Western Civilization : A Brief History

by Perry, Marvin

• ISBN13: 9780618370313
• ISBN10: 0618370315
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-02-03
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Western Civilization: A Brief Historyemphasizes the history of ideas presented within a political chronology. Perry's distinctive writing style and unique approach make this abridged version ofWestern Civilization: Ideas, Politics & Society,7/e an engaging text for the Western civilization survey course. The Fifth Edition includes coverage of recent events--from the creation of the EU to the war in Iraq--and provides students with the pedagogical tools to analyze and interpret events in context. Chapter introductions and chronologies allow students to easily identify important themes, while review questions serve to reinforce knowledge and aid in exam preparation. Material including Muslim artistic and cultural contributions, the French and Russian Revolutions, modern artists, and the battles of WWII has been added to enhance this edition. Graphic features include captions for all maps and an expanded color art section with a new essay on contemporary art. The "Profile" boxes--which feature men and women who made a significant impact on the cultural landscape of their time--have been expanded and updated.

Table of Contents

Maps	xv
Chronologies	xvii
Preface	xix
Map Essay before Part One
Part One The Ancient World: Foundation of the West to A.D. 500	2	(114)
The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations	4	(18)
Prehistory	5	(2)
The Rise to Civilization	7	(1)
Mesopotamian Civilization	8	(3)
Religion: The Basis of Mesopotamian Civilization	9	(1)
Government, Law, and Economy	10	(1)
Mathematics, Astronomy, and Medicine	11	(1)
Egyptian Civilization	11	(5)
From the Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom	12	(1)
Religion: The Basis of Egyptian Civilization	12	(1)
Divine Kingship	13	(1)
Science and Mathematics	14	(1)
The New Kingdom and the Decline of Egyptian Civilization	15	(1)
Empire Builders	16	(2)
Hittites	16	(1)
Small Nations	16	(1)
Assyria	17	(1)
Persia: Unifier of the Near East	17	(1)
The Religious Orientation of the Ancient Near East	18	(4)
A Myth-Making World-View	19	(1)
Near Eastern Achievements	20	(2)
The Hebrews: A New View of God and the Individual	22	(11)
Early Hebrew History	23	(1)
God: One, Sovereign, Transcendent, Good	24	(2)
The Individual and Moral Autonomy	26	(1)
The Covenant and the Law	27	(2)
The Hebrew Idea of History	29	(1)
The Prophets	29	(2)
The Legacy of the Ancient Jews	31	(2)
The Greeks: From Myth to Reason	33	(36)
Early Aegean Civilizations	34	(1)
Evolution of the City-States	35	(8)
Homer: Shaper of the Greek Spirit	35	(1)
The Break with Theocratic Politics	36	(1)
Sparta: A Garrison State	37	(1)
Athens: The Rise of Democracy	38	(2)
The Persian Wars	40	(1)
The Mature Athenian Democracy	41	(2)
The Decline of the City-States	43	(2)
The Peloponnesian War	43	(1)
The Fourth Century	43	(1)
The Dilemma of Greek Politics	44	(1)
Philosophy in the Hellenic Age	45	(9)
The Cosmologists: A Rational Inquiry into Nature	46	(2)
The Sophists: A Rational Investigation of Human Culture	48	(1)
Socrates: Shaping the Rational Individual	49	(2)
Plato: The Rational Society	51	(2)
Aristotle: Synthesis of Greek Thought	53	(1)
Art	54	(1)
Poetry and Drama	55	(1)
History	56	(2)
Herodotus	56	(1)
Thucydides	57	(1)
The Hellenistic Age: The Second Stage of Greek Civilization	58	(4)
Alexander the Great	59	(1)
The Competing Dynasties	60	(1)
Cosmopolitanism	60	(2)
Hellenistic Thought and Culture	62	(3)
History	62	(1)
Art	62	(1)
Science	62	(1)
Philosophy	63	(2)
The Greek Achievement: Reason, Freedom, Humanism	65	(4)
Rome: From City-State to World Empire	69	(30)
Evolution of the Roman Constitution	70	(2)
Roman Expansion to 146 B.C.	72	(5)
The Uniting of Italy	73	(1)
The Conquest of the Mediterranean World	73	(2)
