Western Civilization: Combined Volume

by Spielvogel, Jackson J.

• ISBN13: 9780534646028
• ISBN10: 0534646026
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-01-07
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Best-selling text, WESTERN CIVILIZATION has helped over one million students learn about the present by exploring the past. Jack Spielvogel's engaging, chronological narrative weaves the political, economic, social, religious, intellectual, cultural, and military aspects of history into a gripping story that is as memorable as it is instructive. Each chapter offers a substantial introduction and conclusion, providing students a context for these disparate themes. The clear narrative of a single gifted author makes it easy for students to follow the story of Western civilization. Spielvogel gives the book depth by including over 150 maps and excerpts of over 200 primary sources--including official documents, poems, and songs--that enliven the past while introducing students to source material that forms the basis of historical scholarship. Available in many split options: WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Comprehensive, 6th Edition (Chapters 1-29), ISBN: 0534646026; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume I, To 1715, 6th Edition (Chapters 1-16), ISBN:0534646034; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume II, Since 1500, 6th Edition (Chapters 13-29), ISBN:0534646042; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume A: To 1500, 6th Edition (Chapters 1-12), ISBN: 0534646050; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume B: 1300-1815, 6th Edition (Chapters 11-19), ISBN:0534646069; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Volume C: Since 1789, 6th Edition (Chapters 19-29), ISBN: 0534646077; WESTERN CIVILIZATION, Since 1300, 6th Edition (Chapters 11-29), ISBN:0534646085.

Table of Contents

Documents	xvii
Maps	xx
Chronologies	xxii
Preface	xxiii
Introduction to Students of Western Civilization	xxix
The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations	1	(30)
The First Humans	2	(3)
The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age	2	(1)
The Neolithic Revolution (c. 10,000--4000 B.C.)	3	(2)
The Emergence of Civilization	5	(1)
Civilization in Mesopotamia	6	(10)
The City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia	6	(2)
Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia	8	(1)
The Code of Hammurabi	9	(2)
The Culture of Mesopotamia	11	(5)
Egyptian Civilization: ``The Gift of the Nile''	16	(11)
The Impact of Geography	16	(1)
The Old and Middle Kingdoms	17	(2)
Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt	19	(1)
The Culture of Egypt	19	(3)
Chaos and a New Order: The New Kingdom	22	(1)
Daily Life in Ancient Egypt	23	(4)
On the Fringes of Civilization	27	(4)
The Impact of the Indo-Europeans	27	(2)
Conclusion	29	(1)
Notes	29	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	29	(2)
The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires	31	(20)
The Hebrews: ``The Children of Israel''	32	(6)
The United Kingdom	32	(1)
The Divided Kingdom	32	(2)
The Spiritual Dimensions of Israel	34	(2)
The Social Structure of the Hebrews	36	(2)
The Neighbors of the Israelites	38	(1)
The Assyrian Empire	38	(4)
Organization of the Empire	40	(1)
The Assyrian Military Machine	40	(1)
Assyrian Society and Culture	41	(1)
The Neo-Babylonian Empire	42	(1)
The Persian Empire	43	(8)
Cyrus the Great	43	(1)
Expanding the Empire	44	(1)
Governing the Empire	45	(1)
The Great King	46	(1)
Persian Religion	47	(1)
Conclusion	48	(2)
Notes	50	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	50	(1)
The Civilization of the Greeks	51	(33)
Early Greece	52	(2)
Minoan Crete	52	(2)
The First Greek State: Mycenae	54	(1)
The Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100--c. 750 B.C.)	54	(2)
Homer and Homeric Greece	55	(1)
Homer's Enduring Importance	55	(1)
The World of the Greek City-States (c. 750--c. 500 B.C.)	56	(8)
The Polis	56	(2)
Colonization and the Growth of Trade	58	(1)
Tyranny in the Greek Polis	59	(1)
Sparta	59	(2)
Athens	61	(1)
Greek Culture in the Archaic Age	62	(2)
The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece	64	(7)
The Challenge of Persia	64	(3)
The Growth of an Athenian Empire	67	(2)
The Great Peloponnesian War (431--404 B.C.)	69	(1)
The Decline of the Greek States (404--338 B.C.)	70	(1)
Culture and Society of Classical Greece	71	(13)
The Writing of History	71	(1)
Greek Drama	72	(1)
