West, The: Encounters & Transformations, Volume A (to 1550)

by Levack, Brian; Muir, Edward; Veldman, Meredith; Maas, Michael

• ISBN13: 9780321384140
• ISBN10: 0321384148
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

With the best of Longman's multimedia solutions for history in one easy-to-use place, MyHistoryLab offers students and instructors a state-of-the-art interactive and instructional solution for your Western Civilization survey course. Delivered within CourseCompass, Blackboard, or WebCT, and in a non-course-management version, MyHistoryLab is designed to be used as a supplement to a traditional lecture course or to administer as a completely online course. MyHistoryLab-your online link to a wealth of history resources-is geared to meet the individual teaching and learning needs of every instructor and every student and is packed with helpful tips, review materials, and activities to make the study of history an enjoyable learning experience. MyHistoryLab is available at no additional cost when packaged with a new textbook. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Documents	xiii
Maps	xiii
Features	xiv
Chronologies	xiv
Preface	xv
Meet the Authors	xxxi
What Is the West?	2	(8)
The Beginnings of Civilization: 10,000-2000 B.C.E.	10	(22)
Culture, Agriculture, and Civilization	12	(3)
The Food-Producing Revolution	13	(1)
The First Food-Producing Communities	14	(1)
The Birth of Civilization in Southwest Asia	15	(5)
Sumer: A Constellation of Cities in Southern Mesopotamia	15	(2)
From Akkad to the Amorite Invasions	17	(2)
New Mesopotamian Kingdoms: Assyria and Babylonia	19	(1)
The Emergence of Egyptian Civilization	20	(7)
The Old Kingdom, ca. 3500-2200 B.C.E.	20	(1)
Religious Beliefs in the Old Kingdom	21	(3)
The Pyramids	24	(1)
The Middle Kingdom, ca. 2040-1785 B.C.E.	25	(1)
Egyptian Encounters with Other Civilizations	26	(1)
The Transformation of Europe	27	(2)
The Linear Pottery Culture	27	(1)
The Battle Axe Cultures	28	(1)
Technology and Social Change	28	(1)
Conclusion: Civilization and the West	29	(3)
Justice in History: Gods and Kings in Mesopotamian Justice	22	(10)
The International Bronze Age and Its Aftermath: Trade, Empire, and Diplomacy, 1600-550 B.C.E.	32	(24)
Civilization of the Nile: The Egyptian Empire	35	(7)
From the Hyksos Era to the New Kingdom	35	(2)
Military Expansion and Diplomatic Networks: Building an Empire in Canaan and Nubia	37	(1)
Pharaohs: Egypt's Dynamic Leaders	38	(1)
Hatshepsut the Female Pharaoh and Thutmose III the Conqueror	38	(1)
The Amarna Period: The Beginnings of Diplomacy	39	(1)
The Battle of Kadesh and the Age of Ramesses	39	(3)
Civilizations of Anatolia and Mesopotamia: The Hittite, Assyrian, and Babylonian Empires	42	(2)
The Growth of Hittite Power: Conquest and Diversity	42	(1)
The Mesopotamian Empires	43	(1)
The Kingdom of Babylonia	43	(1)
The Kingdom of Assyria	43	(1)
Civilizations of the Mediterranean: The Minoans and the Mycenaeans	44	(4)
Minoan Crete	44	(1)
Mycenaean Greece	45	(1)
Two Coastal Kingdoms: Ugarit and Troy	46	(1)
Ugarit: A Mercantile Kingdom	46	(1)
Troy: A City of Legend	47	(1)
The End of the International Bronze Age and Its Aftermath	48	(6)
The Raiders of the Land and Sea	49	(1)
The Phoenicians: Merchants of the Mediterranean	49	(2)
Mesopotamian Kingdoms: Assyria and Babylon, 1050-550 B.C.E.	51	(1)
Neo-Assyrian Imperialism	51	(1)
The Neo-Babylonian Empire	52	(2)
Conclusion: The International Bronze Age and the Emergence of the West	54	(2)
Justice in History: Egyptian Tomb Robbers on Trial	40	(16)
Persians, Hebrews, and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E.	56	(36)