The Consequences of Expansion	75	(2)
Culture in the Republic	77	(1)
The Collapse of the Republic	78	(3)
The Gracchian Revolution	78	(1)
Rival Generals	79	(1)
Julius Caesar	80	(1)
The Republic's Last Years	81	(1)
Augustus and the Foundations of the Roman Empire	81	(1)
The Pax Romana	82	(7)
The Successors of Augustus	82	(2)
The ``Time of Happiness''	84	(2)
Roman Culture and Law During the Pax Romana	86	(3)
Signs of Trouble	89	(3)
Social and Economic Weaknesses	90	(1)
Cultural Stagnation and Transformation	90	(2)
The Decline of Rome	92	(4)
Third-Century Crisis	92	(1)
Diocletian and Constantine: The Regimented State	92	(2)
Tribal Migrations and Invasions	94	(1)
Reasons for Rome's Decline	94	(2)
The Roman Legacy	96	(3)
Early Christianity: A World Religion	99	(17)
The Origins of Christianity	100	(4)
Judaism in the First Century B.C.	100	(1)
Jesus: Moral Transformation of the Individual	101	(1)
Saint Paul: From a Jewish Sect to a World Religion	102	(2)
The Spread and Triumph of Christianity	104	(3)
The Appeal of Christianity	104	(2)
Christianity and Rome	106	(1)
Christianity and Greek Philosophy	106	(1)
Development of Christian Organization, Doctrine, and Attitudes	107	(4)
The Primacy of the Bishop of Rome	108	(1)
The Rise of Monasticism	108	(1)
The Scriptural Tradition and Doctrinal Disputes	109	(1)
Christianity and Society	109	(1)
Christianity and the Jews	110	(1)
Saint Augustine: The Christian World-View	111	(1)
Christianity and Classical Humanism: Alternative World-Views	112	(4)
Part Two The Middle Ages: The Christian Centuries 500-1400	116	(54)
The Rise of Europe: Fusion of Classical, Christian, and Germanic Traditions	116	(32)
The Medieval East	119	(4)
Byzantium	119	(1)
Islam	120	(3)
Latin Christendom in the Early Middle Ages	123	(6)
Political, Economic, and Intellectual Transformation	123	(2)
The Church: Shaper of Medieval Civilization	125	(1)
The Kingdom of the Franks	126	(1)
The Era of Charlemagne	126	(2)
The Breakup of Charlemagne's Empire	128	(1)
Feudal Society	129	(1)
Vassalage	129	(1)
Feudal Warriors	130	(1)
Noblewomen	130	(1)
Agrarian Society	130	(2)
Economic Expansion During the High Middle Ages	132	(3)
An Agricultural Revolution	132	(1)
The Revival of Trade	133	(1)
The Rebirth of Towns	133	(2)
The Rise of States	135	(3)
England	135	(2)
France	137	(1)
Germany	137	(1)
The Growth of Papal Power	138	(6)
Gregorian Reform	138	(1)
The Crusades	139	(3)
Dissenters and Reformers	142	(1)
Innocent III: The Apex of Papal Power	143	(1)
Christians and Jews	144	(4)
The Flowering and Dissolution of Medieval Civilization	148	(22)
Revival of Learning	149	(1)
The Medieval World-View	150	(3)
The Universe: Higher and Lower Worlds	150	(2)
The Individual: Sinful but Redeemable	152	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Law	153	(3)
Saint Anselm and Abelard	153	(1)
Saint Thomas Aquinas: The Synthesis of Faith and Reason	154	(1)
Science	155	(1)
Recovery of Roman Law	156	(1)
Literature	156	(2)
Architecture	158	(1)
The Fourteenth Century: An Age of Adversity	158	(2)
Art Essay: Art as History: The Ancient World Through the Middle Ages after	160	(1)
The Decline of the Papacy	161	(2)
Conflict with France	162	(1)
The Great Schism and the Conciliar Movement	162	(1)
Fourteenth-Century Heresies	163	(1)
Breakup of the Thomistic Synthesis	163	(1)
The Middle Ages and the Modern World: Continuity and Discontinuity	164	(6)
Part Three The Rise of Modernity: From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment 1350--1789	170	(80)
Transition to the Modern Age: Renaissance and Reformation	172	(25)
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance	173	(3)
The Renaissance Outlook	176	(3)
Humanism	176	(2)
A Revolution in Political Thought	178	(1)
Renaissance Art	179	(2)
The Spread of the Renaissance	181	(2)
Erasmian Humanism	181	(1)
French and English Humanism	182	(1)
The Renaissance and the Modern Age	183	(1)