The Arts: The Classical Ideal	73	(2)
The Greek Love of Wisdom	75	(2)
Greek Religion	77	(1)
Daily Life in Classical Athens	78	(3)
Conclusion	81	(1)
Notes	81	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	82	(2)
The Hellenistic World	84	(22)
Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander	85	(4)
Philip and the Conquest of Greece	85	(1)
Alexander the Great	85	(4)
The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms	89	(4)
Hellenistic Monarchies	89	(2)
The Threats from the Celts	91	(1)
Political and Military Institutions	91	(1)
Hellenistic Cities	92	(1)
Economic Trends	93	(1)
Hellenistic Society	93	(3)
New Opportunities for Upper-Class Women	93	(1)
The Role of Slavery	94	(1)
The Transformation of Education	95	(1)
Culture in the Hellenistic World	96	(5)
New Directions in Literature	96	(1)
Hellenistic Art	97	(1)
A Golden Age of Science and Medicine	98	(1)
Philosophy: New Schools of Thought	99	(2)
Religion in the Hellenistic World	101	(5)
Mystery Religions	101	(1)
The Jews in the Hellenistic World	102	(2)
Conclusion	104	(1)
Notes	104	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	104	(2)
The Roman Republic	106	(31)
The Emergence of Rome	107	(3)
Geography of the Italian Peninsula	107	(1)
The Greeks	107	(1)
The Etruscans	107	(1)
Early Rome	108	(2)
The Roman Republic (c. 509--264 B.C.)	110	(5)
The Roman State	110	(2)
The Roman Conquest of Italy	112	(3)
The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264--133 B.C.)	115	(3)
The Struggle with Carthage	115	(3)
The Eastern Mediterranean	118	(1)
The Nature of Roman Imperialism	118	(1)
Society and Culture in the Roman Republic	118	(7)
Roman Religion	118	(2)
Education: The Importance of Rhetoric	120	(1)
The Growth of Slavery	121	(1)
The Roman Family	122	(1)
The Evolution of Roman Law	123	(1)
The Development of Literature and Art	123	(2)
Values and Attitudes	125	(1)
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133--31 B.C.)	125	(12)
Background: Social, Economic, and Political Problems	125	(2)
The Reforms of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus	127	(1)
Marius and the New Roman Army	127	(1)
The Role of Sulla	128	(1)
The Death of the Republic	128	(4)
Literature in the Late Republic	132	(2)
Conclusion	134	(1)
Notes	134	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	134	(3)
The Roman Empire	137	(28)
The Age of Augustus (31 B.C.--A.D. 14)	138	(5)
The New Order	138	(1)
The Army	139	(1)
Roman Provinces and Frontiers	140	(1)
Augustan Society	141	(1)
A Golden Age of Latin Literature	141	(2)
The Early Empire (14--180)	143	(6)
The Julio-Claudians (14--68)	143	(1)
The Flavians (69--96)	144	(1)
The Five ``Good Emperors'' (96--180)	144	(1)
The Roman Empire at Its Height: Frontiers and Provinces	145	(2)
Prosperity in the Early Empire	147	(2)
Roman Culture and Society in the Early Empire	149	(8)
The Silver Age of Latin Literature	150	(1)
Art in the Early Empire	150	(1)
Imperial Rome	150	(2)
The Gladiatorial Shows	152	(2)
Disaster in Southern Italy	154	(1)
The Art of Medicine	154	(1)
Roman Law in the Early Empire	155	(1)
Slaves and Their Masters	156	(1)
The Upper-Class Roman Family	157	(1)
The Transformation of the Roman World: Crises in the Third Century	157	(1)
Political and Military Woes	157	(1)
Economic and Social Crises	158	(1)
The Transformation of the Roman World: The Rise of Christianity	158	(7)
The Religious World of the Roman Empire	159	(1)
The Jewish Background	159	(1)
The Origins of Christianity	159	(3)
The Growth of Christianity	162	(1)
Conclusion	163	(1)
Notes	163	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	164	(1)
Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World	165	(33)
The Late Roman Empire	166	(6)
The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine	166	(2)
The Empire's New Religion	168	(1)
The End of the Western Empire	169	(3)
The Germanic Kingdoms	172	(5)
The Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy	172	(1)
The Visigothic Kingdom of Spain	173	(1)
The Frankish Kingdom	174	(1)
Anglo-Saxon England	175	(1)
The Society of the Germanic Kingdoms	176	(1)
Development of the Christian Church	177	(9)
The Church Fathers	177	(2)
The Power of the Pope	179	(1)
Church and State	179	(1)
Pope Gregory the Great	180	(1)
The Monks and Their Missions	180	(5)
Christian Intellectual Life in the Germanic Kingdoms	185	(1)
The Byzantine Empire	186	(6)
The Reign of Justinian (527--565)	187	(4)
From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire	191	(1)
The Rise of Islam	192	(6)
Muhammed	192	(1)
The Teachings of Islam	193	(1)
