West, The: Encounters & Transformations, Volume B (1300-1815)

by Levack, Brian; Muir, Edward; Veldman, Meredith; Maas, Michael

• ISBN13: 9780321384157
• ISBN10: 0321384156
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

The West: Encounters & Transformations takes a new approach to telling the story of Western Civilization. Rather than looking at Western Civilization only as the history of Europe from ancient times to the present, this groundbreaking book examines the changing nature of the Westhow the definition of the West has evolved and transformed throughout history. The text presents a balanced treatment of political, social, religious, and cultural history and emphasizes the ever-shifting boundaries of the geographic and cultural realm of the West. Overview of Western Civilization. Readers interested in the history and development of Western Civilization.

Table of Contents

Documents	xv
Maps	xvii
Features	xix
Chronologies	xix
Preface	xxi
Meet the Authors	xxxvii
What Is the West?	2	(304)
The Medieval West in Crisis	306	(36)
A Time of Death	307	(6)
Mass Starvation	307	(2)
The Black Death	309	(4)
A Cold Wind from the East	313	(5)
The Mongol Invasions	314	(1)
The Rise of the Ottoman Turks	315	(3)
Economic Depression and Social Turmoil	318	(3)
The Collapse of International Trade and Banking	318	(1)
Rebellions from Below	319	(1)
An Economy of Monopolies: Guilds	319	(1)
``Long Live the People, Long Live Liberty''	319	(2)
An Age of Warfare	321	(7)
The Fragility of Monarchies	322	(1)
The Hundred Years' War	323	(1)
From English Victories to French Salvation	323	(2)
The Hundred Years' War in Perspective	325	(3)
The Military Revolution	328	(1)
A Troubled Church and the Demand for Religious Comfort	328	(3)
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church and the Great Schism	329	(1)
The Search for Religious Alternatives	330	(1)
Protests Against the Papacy: New Heresies	330	(1)
Imitating Christ: The Modern Devotion	331	(1)
The Culture of Loss	331	(8)
Reminders of Death	332	(1)
Illusions of a Noble Life	333	(1)
Pilgrims of the Imagination	334	(1)
Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy	334	(2)
Giovanni Boccaccio and The Decameron	336	(1)
Geoffrey Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales	336	(1)
Margery Kempe and the Autobiographical Pilgrimage	336	(1)
Christine de Pisan and the Defense of Female Virtue	337	(1)
Defining Cultural Boundaries	337	(1)
Spain: Religious Communities in Tension	337	(1)
German and Celtic Borderlands: Ethnic Communities in Tension	338	(1)
Enemies Within	338	(1)
Conclusion: Looking Inward	339
The Human Body in History
The Black Death: The Signs of Disease	312	(14)
Justice in History
The Trial of Joan of Arc	326	(16)
The Italian Renaissance and Beyond: The Politics of Culture	342	(34)
The Cradle of the Renaissance: The Italian City-States	344	(10)
The Renaissance Republics: Florence and Venice	345	(1)
Florence Under the Medici	346	(1)
Venice, the Cosmopolitan Republic	347	(1)
Princes and Courtiers	348	(1)
The Ideal Prince, the Ideal Princess	348	(1)
The Ideal Courtier	349	(1)
The Papal Prince	350	(1)
The Contradictions of the Patriarchal Family	351	(3)
The Influence of Ancient Culture	354	(5)
Petrarch and the Illustrious Ancients	355	(1)
The Humanists: The Latin Point of View	356	(2)
Understanding Nature: Moving Beyond the Science of the Ancients	358	(1)
Antiquity and Nature in the Arts	359	(7)
Sculpture, Architecture, and Painting: The Natural and the Ideal	360	(5)
Music of the Emotions	365	(1)
The Early Modern European State System	366	(7)
Monarchies: The Foundation of the State System	367	(1)
France: Consolidating Power and Cultivating Renaissance Values	367	(1)
Spain: Unification by Marriage	368	(2)
The Holy Roman Empire: The Costs of Decentralization	370	(1)
