and the New Imperialism, 1870-1914	487	(22)
Scientific Transformations	488	(2)
Medicine and Microbes	488	(1)
The Revolution in Physics	488	(1)
The Revolt Against Positivism	489	(1)
The Triumph of Evolutionary Theory	490	(1)
Cultural Crisis: The Fin-de-Siecle and the Birth of Modernism	490	(6)
Fin de Siecle Anxieties	491	(2)
The Birth of Modernism	493	(3)
Popular Religion and Secularization	496	(1)
The New Imperialism	496	(8)
Understanding the New Imperialism	496	(1)
Technology, Economics, and Politics	497	(1)
The Imperial Idea	497	(1)
The Scramble for Africa	498	(1)
Overcoming the Obstacles	498	(2)
Slicing the Cake: The Conquest of Africa	500	(1)
African Resistance	501	(1)
Asian Encounters	501	(1)
American and Russian Imperialism	501	(1)
Japanese Industrial and Imperial Expansion	502	(1)
Scrambling in China	503	(1)
``White Australia''	504	(1)
Conclusion: Reshaping the West: Expansion and Fragmentation	504
Justice in History The Trial of Oscar Wilde	494	(15)
The First World War	509	(20)
The Origins of the First World War	510	(3)
Nationalism and the Alliance System	510	(2)
The Industrialized Military and the Will to War	512	(1)
The Experience of War	513	(5)
The Western Front: Stalemate in the Trenches	513	(2)
The War in Eastern Europe	515	(1)
The Eastern Front: A War of Movement	515	(1)
The World at War	516	(1)
The End of the War	517	(1)
The War at Sea and the Entry of the United States	517	(1)
Back in Motion: The Western Front in 1918	518	(1)
The Home Front	518	(2)
Social Transformation	518	(1)
Gender Upheavals	519	(1)
War and Revolution	520	(5)
The Russian Revolutions	520	(1)
The Popular Revolution	520	(1)
The October Revolution	521	(3)
Spreading the Revolution	524	(1)
The Nationalist Revolutions	524	(1)
The Failure of the Peace Settlement	524	(1)
Conclusion: The War and the West	525
Justice in History Revolutionary Justice: The Nontrial of Nicholas and Alexandra	522	(7)
Reconstruction, Reaction, and Continuing Revolution, The 1920s and 1930s	529	(20)
Out of the Trenches: Reconstructing Culture and Politics in the 1920s	530	(6)
Utopia or the Waste Land?	530	(1)
The Reconstruction of Gender	531	(1)
The Reconstruction of National Politics	532	(1)
The Defeat of Democracy in Eastern Europe	532	(1)
The Weakness of the Weimar Republic	533	(1)
The Reconstruction of Russia	533	(3)
The Rise of the Radical Right	536	(4)
The Fascist Alternative	536	(1)
Mussolini's Rise to Power	536	(1)
The Fascist Revolution in Italy	537	(1)
The Great Depression and the Spread of Fascism After 1929	538	(1)
The Nazi Revolution	538	(1)
Hitler's Rise to Power	538	(1)
National Recovery	539	(1)
Campaigns of Repression and Terror	539	(1)
Women and the Radical Right	540	(1)
The Polarization of Politics in the 1930s	540	(3)
The Soviet Union Under Stalin: Revolution Reconstructed, Terror Extended	540	(1)
Stalin's Rise to Power	540	(2)
Stalin's Consolidation of Power: The Great Purge and Soviet Society, 1934-1939	542	(1)
The Response of the Democracies	542	(1)
A Third Way? The Social Democratic Alternative	542	(1)
Popular Fronts in France and Spain	543	(1)
European Empires in the Interwar Era	543	(3)
The Expansion of Empire	543	(1)
The Erosion of Empire	544	(1)
The Question of Westernization: The Cases of Turkey and India	545	(1)
The Power of the Primitive	545	(1)
Conclusion: The Kingdom of Corpses	546
Justice in History The Trial of Adolf Hitler	534	(15)
World War II	549	(24)
The Coming of War	550	(2)
The 1930s: Prelude to World War II	550	(2)
Evaluating Appeasement	552	(1)
Europe at War, 1939-1941	552	(2)