The Spread of Islam	193	(2)
Conclusion	195	(1)
Notes	196	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	197	(1)
European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750--1000	198	(29)
Europeans and the Environment	199	(1)
Farming	199	(1)
The Climate	199	(1)
The World of the Carolingians	199	(9)
Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire (768--814)	199	(4)
The Carolingian Intellectual Renewal	203	(1)
Life in the Carolingian World	204	(4)
Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire	208	(3)
Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries	209	(2)
The Emerging World of Lords and Vassals	211	(7)
Vassalage	211	(2)
Fief-Holding	213	(1)
New Political Configurations in the Tenth Century	214	(1)
The Manorial System	215	(3)
The Zenith of Byzantine Civilization	218	(1)
The Macedonian Dynasty	218	(1)
The Slavic Peoples of Central and Eastern Europe	219	(3)
Western Slavs	220	(1)
Southern Slavs	221	(1)
Eastern Slavs	221	(1)
The Expansion of Islam	222	(5)
The Abbasid Dynasty	222	(1)
Islamic Civilization	223	(2)
Conclusion	225	(1)
Notes	225	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	225	(2)
The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages	227	(27)
Land and People in the High Middle Ages	228	(7)
The New Agriculture	228	(2)
The Life of the Peasantry	230	(1)
The Aristocracy of the High Middle Ages	231	(3)
Marriage Patterns of the Aristocracy	234	(1)
The New World of Trade and Cities	235	(7)
The Revival of Trade	235	(2)
The Growth of Cities	237	(4)
Industry in Medieval Cities	241	(1)
The Intellectual and Artistic World of the High Middle Ages	242	(12)
The Rise of Universities	242	(2)
A Revival of Classical Antiquity	244	(1)
The Development of Scholasticism	245	(1)
The Revival of Roman Law	246	(1)
Literature in the High Middle Ages	247	(1)
Romanesque Architecture: ``A White Mantle of Churches''	248	(1)
The Gothic Cathedral	249	(2)
Conclusion	251	(1)
Notes	251	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	252	(2)
The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power	254	(29)
The Emergence and Growth of European Kingdoms (1000--1300)	255	(10)
England in the High Middle Ages	255	(2)
The Growth of the French Kingdom	257	(3)
Christian Reconquest: The Spanish Kingdoms	260	(1)
The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire: Germany and Italy	261	(2)
New Kingdoms in Northern and Eastern Europe	263	(1)
The Mongol Empire	264	(1)
The Development of Russia	264	(1)
The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic Church	265	(3)
The Problems of Decline	265	(1)
The Cluniac Reform Movement	266	(1)
Reform of the Papacy	266	(2)
Christianity and Medieval Civilization	268	(6)
Growth of the Papal Monarchy	268	(1)
New Religious Orders and Spiritual Ideals	268	(3)
Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages	271	(1)
Voices of Protest and Intolerance	272	(2)
The Crusades	274	(9)
Background to the Crusades	274	(2)
The Early Crusades	276	(2)
The Crusades of the Thirteenth Century	278	(1)
Effects of the Crusades	279	(1)
Conclusion	280	(2)
Notes	282	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	282	(1)
The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century	283	(30)
A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis	284	(7)
Famine and Population	284	(1)
The Black Death	284	(4)
Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval	288	(3)
War and Political Instability	291	(9)
Causes of the Hundred Years' War	291	(1)
Conduct and Course of the War	291	(5)
Political Instability	296	(1)
The Growth of England's Political Institutions	296	(1)
The Problems of the French Kings	297	(1)
The German Monarchy	297	(1)
The States of Italy	298	(2)
The Decline of the Church	300	(4)
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State	300	(1)
The Papacy at Avignon (1305--1377)	300	(1)
The Great Schism	301	(1)
New Thoughts on Church and State and the Rise of Conciliarism	302	(1)
Popular Religion in an Age of Adversity	302	(1)
Changes in Theology	303	(1)
The Cultural World of the Fourteenth Century	304	(3)
The Development of Vernacular Literature	304	(2)
Art and the Black Death	306	(1)
Society in an Age of Adversity	307	(6)
Changes in Urban Life	307	(1)
New Directions in Medicine	308	(1)
Inventions and New Patterns	309	(1)
Conclusion	310	(1)
Notes	311	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	312	(1)
Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance	313	(33)
Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance	314	(1)