England: From Civil War to Stability Under the Tudors	370	(1)
The Origins of Modern Historical and Political Thought	371	(1)
History: The Search for Causes	371	(1)
Political Thought: Considering the End Result	372	(1)
Conclusion: The Politics of Culture	373
Justice in History
Vendetta as Private Justice	352	(10)
The Human Body in History
The Natural and the Ideal Body in Renaissance Art	362	(14)
The West and the World: The Significance of Global Encounters, 1450-1650	376	(32)
Europeans in Africa	378	(6)
Sub-Saharan Africa Before the Europeans Arrived	378	(2)
European Voyages Along the African Coast	380	(1)
New Maritime Technology	381	(1)
New Colonialism	382	(1)
The Portuguese in Africa	383	(1)
Europeans in the Americas	384	(13)
The Americas Before the Conquistadores	384	(1)
The Aztec Empire of Mexico	384	(1)
The Incan Empire of the Andes	385	(1)
The Mission of the European Voyagers	386	(2)
The Fall of the Aztec and Incan Empires	388	(1)
Hernan Cortes and the Conquest of Mexico	389	(1)
Francisco Pizarro and the Conquest of Peru	390	(1)
Spanish America: The Transplanting of a European Culture	391	(2)
Portuguese Brazil: The Tenuous Colony	393	(3)
North America: The Land of Lesser Interest	396	(1)
Europeans in Asia	397	(2)
Asia Before the European Empires	397	(1)
The Trading Post Empires	398	(1)
The Beginnings of the Global System	399	(6)
The Columbian Exchange	400	(1)
The Slave Trade	400	(1)
Biological Exchanges	401	(2)
The Problem of Cultural Diversity	403	(1)
The Capitalist Global Economy	404	(1)
Conclusion: The Significance of the Global Encounters	405
Encounters & Transformations
Between Indian and Christian: Creating Hybrid Religion in Mexico	392	(2)
Justice in History
The Difficulties of a Transatlantic Marriage	394	(14)
The Reformations of Religion	408	(34)
Causes of the Reformation	410	(5)
The Search for Spiritual and Fiscal Freedom	410	(1)
The Print Revolution	411	(2)
The Northern Renaissance and the Christian Humanists	413	(2)
The Lutheran Reformation	415	(6)
Martin Luther and the Break with Rome	415	(1)
The Ninety-Five Theses	416	(1)
The Path to the Diet of Worms	417	(1)
The Lutheran Reformation in the Cities and Principalities	417	(1)
The Appeal of the Reformation to Women	418	(2)
The German Peasants' Revolt	420	(1)
Lutheran Success	420	(1)
The Diversity of Protestantism	421	(9)
The Reformation in Switzerland	421	(1)
Zwingli's Zurich	421	(1)
Calvin's Geneva	422	(1)
The Reformation in Britain	423	(1)
The Tudors and the English Reformation	423	(2)
Scotland: The Citadel of Calvinism	425	(1)
The Radical Reformation	425	(1)
Anabaptists: The Holy Community	425	(3)
Spiritualists: The Holy Individual	428	(1)
Unitarians: A Rationalist Approach	429	(1)
The Free World of Eastern Europe	429	(1)
The Catholic Reformation	430	(5)
The Religious Orders in the Catholic Reformation	431	(1)
Jesuits: The Soldiers of God	431	(2)
Women's Orders: In But Not of the World	433	(1)
Paul III, The First Counter Reformation Pope	434	(1)
The Council of Trent	434	(1)
The Reformation in the Arts	435	(4)
Protestant Iconoclasm	435	(2)
Counter Reformation Art	437	(1)
Sacred Music: Praising God	438	(1)
Conclusion: Competing Understandings	439
Justice in History
The Trial of Anne Boleyn: The Dynastic Crime	426	(6)
The Human Body in History
The Ecstasy of Teresa of Avila: The Body and the Soul	432	(10)
The Age of Confessional Division	442	(34)
The Peoples of Early Modern Europe	444	(6)
The Population Recovery	445	(1)
The Prosperous Villages	445	(1)
The Regulated Cities	446	(2)
The Price Revolution	448	(2)
Disciplining the People	450	(10)
Establishing Confessional Identities	450	(1)
Regulating the Family	451	(1)
Marriage and Sexuality: The Self-Restrained Couple	451	(3)
Children: Naturally Evil?	454	(1)