Persia: An Empire on Three Continents	58	(4)
Cyrus the Great and Persian Expansion	59	(1)
A Government of Tolerance	59	(1)
Zoroastrianism: An Imperial Religion	59	(2)
The Achaemenid Dynasty	61	(1)
Hebrew Civilization and Religion	62	(4)
The Settlement in Canaan	62	(1)
The Israelite Kingdoms	62	(1)
The Hebrew Prophets	63	(1)
The Babylonian Exile	64	(1)
The Second Temple and Jewish Religious Practice	65	(1)
The Hebrew Bible	65	(1)
Greece Rebuilds, 1100-479 B.C.E.	66	(8)
The Dark Age, ca. 1100-750 B.C.E.	66	(1)
The Archaic Age, ca. 750-479 B.C.E.	67	(3)
Homer's Epic Poems	70	(1)
The Polis	70	(1)
Colonization and the Settlement of New Lands	70	(2)
Elite Athletic Competition in Greek Poleis	72	(1)
The Hoplite Revolution	72	(1)
Sparta: A Militarized Society	73	(1)
Athens: Toward Democracy	73	(1)
The Persian Wars, 490-479 B.C.E.	74	(2)
The Marathon Campaign	75	(1)
Athenian Naval Power and the Salamis Campaign	75	(1)
The Classical Age of Greece, 479-336 B.C.E.	76	(13)
The Rise and Fall of the Athenian Empire	76	(1)
From Defensive Alliance to Athenian Empire	76	(1)
Democracy in the Age of Pericles	76	(1)
Conflict with Sparta: The Peloponnesian War	77	(1)
The Collapse of Athenian Power	77	(2)
The Social and Religious Foundations of Classical Greece	79	(1)
Gender Roles	79	(1)
Slavery: The Source of Greek Prosperity	80	(1)
Religion and the Gods	81	(1)
Intellectual Life	82	(1)
Greek Drama	82	(1)
Scientific Thought in Ionia	83	(1)
The Origins of Writing History	84	(1)
Nature versus Customs and the Origins of Philosophical Thought	85	(3)
The Arts: Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture	88	(1)
Conclusion: Classical Foundations of the West	89	(3)
Encounters & Transformations: The Alphabet and Writing in Greece	68	(18)
Justice in History: The Trial and Execution of Socrates the Questioner	86	(6)
The Hellenistic World and the Roman Republic, 336-31 B.C.E.	92	(38)
The Warlike Kingdom of Macedon	94	(6)
Unity and Expansion Under King Philip	95	(1)
The Conquests of Alexander	96	(2)
Successor Kingdoms: Distributing the Spoils	98	(2)
Hellenistic Society and Culture	100	(10)
Cities: The Heart of Hellenistic Life	100	(3)
New Opportunities for Women	103	(1)
Hellenistic Literature, Philosophy, and Science	103	(1)
Literature: Poetry and History Writing	103	(1)
Philosophy: The Quest for Peace of Mind	104	(1)
Explaining the Natural World: Scientific Investigation	105	(1)
Encounters with Foreign Peoples	106	(1)
Exploring the Hellenistic World	107	(1)
Resistance to Hellenistic Culture	108	(1)
Celts on the Fringes of the Hellenistic World	108	(2)
Rome's Rise to Power	110	(13)
Roman Origins and Etruscan Influences	110	(2)
The Beginnings of the Roman State	112	(2)
Roman Territorial Expansion	114	(1)
Winning Control of Italy	114	(1)
The Struggle with Carthage	115	(2)
Conflict with the Celts	117	(1)
Rome and the Hellenistic World	117	(1)
The Macedonian Wars	117	(1)
The Encounter Between Greek and Roman Culture	118	(1)
Life in the Roman Republic	119	(1)
Patrons and Clients	119	(3)
Pyramids of Wealth and Power	122	(1)
The Roman Family	122	(1)
Beginnings of the Roman Revolution	123	(4)
The Gracchi	123	(1)
War in Italy and Abroad	124	(1)
The First Triumvirate	125	(1)
Julius Caesar and the End of the Republic	125	(2)
Conclusion: Defining the West in the Hellenistic Age	127	(3)
The Human Body in History: Aphrodite of Melos: The Hellenistic Portrayal of the Perfect Female	102	(18)
Justice in History: A Corrupt Roman Governor Is Convicted of Extortion	120	(10)
Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.	130	(38)
The Imperial Center	132	(8)
Imperial Authority: Augustus and After	132	(2)