The Making of Renaissance Society	314	(6)
Economic Recovery	314	(2)
Social Changes in the Renaissance	316	(2)
The Family in Renaissance Italy	318	(2)
The Italian States in the Renaissance	320	(4)
The Five Major States	320	(1)
Independent City-States	321	(1)
Warfare in Italy	322	(1)
The Birth of Modern Diplomacy	323	(1)
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft	323	(1)
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy	324	(6)
Italian Renaissance Humanism	324	(3)
Education in the Renaissance	327	(1)
Humanism and History	328	(1)
The Impact of Printing	329	(1)
The Artistic Renaissance	330	(7)
Art in the Early Renaissance	330	(2)
The Artistic High Renaissance	332	(3)
The Artist and Social Status	335	(1)
The Northern Artistic Renaissance	336	(1)
Music in the Renaissance	336	(1)
The European State in the Renaissance	337	(5)
The Growth of the French Monarchy	337	(1)
England: Civil War and a New Monarchy	338	(1)
The Unification of Spain	339	(1)
The Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the Habsburgs	339	(1)
The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe	340	(1)
The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire	341	(1)
The Church in the Renaissance	342	(4)
The Problems of Heresy and Reform	342	(1)
The Renaissance Papacy	342	(1)
Conclusion	343	(1)
Notes	344	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	345	(1)
Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century	346	(33)
Prelude to Reformation	347	(3)
Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism	347	(1)
Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation	348	(2)
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany	350	(7)
The Early Luther	350	(2)
The Rise of Lutheranism	352	(1)
Church and State	353	(1)
Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics	354	(3)
The Spread of the Protestant Reformation	357	(6)
Lutheranism in Scandinavia	357	(1)
The Zwinglian Reformation	357	(1)
The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists	358	(2)
The Reformation in England	360	(2)
John Calvin and Calvinism	362	(1)
The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation	363	(3)
The Family	364	(1)
Education in the Reformation	365	(1)
Religious Practices and Popular Culture	365	(1)
The Catholic Reformation	366	(3)
Revival of the Old	366	(1)
The Society of Jesus	367	(1)
A Revived Papacy	368	(1)
The Council of Trent	369	(1)
Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century	369	(10)
The French Wars of Religion (1562--1598)	369	(2)
Philip II and Militant Catholicism	371	(1)
Revolt of the Netherlands	372	(1)
The England of Elizabeth	373	(3)
Conclusion	376	(1)
Notes	377	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	377	(2)
Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500--1800	379	(31)
On the Brink of a New World	380	(2)
The Motives	380	(1)
The Means	381	(1)
New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires	382	(8)
The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire	382	(2)
Voyages to the New World	384	(2)
The Spanish Empire in the New World	386	(4)
New Rivals on the World Stage	390	(11)
Africa: The Slave Trade	391	(3)
The West in Southeast Asia	394	(1)
The French and British in India	395	(2)
China	397	(1)
Japan	398	(1)
The Americas	398	(3)
Toward a World Economy	401	(2)
Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century	401	(1)
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism	401	(1)
Mercantilism	402	(1)
Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization?	402	(1)
The Impact of European Expansion	403	(7)
The Conquered	403	(2)
The Conquerors	405	(2)
Conclusion	407	(1)
Notes	408	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	408	(2)
State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century	410	(38)
Social Crises, War, and Rebellions	411	(6)
The Witchcraft Craze	411	(2)
The Thirty Years' War	413	(3)
A Military Revolution?	416	(1)
Rebellions	417	(1)
The Practice of Absolutism: Western Europe	417	(8)
Absolute Monarchy in France	417	(1)
The Reign of Louis XIV (1643--1715)	418	(6)
The Decline of Spain	424	(1)
Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe	425	(7)
The German States	425	(2)
Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule	427	(1)
Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power	427	(3)
The Great Northern States	430	(1)
The Ottoman Empire	431	(1)
The Limits of Absolutism	432	(1)
Limited Monarchy and Republics	432	(8)
The Weakness of the Polish Monarchy	433	(1)