Suppressing Popular Culture	455	(2)
Hunting Witches	457	(3)
The Confessional States	460	(9)
The French Wars of Religion	460	(1)
The Huguenots: The French Calvinist Community	460	(1)
The Origins of the Religious Wars	461	(1)
Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day	462	(2)
Philip II, His Most Catholic Majesty	464	(1)
The Dutch Revolt	465	(1)
Literature in the Age of Confessional Division	466	(1)
French Literature during the Religious Turmoil	467	(1)
Stirrings of the Golden Age in Iberia	468	(1)
The Elizabethan Renaissance	468	(1)
States and Confessions in Eastern Europe	469	(5)
The Dream World of Emperor Rudolf	470	(1)
The Renaissance of Poland-Lithuania	471	(1)
The Troubled Legacy of Ivan the Terrible	471	(3)
Conclusion: The Divisions of the West	474
Justice in History
The Auto-da-Fe: The Power of Penance	452	(4)
Encounters & Transformations
The Introduction of the Table Fork: The New Sign of Western Civilization	456	(20)
Absolutism and State Building, 1618--1715	476	(36)
The Nature of Absolutism	478	(3)
The Theory of Absolutism	479	(1)
The Practice of Absolutism	479	(1)
Warfare and the Absolutist State	480	(1)
The Absolutist State in France and Spain	481	(10)
The Foundations of French Absolutism	481	(2)
Absolutism in the Reign of Louis XIV	483	(1)
Louis XIV and the Culture of Absolutism	484	(2)
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667--1714	486	(2)
Absolutism and State Building in Spain	488	(3)
Absolutism and State Building in Central and Eastern Europe	491	(8)
Germany and the Thirty Years' War, 1618--1648	491	(3)
The Growth of the Prussian State	494	(1)
The Austrian Habsburg Monarchy	495	(1)
The Ottoman Empire: Between East and West	496	(1)
Russia and the West	497	(2)
Resistance to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic	499	(10)
The English Monarchy	499	(1)
The English Civil Wars and Revolution	500	(4)
Later Stuart Absolutism and the Glorious Revolution	504	(2)
The Dutch Republic	506	(3)
Conclusion: The Western State in the Age of Absolutism	509
Encounters & Transformations
St. Petersburg and the West	498	(4)
Justice in History
The Trial of Charles I	502	(10)
The Scientific Revolution	512	(28)
The Discoveries and Achievements of the Scientific Revolution	514	(5)
Astronomy: A New Model of the Universe	514	(3)
Physics: The Laws of Motion and Gravitation	517	(1)
Chemistry: Discovering the Elements of Nature	518	(1)
Biology: The Circulation of the Blood	519	(1)
The Search for Scientific Knowledge	519	(4)
Observation and Experimentation	521	(1)
Deductive Reasoning	521	(1)
Mathematics and Nature	521	(1)
The Mechanical Philosophy	522	(1)
The Causes of the Scientific Revolution	523	(5)
Developments Within Science	523	(1)
Late Medieval Science	523	(1)
Renaissance Science	523	(2)
The Collapse of Paradigms	525	(1)
Developments Outside Science	525	(1)
Protestantism	525	(1)
Patronage	526	(1)
The Printing Press	527	(1)
Military and Economic Change	527	(1)
Voyages of Exploration	527	(1)
The Intellectual Effects of the Scientific Revolution	528	(6)
Education	528	(1)
Skepticism and Independent Reasoning	528	(1)
Science and Religion	529	(2)
Magic, Demons, and Witchcraft	531	(3)
Humans and the Natural World	534	(4)
The Place of Human Beings in the Universe	535	(1)
The Control of Nature	535	(1)
Women, Men, and Nature	536	(2)
Conclusion: Science and Western Culture	538
The Human Body in History
Dissecting the Human Corpse	520	(12)
Justice in History
The Trial of Galileo	532	(8)
The West and the World: Empire, Trade, and War, 1650--1815	540	(34)
European Empires in the Americas and Asia	542	(7)
The Rise of the British Empire	543	(2)
The Scattered French Empire	545	(1)
The Commercial Dutch Empire	545	(3)
The Vast Spanish Empire	548	(1)
The Declining Portuguese Empire	549	(1)