Background to the Reformation: The Medieval Church in Crisis	183	(1)
The Lutheran Revolt	184	(3)
The Break with Catholicism	185	(1)
The Appeal and Spread of Lutheranism	186	(1)
The Spread of the Reformation	187	(5)
Calvinism	187	(2)
France	189	(1)
England	189	(2)
The Radical Reformation	191	(1)
The Catholic Response	192	(1)
The Reformation and the Modern Age	193	(4)
Political and Economic Transformation: National States, Overseas Expansion, Commercial Revolution	197	(26)
Toward the Modern State	198	(1)
Hapsburg Spain	199	(4)
Ferdinand and Isabella	200	(1)
The Reign of Charles V: King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor	201	(1)
Philip II	201	(1)
The End of the Spanish Hapsburgs	202	(1)
The Growth of French Power	203	(4)
Religion and the French State	203	(1)
The Consolidation of French Monarchical Power	204	(3)
The Growth of Limited Monarchy and Constitutionalism in England	207	(2)
The Tudor Achievement	207	(1)
The English Revolution, 1640--1660 and 1688--1689	207	(2)
The Holy Roman Empire: The Failure to Unify Germany	209	(2)
European Expansion	211	(5)
Forces Behind the Expansion	212	(1)
The Portuguese Empire	213	(1)
The Spanish Empire	214	(2)
Black Slavery and the Slave Trade	216	(1)
The Price Revolution	216	(1)
The Expansion of Agriculture	217	(1)
The Expansion of Trade and Industry	218	(2)
Innovations in Business	218	(1)
Different Patterns of Commercial Development	219	(1)
The Fostering of Mercantile Capitalism	220	(1)
Toward a Global Economy	221	(2)
Intellectual Transformation: The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment	223	(27)
The Medieval View of the Universe	224	(1)
A New View of Nature	225	(4)
Nicolaus Copernicus: The Dethronement of the Earth	225	(1)
Galileo: Uniformity of Nature and Experimental Physics	226	(2)
Attack on Authority	228	(1)
Johannes Kepler: Laws of Planetary Motion	228	(1)
The Newtonian Synthesis	229	(1)
Prophets of Modern Science	230	(1)
Francis Bacon: The Inductive Method	230	(1)
Rene Descartes: The Deductive Method	230	(1)
The Meaning of the Scientific Revolution	231	(2)
The Age of Enlightenment: Affirmation of Reason and Freedom	233	(1)
Christianity Assailed: The Search for a Natural Religion	234	(1)
Political Thought	235	(3)
Seventeenth-Century Antecedents: Hobbes and Locke	235	(1)
Montesquieu	236	(1)
Voltaire	237	(1)
Rousseau	237	(1)
Social and Economic Thought	238	(6)
Epistemology, Psychology, and Education	239	(1)
Freedom of Conscience and Thought	239	(1)
Humanitarianism	240	(3)
Laissez-Faire Economics	243	(1)
The Idea of Progress	243	(1)
Conflicts and Politics	244	(2)
Warfare and Revolution	244	(1)
Enlightened Despotism	245	(1)
The Enlightenment and the Modern Mentality	246	(4)
Part Four The Modern West: Progress and Breakdown 1789--1914	250	(146)
The Era of the French Revolution: Affirmation of Liberty and Equality	252	(26)
The Old Regime	253	(5)
The First Estate	253	(1)
The Second Estate	253	(1)
The Third Estate	254	(1)
Inefficient Administration and Financial Disorder	255	(1)
The Roles of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution	256	(1)
A Bourgeois Revolution?	257	(1)
The Moderate Stage, 1789--1791	258	(3)
Formation of the National Assembly	258	(1)
Storming of the Bastille	258	(1)
The Great Fear	259	(1)
October Days	260	(1)
Reforms of the National Assembly	260	(1)
The Radical Stage, 1792--1794	261	(6)
The Sans-Culottes	261	(1)
Foreign Invasion	262	(1)
The Jacobins	263	(1)
The Nation in Arms	264	(1)
The Republic of Virtue and the Reign of Terror	264	(2)
The Fall of Robespierre	266	(1)
Napoleon and France: Return to Autocratic Rule	267	(2)
An Enlightened Despot	267	(2)
Legal, Educational, and Financial Policies	269	(1)
Napoleon and Europe: Diffusion of Revolutionary Institutions	269	(2)
The Fall of Napoleon	271	(2)
Failure to Subdue England	271	(1)
The Spanish Ulcer	271	(1)
The German War of Liberation	272	(1)
Disaster in Russia	272	(1)
Final Defeat	273	(1)