The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic	433	(1)
England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy	434	(6)
The Flourishing of European Culture	440	(8)
The Changing Faces of Art	440	(3)
A Wondrous Age of Theater	443	(2)
Conclusion	445	(1)
Notes	446	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	446	(2)
Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science	448	(25)
Background to the Scientific Revolution	449	(2)
Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists	449	(1)
Technological Innovations and Mathematics	449	(1)
Renaissance Magic	450	(1)
Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy	451	(8)
Copernicus	451	(2)
Brahe	453	(1)
Kepler	453	(1)
Galileo	454	(3)
Newton	457	(2)
Advances in Medicine and Chemistry	459	(2)
Paracelsus	459	(1)
Vesalius	460	(1)
William Harvey	460	(1)
Chemistry	460	(1)
Women in the Origins of Modern Science	461	(2)
Margaret Cavendish	461	(1)
Maria Merian	461	(1)
Maria Winkelmann	461	(1)
Debates on the Nature of Women	462	(1)
Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind	463	(2)
The Scientific Method and the Spread of Scientific Knowledge	465	(8)
The Scientific Method	465	(1)
The Spread of Scientific Knowledge	465	(2)
Science and Religion	467	(3)
Conclusion	470	(1)
Notes	471	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	471	(2)
The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment	473	(29)
The Enlightenment	474	(11)
The Paths to Enlightenment	474	(2)
The Philosophes and Their Ideas	476	(8)
The Social Environment of the Philosophes	484	(1)
Culture and Society in the Enlightenment	485	(9)
Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature	485	(4)
The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century	489	(2)
Crime and Punishment	491	(1)
The World of Medicine	492	(1)
Popular Culture	493	(1)
Religion and the Churches	494	(8)
The Institutional Church	495	(2)
Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century	497	(2)
Conclusion	499	(1)
Notes	500	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	500	(2)
The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change	502	(30)
The European States	503	(11)
Enlightened Absolutism?	503	(1)
The Atlantic Seaboard States	503	(3)
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe	506	(7)
The Mediterranean World	513	(1)
The Scandinavian States	513	(1)
Enlightened Absolutism Revisited	513	(1)
Wars and Diplomacy	514	(3)
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740--1748)	514	(1)
The Seven Years' War (1756--1763)	514	(3)
European Armies and Warfare	517	(1)
Economic Expansion and Social Change	517	(7)
Growth of the European Population	517	(1)
Family, Marriage, and Birthrate Patterns	518	(3)
An Agricultural Revolution?	521	(1)
New Methods of Finance	521	(1)
European Industry	522	(2)
The Social Order of the Eighteenth Century	524	(8)
The Peasants	524	(1)
The Nobility	525	(2)
The Inhabitants of Towns and Cities	527	(2)
Conclusion	529	(2)
Notes	531	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	531	(1)
A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon	532	(30)
The Beginning of the Revolutionary Era: The American Revolution	533	(1)
The War for Independence	533	(3)
Forming a New Nation	534	(1)
Impact of the American Revolution on Europe	534	(2)
Background to the French Revolution	536	(2)
Social Structure of the Old Regime	536	(1)
Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy	537	(1)
The French Revolution	538	(14)
From Estates-General to a National Assembly	538	(2)
Destruction of the Old Regime	540	(4)
The Radical Revolution	544	(7)
Reaction and the Directory	551	(1)
The Age of Napoleon	552	(10)
The Rise of Napoleon	552	(2)
The Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon	554	(2)
Napoleon's Empire and the European Response	556	(3)
Conclusion	559	(1)
Notes	560	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	561	(1)
The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society	562	(27)
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain	563	(7)
Origins	563	(2)
Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization	565	(4)
Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851	569	(1)
The Spread of Industrialization	570	(6)
Limitations to Industrialization	570	(3)
Centers of Continental Industrialization	573	(1)
The Industrial Revolution in the United States	573	(2)
Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the Nonindustrialized World	575	(1)
The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution	576	(13)
