A. Daniel Frankforter is Professor of History at the Pennsylvania State University, where he has taught for nearly four decades. His undergraduate work was in the history of ideas and philosophy at Franklin and Marshall College. He earned a Master of Divinity degree from Drew University, did graduate work at Columbia University and the University of Göttingen and completed master’s and doctoral degrees in medieval history and religious studies at Penn State. His research has focused on the medieval English Church and on the evolving role of European women throughout the medieval period. Articles on these topics have appeared in such journals as Manuscripta, Church History, The British Studies Monitor, The Catholic Historical Review, The American Benedictine Review, The International Journal of Women’s Studies, and The Journal of Women’s History. His books include: A History of the Christian Movement: An Essay on the Development of Christian Institutions, Civilization and Survival, The Shakespeare Name Dictionary (with J. Madison Davis), The Medieval Millennium: An Introduction, The Western Heritage, Brief Edition (with Donald Kagan, Stephen Ozment, and Frank Turner), The Heritage of World Civilizations, brief third edition (with Albert Craig, William Graham, Donald Kagan, Stephen Ozment, and Frank Turner), an edition and translation of Poullain de la Barre’s De L’Égalité des deux Sexes, and Stones for Bread: A Critique of Contemporary Worship. Over the course of his career he has developed 15 courses dealing with aspects of the ancient and medieval periods of Western civilization, Judeo-Christian studies, and gender issues. His work in the classroom has been acknowledged by the Penn State Behrend Excellence in Teaching Award and the prestigious Amoco Foundation Award for Excellence in Teaching Performance.
William M. Spellman is the Dean of Humanities at the University of North Carolina, Asheville. He is a graduate of Suffolk University, Boston, and holds the Ph.D. from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University. He is the author of John Locke and the Problem of Depravity (Oxford, 1988); The Latitudinarians and the Church of England, 1660-1700 (Georgia, 1993); John Locke (Macmillan, 1995); European Political Thought, 1600-1700 (Macmillan, 1997); Monarchies, 1000-2000 (Reaktion Press, 2000); Extraordinary Women of the Medieval and Renaissance World (Greenwood Press, 2000) co-authored with Carole Levin, et. al.; The Global Community: Migration and the Making of the Modern World, 1500-2000 (Sutton, 2002); A Concise History of the World Since 1945 (Palgrave, 2006); and Migration and the Nation State (Reaktion Press, forthcoming).
Maps | p. x |
Key Questions | p. xi |
Preface | p. xii |
Acknowledgments | p. xx |
Notes on Dates and Spelling | p. xxii |
About the Authors | p. xxv |
Introduction | p. xxvi |
Departure | p. 2 |
The Birth of Civilization | p. 4 |
Key/Question: How do environments shape human communities and human communities alter environments? | p. 4 |
The Evolution of Prehistoric Cultures | p. 6 |
People in Context The Iceman | p. 10 |
The Archaic States | p. 13 |
The Origin of Civilization in Mesopotamia: Sumer | p. 14 |
The Rise of Civilization in Egypt | p. 23 |
The Rise of Empires and the Beginning of the Iron Age | p. 32 |
Key/Question: Does civilization promote unity or intensify divisions among peoples? | p. 32 |
The Transition States | p. 34 |
Imperial Egypt: The New Kingdom (1550-1075 B.C.E., Dynasties XVIII-XX) | p. 38 |
People in Context King "Tut" | p. 42 |
The Indo-Europeans and the Clash of Empires | p. 45 |
The Bible and History | p. 51 |
The Classical Era 2000 B.C.E. to 30 C.E. | p. 60 |
Aegean Civilizations | p. 62 |
Key/Question: When does civilization in the West become "Western" civilization? | p. 62 |
Minoan Mentors | p. 64 |
The Mycenaeans, Greece's First Civilization | p. 67 |
The Aegean Dark Age | p. 70 |
The Hellenic Era | p. 72 |
People in Context Hesiod, The Uncommon Common Man | p. 74 |
The Rise of the Mainland Powers | p. 79 |
The Persian Wars: Crucible of a Civilization | p. 84 |
The Hellenic Era | p. 90 |