The Meaning of the French Revolution	273	(5)
The Industrial Revolution: The Transformation of Society	278	(15)
Britain First	279	(2)
Changes in Technology	279	(2)
Society Transformed	281	(4)
Changes in Social Structure	282	(1)
Working-Class Life	283	(2)
The Rise of Reform in Britain	285	(2)
Responses to Industrialization	287	(3)
Liberalism	287	(1)
Early Socialism	288	(2)
Industrialism in Perspective	290	(3)
Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth Century	293	(16)
Romanticism: A New Cultural Orientation	294	(3)
Exalting Imagination and Feelings	294	(2)
Nature, God, History	296	(1)
The Impact of the Romantic Movement	297	(1)
German Idealism	297	(1)
The Challenge Posed by Hume's Empiricism	297	(1)
Immanuel Kant	298	(1)
G. W. F. Hegel	298	(1)
Conservatism: The Value of Tradition	298	(4)
Hostility to the French Revolution	300	(1)
The Quest for Social Stability	301	(1)
Liberalism: The Value of the Individual	302	(2)
The Sources of Liberalism	302	(1)
Individual Liberty	303	(1)
Liberalism and Democracy	303	(1)
Nationalism: The Sacredness of the Nation	304	(5)
The Emergence of Modern Nationalism	304	(1)
Nationalism and Liberalism	305	(4)
Surge of Liberalism and Nationalism: Revolution, Counterrevolution, and Unification	309	(21)
The Congress of Vienna	310	(2)
Statesmen and Issues	310	(1)
The Settlement	311	(1)
Revolutions, 1820--1829	312	(2)
Revolutions, 1830--1832	314	(1)
The Revolutions of 1848: France	314	(2)
The February Revolution	314	(1)
The June Days: Revolution of the Oppressed	315	(1)
The Revolutions of 1848: Germany, Austria, and Italy	316	(4)
The German States: Liberalism Discredited	316	(2)
Austria: Hapsburg Dominance	318	(1)
Italy: Continued Fragmentation	319	(1)
The Revolutions of 1848: An Assessment	320	(1)
The Unification of Italy	321	(2)
Mazzini: The Soul of the Risorgimento	321	(1)
Cavour and Victory over Austria	322	(1)
Garibaldi and Victory in the South	323	(1)
Italian Unification Completed	323	(1)
The Unification of Germany	323	(4)
Prussia, Agent of Unification	323	(1)
Bismarck and the Road to Unity	324	(3)
Nationality Problems in the Hapsburg Empire	327	(3)
Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Realism and Social Criticism	330	(15)
Realism and Naturalism	331	(1)
Positivism	332	(1)
Darwinism	333	(3)
Natural Selection	333	(1)
Darwinism and Christianity	334	(1)
Social Darwinism	334	(2)
Marxism	336	(4)
A Science of History	336	(1)
Class Conflict	337	(1)
The Destruction of Capitalism	338	(1)
Critics of Marx	339	(1)
Liberalism in Transition	340	(1)
John Stuart Mill	340	(1)
Thomas Hill Green	340	(1)
Feminism: Extending the Principle of Equality	341	(4)
Europe in the Late Nineteenth Century: Modernization, Nationalism, Imperialism	345	(30)
The Advance of Industry	346	(3)
Accelerated Urbanization	348	(1)
The Rise of Socialist Parties	349	(1)
Great Britain: Reform and Unrest	349	(3)
Social Reform	350	(1)
Feminist Agitation	350	(1)
The Irish Question	351	(1)
France: A Troubled Nation	352	(1)
Germany: The Power State	353	(1)
Italy: Unfulfilled Expectations	354	(1)
Russia: Tsarist Autocracy	355	(1)
The Rise of Racial Nationalism	356	(6)
Volkish Thought	358	(1)
Anti-Semitism	359	(3)
The Emergence of the New Imperialism	362	(2)
Causes	362	(1)
Control and Resistance	363	(1)
European Domination of Asia	364	(4)
India	364	(2)
China	366	(2)
Japan	368	(1)
The Scramble for Africa	368	(4)
The Berlin Conference	370	(1)
The British in Africa	370	(2)
Other European Countries in Africa	372	(1)
The Legacy of Imperialism	372	(3)
Modern Consciousness: New Views of Nature, Human Nature, and the Arts	375	(21)
Irrationalism	376	(4)
Nietzsche	376	(3)
Bergson	379	(1)
Sorel	380	(1)
Freud: A New View of Human Nature	380	(3)
Social Thought: Confronting the Irrational and the Complexities of Modern Society	383	(2)
Durkheim	383	(1)
Pareto	384	(1)
Weber	384	(1)
The Modernist Movement	385	(4)
Breaking with Conventional Modes of Esthetics	386	(1)