The Problem of Succession	134	(1)
The Emperor's Role: The Nature of Imperial Power	135	(2)
The City of Rome	137	(2)
The Agents of Control	139	(1)
The Roman Senate: From Autonomy to Administration	139	(1)
The Roman Army and the Power of the Emperor	140	(1)
Life in the Roman Provinces: Assimilation, Resistance, and Romanization	140	(10)
The Army: A Romanizing Force	141	(1)
Administration and Commerce	142	(1)
The Cities	143	(2)
The Countryside	145	(1)
Revolts Against Rome	145	(1)
Arminius and the Revolt in Germany	145	(2)
Boudica's Revolt in Britain	147	(1)
The Revolt of Julius Civilis in Gaul	147	(1)
Jewish Revolts	147	(2)
Law, Citizenship, and Romanization	149	(1)
The Frontier and Beyond	150	(4)
Rome and the Parthian Empire	151	(1)
Roman Encounters with Germanic Peoples	151	(1)
Economic Encounters Across Continents	152	(1)
Encounters with China	152	(1)
Encounters with Africa	153	(1)
Society and Culture in the Imperial Age	154	(11)
The Upper and Lower Classes	154	(1)
Slaves and Freedmen	154	(1)
Women in the Roman Empire	155	(1)
Literature and Empire	156	(2)
Religious Life	158	(1)
Polytheism in the Empire	158	(2)
The Origins of Rabbinic Judaism	160	(1)
The Emergence of Christianity	160	(4)
The Spread of Christianity	164	(1)
Conclusion: Rome Shapes the West	165	(3)
Encounters & Transformations: The Roman City: Agent of Cultural Transformation	144	(18)
Justice in History: The Trial of Jesus in Historical Perspective	162	(6)
Late Antiquity: The Age of New Boundaries, 250-600	168	(36)
Crisis and Recovery in the Third Century	170	(5)
The Breakdown of the Imperial Government	170	(2)
The Restoration of Imperial Government	172	(1)
Diocletian's Reforms	172	(2)
Foundations of Late Antique Government and Society	174	(1)
Christianizing the Empire	175	(4)
Constantine: The First Christian Emperor	175	(1)
The Spread of Christianity	176	(1)
The Rise of the Bishops	176	(1)
Christianity and the City of Rome	177	(1)
Old Gods Under Attack	178	(1)
New Christian Communities and Identities	179	(11)
The Creation of New Communities	180	(1)
Christian Doctrine and Heresy	180	(1)
Communities of Faith and Language	181	(2)
The Monastic Movement	183	(1)
Monasticism, Women, and Sexuality	184	(1)
Jews in a Christian World	185	(1)
Access to Holiness: Christian Pilgrimage	186	(1)
Christian Intellectual Life	187	(1)
The Reconciliation of Christianity and the Classics	187	(2)
Neoplatonism and Christianity	189	(1)
The Breakup of the Roman Empire	190	(12)
The Fall of Rome's Western Provinces	190	(1)
Loss of Imperial Power in the West	190	(2)
The Empire of Attila	192	(3)
Cultural Encounters After the End of Roman Rule	195	(1)
The Survival of Rome's Eastern Provinces	196	(1)
Christianity and Law Under Justinian	196	(4)
Reconquering the Provinces in the West	200	(1)
The Struggle with Persia	200	(2)
Conclusion: The Age of New Boundaries	202	(2)
The Human Body in History: The Ascetic Alternative	182	(16)
Justice in History: Two Martyrdoms: Culture and Religion on Trial	198	(6)
Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam	204	(32)
Byzantium: The Survival of the Roman Empire	206	(13)
An Embattled Empire	207	(1)
Out of the Steppes: Borderlands in Eastern Europe	207	(3)
The Loss of the Western Provinces	210	(1)
The Old Enemy: Persia	211	(1)
The New Enemy: Islam	212	(1)
Byzantine Civilization	213	(1)
Imperial Administration and Economy	213	(1)
The Military System of the Themes	214	(1)
The Church and Religious Life	214	(1)
Icons and the Iconoclastic Controversy	215	(1)
The Macedonian Renaissance	216	(3)
The New World of Islam	219	(15)
Arabs Before Islam	219	(3)
The Rise of Islam	222	(1)