A New Kind of Warfare	552	(1)
Blitzkrieg	552	(1)
The Battle of Britain	553	(1)
The Invasion of the Soviet Union	554	(1)
The World at War, 1941-1945	554	(6)
From Allied Defeat to Allied Victory in Europe	554	(1)
The Turning Point: Midway, El Alamein, and Stalingrad	555	(1)
The Fall of Germany	556	(1)
The Air War, the Atom Bomb, and the Fall of Japan	557	(1)
The Air War	558	(1)
The Manhattan Project	558	(1)
A Light Brighter Than a Thousand Suns	559	(1)
The War Against the Jews	560	(3)
From Emigration to Extermination: The Evolution of Genocide	560	(1)
The Death Camps: Murder by Assembly Line	561	(1)
The Allies' Response	562	(1)
The Home Fronts: The Other Wars	563	(6)
The Limits of Resistance	563	(3)
Under Occupation	566	(1)
The Women's War	566	(1)
What Are We Fighting For?	567	(2)
Conclusion: The New Europe, The New West	569
Justice in History The Trial of Adolf Eichmann	564	(9)
Redefining the West After World War II	573	(24)
A Dubious Peace, 1945-1949	574	(2)
Devastation, Death, and Continuing War	574	(1)
From Hot to Cold War	575	(1)
Interest, Aims, and Armies, 1943-1945	575	(1)
The Cold War Begins, 1946-1949	576	(1)
The West and the World: Decolonization and the Cold War	576	(4)
The End to the Age of European Empires	576	(3)
The Globalization of the Cold War	579	(1)
The Korean War, 1950-1953	579	(1)
Changing Temperatures in the Cold War, 1953-1970	579	(1)
The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the 1950s and 1960s	580	(5)
Stalinist Terror, De-Stalinization, Stagnation	581	(3)
Diversity and Dissent in Eastern Europe	584	(1)
1956 and After	584	(1)
The Prague Spring	585	(1)
The West: Consensus, Consumption, and Culture	585	(8)
The Triumph of Democracy	586	(1)
Postwar Political Consensus	586	(1)
Economic Integration and Affluence	586	(1)
Western Culture and Thought in the Age of Consumption	587	(1)
Finding Meaning in the Age of Auschwitz and the Atom Bomb	587	(1)
Culture and Ideas in the World of Plenty	588	(1)
Science and Religion in an Age of Affluence	588	(1)
Social Encounters in the Age of Affluence	589	(1)
Americanization and Coca-Colonization	589	(1)
Immigration and Ethnic Diversity	590	(1)
The Second Sex?	591	(1)
The Protest Era	591	(2)
Conclusion: New Definitions, New Divisions	593
Justice in History Show Time: The Trial of Rudolf Slansky	582	(15)
The West in the Contemporary Era: New Encounters and Transformations	597
Economic Stagnation and Political Change: The 1970s and 1980s	598	(3)
The 1970s: A More Uncertain Era	598	(1)
The Era of Detente	598	(1)
Economic Crisis and Its Consequences	599	(1)
The 1980s: The End of Consensus in the West	599	(1)
The New Conservatives	599	(1)
New Challenges and New Identities	600	(1)
From Detente to Renewed Cold War	600	(1)
Revolution in the East	601	(3)
The Crisis of Legitimacy in the East	601	(1)
Gorbachev's Radical Reforms and the Revolution in Eastern Europe	602	(1)
From Success to Failure: The Disintegration of the Soviet Union	603	(1)
In the Wake of Revolution	604	(3)
Eastern Europe: Stumbling Toward Democracy	604	(1)
The Breakup of Yugoslavia	605	(2)
Rethinking the West	607	(8)
The European Union	607	(1)
Islam and European Identity	607	(1)
Muslim Communities in Europe	608	(1)
Terrorism and Islamism	609	(4)
Euro-Islam	613	(1)
Into the Postmodern Era	613	(1)
The Making of the Postmodern	613	(1)
Religion in the Postmodern Era	614	(1)
The Global Economy and Environment	614	(1)
Conclusion: Where Is the West Now?	615
Justice in History The Sentencing of Salman Rushdie	610
Glossary	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1