Modern Art	387	(2)
Modern Physics	389	(2)
The Enlightenment Tradition in Disarray	391	(5)
Part Five Western Civilization in Crisis: World Wars and Totalitarianism 1914--1945	396	(92)
World War I: The West in Despair	398	(31)
Aggravated Nationalist Tensions in Austria-Hungary	399	(3)
The German System of Alliances	402	(1)
The New German Empire	402	(1)
Bismarck's Goals	402	(1)
The Triple Entente	403	(1)
Fear of Germany	403	(1)
German Reactions	403	(1)
The Drift Toward War	404	(3)
The Bosnian Crisis	404	(1)
Balkan Wars	404	(1)
Assassination of Francis Ferdinand	405	(1)
Germany Encourages Austria	406	(1)
The Question of Responsibility	406	(1)
War as Celebration	407	(1)
Stalemate in the West	408	(4)
Other Fronts	412	(1)
The Collapse of the Central Powers	413	(1)
American Entry	413	(1)
Germany's Last Offensive	413	(1)
The Peace Conference	414	(5)
Wilson's Hope for a New World	414	(2)
Problems of Peacemaking	416	(1)
The Settlement	417	(1)
Assessment and Problems	418	(1)
The Russian Revolution of 1917	419	(5)
The Problems of the Provisional Government	420	(1)
Lenin and the Rise of Bolshevism	421	(2)
Lenin's Opportunity	423	(1)
The Bolsheviks Survive	423	(1)
The War and European Consciousness	424	(5)
The Era of Totalitarianism	429	(39)
The Nature of Totalitarianism	430	(1)
Communist Russia	431	(3)
War Communism and the New Economic Policy	432	(1)
One-Party Dictatorship	433	(1)
The Stalin Revolution	434	(5)
Modernizing Russia: Industrialization and Collectivization	435	(2)
Total Control	437	(2)
The Nature and Appeal of Fascism	439	(2)
The Rise of Fascism in Italy	441	(3)
Postwar Unrest	441	(1)
Mussolini's Seizure of Power	441	(1)
The Fascist State in Italy	442	(2)
The New German Republic	444	(2)
Threats from Left and Right	444	(1)
Economic Crisis	445	(1)
Fundamental Weaknesses of the Weimar Republic	445	(1)
The Rise of Hitler	446	(2)
The Nazi Party	447	(1)
Hitler's World-View	447	(1)
Hitler Gains Power	448	(1)
Art Essay: Art as History: The Renaissance to the Present after	448	(1)
Nazi Germany	449	(3)
The Leader-State	450	(1)
Shaping the ``New Man''	450	(2)
Mass Support	452	(1)
Liberalism and Authoritarianism in Other Lands	452	(2)
The Spread of Authoritarianism	452	(1)
The Western Democracies	453	(1)
Intellectuals and Artists in Troubled Times	454	(7)
Postwar Pessimism	455	(1)
Literature and Art: Innovation, Disillusionment, and Social Commentary	456	(3)
Communism: ``The God That Failed''	459	(1)
Reaffirming the Christian World-View	459	(1)
Reaffirming the Ideals of Reason and Freedom	460	(1)
Existentialism	461	(2)
The Modern Predicament	463	(5)
World War II: Western Civilization in the Balance	468	(20)
The Road to War	469	(4)
British and French Foreign Policies	469	(1)
Breakdown of Peace	469	(4)
The Nazi Blitzkrieg	473	(4)
The Conquest of Poland	473	(1)
The Fall of France	473	(1)
The Battle of Britain	474	(1)
The Invasion of Russia	474	(3)
The New Order	477	(4)
Exploitation and Terror	477	(1)
Extermination	477	(2)
Resistance	479	(2)
The Turn of the Tide	481	(3)
War in the Pacific	481	(1)
Defeat of the Axis Powers	482	(2)
The Legacy of World War II	484	(4)
Part Six The Contemporary World	488	(35)
The West in a Global Age	490	(33)
The Cold War	491	(5)
Deepening Tensions	494	(1)
The Growth of Military Alliances	494	(1)
Confrontations	495	(1)
Decolonization	496	(1)
Building a New Europe: Unity and Recovery	497	(3)
Great Britain and France	497	(1)
Italy and Germany	498	(2)
The Soviet Bloc	500	(9)
Stalin's Last Years	500	(1)
Khrushchev	500	(3)
The Gorbachev Years	503	(1)
The End of the Cold War	504	(1)
The Collapse of Communism	505	(3)
The Death of an Ideal?	508	(1)
The Post-Cold War World	509	(7)
Eastern Europe After 1989	509	(2)
Post-Communist Russia and the Former Soviet Republics	511	(2)
Western Europe	513	(3)
Our Global Age: Tensions and Concerns	516	(7)
Epilogue: Reaffirming the Core Values of the Western Tradition	523
Index	1