Key/Question: What did the Greeks contribute to the development of modern civilization? | p. 90 |
Persian Wars as Catalyst | p. 92 |
The Peloponnesian War | p. 94 |
People in Context Aspasia, the Woman Behind the Great Man | p. 96 |
Intellectual and Artistic Life in the Polis | p. 101 |
The Hellenistic Era and the Rise of Rome | p. 118 |
Key/Question: What circumstances are likely to undermine governments by the people? | p. 118 |
The Hellenistic Era | p. 120 |
The Origin of Rome | p. 129 |
The Roman Republic | p. 132 |
Rome's Civil War | p. 139 |
People in Context Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi | p. 140 |
Rome's Empire and the Unification of the Western World | p. 148 |
Key/Question: Do people prefer order to liberty? | p. 148 |
The Augustan Era | p. 150 |
Order and Continuity: The Dynastic Option | p. 159 |
Order and Continuity: The Elective Option | p. 163 |
People in Context The Imperial Aristocracy: Pliny the Elder and Pliny the Younger | p. 164 |
Life in an Imperial Environment | p. 169 |
The Decline of Rome | p. 172 |
The Division of the West 300 to 1300 | p. 178 |
The West's Medieval Civilizations | p. 180 |
Key/Question: Should freedom of religion be limited? | p. 180 |
The Christian Element | p. 182 |
The German Element | p. 189 |
The Byzantine Empire of Constantinople | p. 193 |
Islam | p. 197 |
People in Context A'isha (614-678), Wife of the Prophet | p. 200 |
The Emergence of Europe | p. 208 |
Key/Question: How did Europe build on its legacies from the ancient world? | p. 208 |
The Merovingian Kingdom: Europe's Nucleus | p. 210 |
The Franks' Neighbors | p. 213 |
People in Context Brunhild (d. 613) and Fredegund (d. 597): Powers Behind the Throne | p. 216 |
The Carolingian Era | p. 217 |
Retrenchment and Reorganization | p. 225 |
The Culture of Europe's Dark Age | p. 231 |
Europe Turns Outward | p. 236 |
Key/Question: Was conflict among the medieval civilizations inevitable? | p. 236 |
Islam's Crest and Byzantium's Resurgence | p. 238 |
The Reorganization of Europe | p. 242 |
People in Context Hroswitha of Gandersheim (fl. 935-1002) | p. 252 |
The Eleventh-Century Turning Point | p. 254 |
Europe's High Middle Ages | p. 266 |
Key/Question: Why are some societies more open to change than others? | p. 266 |
The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century | p. 268 |
Universities and Scholasticism | p. 271 |
Religious Revival and Diversity of Opinion | p. 274 |
People in Context William IX, Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitou (1071-1127) | p. 276 |
The Artistic Vision of the High Middle Ages | p. 278 |
The Nation-States of the High Middle Ages | p. 283 |
Challenges, Conflicts, and Departures | p. 292 |
Challenges to the Medieval Order | p. 294 |
Key/Question: What did the crises of the late medieval era reveal about the strengths and weaknesses of Europe's civilization? | p. 294 |
Challenges from Nature | p. 296 |
Turmoil in the Middle East | p. 300 |
Spiritual Crises | p. 305 |
Political Responses: The Burdens of War | p. 312 |
People in Context Christine de Pizan (c. 1364-1430), Professional Writer | p. 316 |
Renaissance and Exploration | p. 322 |
Key/Question: How should a society use its history? | p. 322 |
The Context for the Renaissance | p. 324 |
The Culture of the Renaissance | p. 329 |
People in Context Elisabetta Gonzaga (1472-1526) | p. 334 |
The Northern Renaissance | p. 338 |
The Middle East: The Ottoman Empire | p. 341 |
Europe and Atlantic Exploration | p. 346 |
Reformation, Religious Wars, and National Conflicts | p. 354 |
Key/Question: How do civilized societies justify war? | p. 354 |
The Lutheran Reformation | p. 356 |
The Swiss Reformation | p. 361 |
The Catholic Reformation | p. 365 |
The Habsburg-Valois Wars | p. 368 |
England's Ambivalent Reformation | p. 369 |
Convergence of Foreign and Domestic Politics: England, Spain, and France | p. 372 |
The Final Religious Upheavals | p. 377 |
People in Context William Shakespeare (1564-1616) | p. 378 |
Glossary | p. 388 |
Photo Credits | p. 394 |
Suggested Resources | p. 396 |
Index | p. 404 |
DVD Table of Contents | p. 421 |
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