Muhammad's Teachings	222	(1)
The Succession Crisis After Muhammad: Sunnis and Shi'ites	223	(3)
The Umayyad Caliphate	226	(1)
The ``House of War''	226	(1)
Governing the Islamic Empire	226	(2)
Becoming Muslims	228	(1)
Peoples of the Book	229	(1)
Commercial Encounters	229	(1)
The Breakup of the Umayyad Caliphate	230	(1)
The Abbasid Caliphate	231	(1)
Islamic Civilization in Europe	231	(3)
Conclusion: Three Cultural Realms	234	(2)
Encounters & Transformations: Ships of the Desert: Camels from Morocco to Central Asia	220	(4)
Justice in History: ``Judgment Belongs to God Alone'': The Battle and Arbitration at Siffin	224	(12)
Medieval Empires and Borderlands: The Latin West	236	(34)
The Birth of Latin Christendom	239	(8)
Germanic Kingdoms on Roman Foundations	239	(1)
Anglo-Saxon England	240	(1)
The Franks: A Dual Heritage	240	(1)
Visigoths in Spain	241	(1)
Lombards in Italy	242	(1)
Different Kingdoms, Shared Traditions	242	(1)
Civil Authority: The Roman Legacy	242	(1)
War Leaders and Wergild: The Germanic Legacy	243	(1)
Unity Through Law and Christianity	244	(1)
Women and Property	244	(1)
The Spread of Latin Christianity in the New Kingdoms of Western Europe	244	(1)
The Growth of the Papacy	245	(1)
Converting the Irish	245	(1)
Converting the Anglo-Saxons	245	(1)
Monastic Intellectual Life	246	(1)
Jews in a Christian World	247	(1)
The Carolingians	247	(6)
The Leadership of Charlemagne	248	(1)
Coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor	249	(1)
Carolingian Rulership	250	(1)
The Carolingian Renaissance	250	(2)
The Division of Western Europe	252	(1)
Invasions and Recovery in the Latin West	253	(9)
The Polytheist Invaders of the Latin West	253	(2)
The Rulers in the Latin West	255	(1)
Lords and Vassals	255	(3)
The Western European Kingdoms After the Carolingians	258	(2)
The Conversion of the Last Polytheists	260	(2)
The West in the East: The Crusades	262	(6)
The Origins of Holy War	263	(1)
Crusading Warfare	264	(3)
The Significance of the Crusades	267	(1)
Conclusion: An Emerging Unity in the Latin West	268	(2)
Justice in History: Revealing the Truth: Oaths and Ordeals	256	(10)
Encounters & Transformations: Legends of the Borderlands: Roland and El Cid	266	(4)
Medieval Civilization: The Rise of Western Europe	270	(36)
Two Worlds: Manors and Cities	273	(7)
The Medieval Agricultural Revolution	273	(1)
Technological Innovations	273	(2)
Manors and Peasants	275	(1)
The Great Migrations and the Hunger for Land	276	(1)
The Growth of Cities	277	(1)
The Challenge of Free Cities	277	(1)
The Economic Boom Years	277	(3)
The Consolidation of Roman Catholicism	280	(4)
The Task of Church Reform	280	(1)
The Pope Becomes a Monarch	281	(1)
How the Popes Ruled	282	(1)
The Pinnacle of the Medieval Papacy: Pope Innocent III	283	(1)
The Troubled Legacy of the Papal Monarchy	284	(1)
Discovering God in the World	284	(10)
The Patron Saints	285	(2)
The New Religious Orders	287	(2)
The Flowering of Religious Sensibilities	289	(1)
Creating the Outcasts of Europe	289	(1)
The Heretics: Cathars and Waldensians	290	(1)
Systematic Persecution of the Jews	290	(1)
``The Living Dead'': Lepers	291	(1)
The Creation of Sexual Crimes	291	(3)
Strengthening the Center of the West	294	(4)
The Monarchies of Western Europe	294	(1)
Expansion of Power: France	294	(2)
Lord of All Lords: The King of England	296	(1)
A Divided Regime: The German Empire	297	(1)
Medieval Culture: The Search for Understanding	298	(7)
Revival of Learning	299	(1)
Scholasticism: A Christian Philosophy	299	(1)
Universities: Organizing Learning	300	(1)
The Ancients: Renaissance of the Twelfth Century	300	(2)
Epic Violence and Courtly Love	302	(1)