The Russian Empire in the Pacific	549	(1)
Warfare in Europe, North America, and Asia	549	(5)
Mercantile Warfare	550	(1)
Anglo-French Military Rivalry	551	(1)
The Wars of the Spanish and Austrian Successions, 1701--1748	551	(1)
The Seven Years' War, 1756--1763	552	(1)
The American and French Revolutionary Wars, 1775--1815	553	(1)
The Atlantic World	554	(7)
The Atlantic Economy	554	(3)
The Atlantic Slave Trade	557	(3)
Cultural Encounters in the Atlantic World	560	(1)
The Transmission of Ideas	561	(1)
Encounters Between Europeans and Asians	561	(5)
Political Control of India	561	(1)
Military Conflict and Territorial Acquisitions, 1756--1856	561	(1)
The Sepoy Mutiny	562	(1)
Changing European Attitudes Toward Asian Cultures	563	(3)
The Crisis of Empire and the Atlantic Revolutions	566	(5)
The American Revolution, 1775--1783	566	(2)
The Haitian Revolution, 1789--1804	568	(1)
The Irish Rebellion, 1798--1799	569	(1)
National Revolutions in Spanish America, 1810--1824	570	(1)
Conclusion: The Rise and Reshaping of the West	571
Justice in History
The Trial of the Mutineers on the Bounty	546	(10)
Encounters & Transformations
Chocolate in the New World and the Old	556	(18)
Eighteenth-Century Society and Culture	574	(32)
The Aristocracy	576	(5)
The Wealth of the Aristocracy	578	(1)
The Political Power of the Aristocracy	578	(2)
The Cultural World of the Aristocracy	580	(1)
Challenges to Aristocratic Dominance	581	(4)
Encounters with the Rural Peasantry	581	(2)
The Social Position of the Bourgeoisie	583	(2)
The Bourgeois Critique of Aristocracy	585	(1)
The Enlightenment	585	(12)
Themes of Enlightenment Thought	585	(1)
Reason and the Laws of Nature	586	(1)
Religion and Morality	587	(2)
Progress and Reform	589	(1)
Voltaire and the Spirit of the Enlightenment	589	(3)
Enlightenment Political Theory	592	(1)
Baron de Montesquieu: The Separation of Powers	593	(1)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The General Will	593	(1)
Thomas Paine: The Rights of Man	594	(1)
Women and the Enlightenment	595	(2)
The Enlightenment and Sexuality	597	(1)
The Impact of the Enlightenment	597	(6)
The Spread of Enlightened Ideas	597	(2)
The Limits of the Enlightenment	599	(1)
Enlightened Absolutism	600	(1)
The Enlightenment and Revolution	601	(2)
Conclusion: The Enlightenment and Western Identity	603
The Human Body in History
Bathing in the West	584	(6)
Justice in History
A Case of Infanticide in the Age of the Enlightenment	590	(16)
The Age of the French Revolution, 1789--1815	606
The First French Revolution, 1789--1791	609	(4)
The Beginning of the Revolution	609	(2)
The Creation of a New Political Society	611	(1)
Responses to the First French Revolution	612	(1)
The French Republic, 1792--1799	613	(10)
The Establishment of the Republic, 1792	614	(2)
The Jacobins and the Revolution	616	(4)
The Reign of Terror, 1793--1794	620	(1)
The Directory, 1795--1799	621	(2)
Cultural Change in France During the Revolution	623	(4)
The Transformation of Cultural Institutions	623	(1)
Schools	623	(1)
Academies	623	(1)
Libraries	624	(1)
Museums and Monuments	624	(1)
The Creation of a New Political Culture	625	(2)
Cultural Uniformity	627	(1)
The Napoleonic Era, 1799--1815	627	(12)
Napoleon's Rise to Power	628	(1)
Napoleon and the Revolution	628	(2)
Napoleon and the French State	630	(1)
Concordat with the Papacy	630	(1)
The Civil Code	631	(1)
Administrative Centralization	631	(1)
Napoleon, the Empire, and Europe	632	(4)
The Downfall of Napoleon	636	(3)
The Legacy of the French Revolution	639	(1)
Conclusion: The French Revolution and Western Civilization	640
Justice in History
The Trial of Louis XVI	618	(16)
Encounters & Transformations
The French Encounter the Egyptians, 1798--1801	634
Glossary	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1