The Center of Medieval Culture: The Great Cathedrals	302	(1)
Architecture: The Romanesque and Gothic Styles	302	(2)
Music and Drama: Reaching God's Ear and the Christian's Soul	304	(1)
Conclusion: Asserting Western Culture	305	(1)
The Human Body in History: A Tale of Two Marys	286	(6)
Justice in History: Inquiring into Heresy: The Inquisition in Montaillou	292	(14)
The Medieval West in Crisis	306	(36)
A Time of Death	307	(6)
Mass Starvation	307	(2)
The Black Death	309	(4)
A Cold Wind from the East	313	(5)
The Mongol Invasions	314	(1)
The Rise of the Ottoman Turks	315	(3)
Economic Depression and Social Turmoil	318	(3)
The Collapse of International Trade and Banking	318	(1)
Rebellions from Below	319	(1)
An Economy of Monopolies: Guilds	319	(1)
``Long Live the People, Long Live Liberty''	319	(2)
An Age of Warfare	321	(7)
The Fragility of Monarchies	322	(1)
The Hundred Years' War	323	(1)
From English Victories to French Salvation	323	(2)
The Hundred Years' War in Perspective	325	(3)
The Military Revolution	328	(1)
A Troubled Church and the Demand for Religious Comfort	328	(3)
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church and the Great Schism	329	(1)
The Search for Religious Alternatives	330	(1)
Protests Against the Papacy: New Heresies	330	(1)
Imitating Christ: The Modern Devotion	331	(1)
The Culture of Loss	331	(8)
Reminders of Death	332	(1)
Illusions of a Noble Life	333	(1)
Pilgrims of the Imagination	334	(1)
Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy	334	(2)
Giovanni Boccaccio and The Decameron	336	(1)
Geoffrey Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales	336	(1)
Margery Kempe and the Autobiographical Pilgrimage	336	(1)
Christine de Pisan and the Defense of Female Virtue	337	(1)
Defining Cultural Boundaries	337	(1)
Spain: Religious Communities in Tension	337	(1)
German and Celtic Borderlands: Ethnic Communities in Tension	338	(1)
Enemies Within	338	(1)
Conclusion: Looking Inward	339	(3)
The Human Body in History: The Black Death: The Signs of Disease	312	(14)
Justice in History: The Trial of Joan of Arc	326	(16)
The Italian Renaissance and Beyond: The Politics of Culture	342
The Cradle of the Renaissance: The Italian City-States	344	(10)
The Renaissance Republics: Florence and Venice	345	(1)
Florence Under the Medici	346	(1)
Venice, the Cosmopolitan Republic	347	(1)
Princes and Courtiers	348	(1)
The Ideal Prince, the Ideal Princess	348	(1)
The Ideal Courtier	349	(1)
The Papal Prince	350	(1)
The Contradictions of the Patriarchal Family	351	(3)
The Influence of Ancient Culture	354	(5)
Petrarch and the Illustrious Ancients	355	(1)
The Humanists: The Latin Point of View	356	(2)
Understanding Nature: Moving Beyond the Science of the Ancients	358	(1)
Antiquity and Nature in the Arts	359	(7)
Sculpture, Architecture, and Painting: The Natural and the Ideal	360	(5)
Music of the Emotions	365	(1)
The Early Modern European State System	366	(7)
Monarchies: The Foundation of the State System	367	(1)
France: Consolidating Power and Cultivating Renaissance Values	367	(1)
Spain: Unification by Marriage	368	(2)
The Holy Roman Empire: The Costs of Decentralization	370	(1)
England: From Civil War to Stability Under the Tudors	370	(1)
The Origins of Modern Historical and Political Thought	371	(1)
History: The Search for Causes	371	(1)
Political Thought: Considering the End Result	372	(1)
Conclusion: The Politics of Culture	373
Justice in History: Vendetta as Private Justice	352	(10)
The Human Body in History: The Natural and the Ideal Body in Renaissance Art	362
Glossary	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1