Population Growth	576	(1)
The Growth of Cities	576	(3)
New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class	579	(1)
New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age	580	(3)
Standards of Living	583	(1)
Efforts at Change: The Workers	584	(1)
Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government	585	(2)
Conclusion	587	(1)
Notes	587	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	588	(1)
Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815--1850	589	(31)
The Conservative Order (1815--1830)	590	(8)
The Peace Settlement	590	(2)
The Ideology of Conservatism	592	(1)
Conservative Domination: The Concert of Europe	593	(1)
Conservative Domination: The European States	594	(4)
The Ideologies of Change	598	(5)
Liberalism	598	(1)
Nationalism	599	(2)
Early Socialism	601	(2)
Revolution and Reform (1830--1850)	603	(7)
Another French Revolution	603	(1)
Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and Italy	603	(1)
Reform in Great Britain	604	(1)
The Revolutions of 1848	605	(4)
The Maturing of the United States	609	(1)
The Emergence of an Ordered Society	610	(3)
New Police Forces	610	(2)
Prison Reform	612	(1)
Culture in an Age of Reaction and Revolution: The Mood of Romanticism	613	(7)
The Characteristics of Romanticism	613	(1)
Romantic Poets	613	(2)
Romanticism in Art	615	(1)
Romanticism in Music	616	(1)
The Revival of Religion in the Age of Romanticism	617	(1)
Conclusion	617	(1)
Notes	618	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	618	(2)
An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850--1871	620	(31)
The France of Napoleon III	621	(4)
Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire	621	(1)
The Second Napoleonic Empire	621	(2)
Foreign Policy: The Mexican Adventure	623	(1)
Foreign Policy: The Crimean War	623	(2)
National Unification: Italy and Germany	625	(6)
The Unification of Italy	625	(2)
The Unification of Germany	627	(4)
Nation Building and Reform: The National State in Mid-Century	631	(7)
The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy	631	(2)
Imperial Russia	633	(2)
Great Britain: The Victorian Age	635	(1)
The United States: Slavery and War	636	(1)
The Emergence of a Canadian Nation	637	(1)
Industrialization and the Marxist Response	638	(3)
Industrialization on the Continent	638	(1)
Marx and Marxism	639	(2)
Science and Culture in an Age of Realism	641	(10)
A New Age of Science	641	(1)
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution	642	(1)
A Revolution in Health Care	642	(3)
Science and the Study of Society	645	(1)
Realism in Literature	646	(1)
Realism in Art	646	(1)
Music: The Twilight of Romanticism	647	(1)
Conclusion	648	(1)
Notes	649	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	650	(1)
The Mass Society in an ``Age of Progress,'' 1871--1894	651	(30)
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity	652	(8)
New Products	652	(1)
New Markets	653	(1)
New Patterns in an Industrial Economy	654	(3)
Women and Work: New Job Opportunities	657	(1)
Organizing the Working Classes	658	(2)
The Emergence of a Mass Society	660	(13)
Population Growth	661	(1)
Emigration	661	(1)
Transformation of the Urban Environment	661	(4)
Social Structure of the Mass Society	665	(1)
``The Woman Question'': The Role of Women	666	(3)
Education in the Mass Society	669	(2)
Mass Leisure	671	(2)
The National State	673	(8)
Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy	673	(2)
Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order	675	(3)
Conclusion	678	(1)
Notes	679	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	679	(2)
An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894--1914	681	(36)
Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural Developments	682	(10)
Developments in the Sciences: The Emergence of a New Physics	682	(1)
Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational	683	(1)
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis	684	(1)
The Impact of Darwin	685	(1)
The Attack on Christianity	686	(1)
The Culture of Modernity: Literature	687	(1)
Modernism in the Arts	687	(4)
Modernism in Music	691	(1)
Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties	692	(9)
The Movement for Women's Rights	692	(3)
Jews in the European Nation-State	695	(2)
The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain and Italy	697	(1)
France: Travails of the Third Republic	697	(1)
Growing Tensions in Germany	698	(1)
Austria-Hungary: The Problem of the Nationalities	698	(1)
Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia	699	(1)
The Rise of the United States	700	(1)
The Growth of Canada	701	(1)
The New Imperialism	701	(9)
Causes of the New Imperialism	701	(1)
The Scramble for Africa	702	(3)
Imperialism in Asia	705	(3)
Responses to Imperialism	708	(2)
Results of the New Imperialism	710	(1)
International Rivalry and the Coming of War	710	(7)
The Bismarckian System	710	(1)
New Directions and New Crises	711	(3)
Conclusion	714	(1)
Notes	715	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	715	(2)
The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution	717	(33)
The Road to World War I	718	(4)
Nationalism	718	(1)
Internal Dissent	718	(1)
Militarism	719	(1)
The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914	719	(3)
The War	722	(14)
1914--1915: Illusions and Stalemate	722	(1)
1916--1917: The Great Slaughter	723	(2)
The Widening of the War	725	(4)
A New Kind of Warfare	729	(1)
The Home Front: The Impact of Total War	730	(6)
War and Revolution	736	(8)
The Russian Revolution	736	(6)
The Last Year of the War	742	(1)
Revolutionary Upheavals in Germany and Austria-Hungary	743	(1)
The Peace Settlement	744	(6)
Peace Aims	744	(1)
The Treaty of Versailles	745	(1)
The Other Peace Treaties	746	(1)
Conclusion	747	(1)
Notes	748	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	748	(2)
The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919--1939	750	(32)
An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security	751	(3)
The French Policy of Coercion (1919--1924)	751	(1)
The Hopeful Years (1924--1929)	752	(1)
The Great Depression	752	(2)
The Democratic States	754	(4)
Great Britain	755	(1)
France	756	(1)
The Scandinavian States	756	(1)
The United States	756	(1)
European States and the World: The Colonial Empires	757	(1)
Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States	758	(15)
Fascist Italy	759	(3)
Hitler and Nazi Germany	762	(7)
The Soviet Union	769	(2)
Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe	771	(2)
Dictatorship in the Iberian Peninsula	773	(1)
The Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure	774	(2)
Radio and Movies	774	(1)
Mass Leisure	775	(1)
Cultural and Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years	776	(6)
Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music	776	(2)
The Search for the Unconscious in Literature	778	(1)
The Unconscious in Psychology: Carl Jung	779	(1)
The ``Heroic Age of Physics''	779	(1)
Conclusion	780	(1)
Notes	780	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	781	(1)
The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War II	782	(32)
Prelude to War (1933--1939)	783	(7)
The Role of Hitler	783	(1)
The ``Diplomatic Revolution'' (1933--1936)	783	(2)
The Path to War in Europe (1937--1939)	785	(3)
The Path to War in Asia	788	(2)
The Course of World War II	790	(7)
Victory and Stalemate	790	(2)
The War in Asia	792	(1)
The Turning Point of the War (1942--1943)	792	(2)
The Last Years of the War	794	(3)
The New Order	797	(6)
The Nazi Empire	797	(1)
Resistance Movements	798	(1)
The Holocaust	799	(3)
The New Order in Asia	802	(1)
The Home Front	803	(5)
The Mobilization of Peoples	803	(3)
Frontline Civilians: The Bombing of Cities	806	(2)
Aftermath of the War: Cold War	808	(6)
The Conference at Teheran	808	(1)
Intensifying Differences	809	(1)
Emergence of the Cold War	810	(1)
Conclusion	811	(1)
Notes	812	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	813	(1)
Cold War and a New Western World, 1945--1973	814	(36)
Development of the Cold War	815	(6)
Confrontation of the Superpowers	815	(2)
Globalization of the Cold War	817	(4)
Europe and the World: Decolonization	821	(7)
Africa: The Struggle for Independence	822	(2)
Conflict in the Middle East	824	(1)
Asia: Nationalism and Communism	825	(2)
Decolonization and Cold War Rivalries	827	(1)
Recovery and Renewal in Europe	828	(7)
The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev	828	(1)
Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain	829	(2)
Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy	831	(4)
Western Europe: The Move Toward Unity	835	(1)
The United States and Canada: A New Era	835	(2)
American Politics and Society in the 1950s	835	(1)
Decade of Upheaval: America in the 1960s	836	(1)
The Development of Canada	837	(1)
Postwar Society and Culture in the Western World	837	(13)
The Structure of European Society	837	(1)
Creation of the Welfare State	838	(1)
Women in the Postwar Western World	839	(2)
The Permissive Society	841	(1)
Education and Student Revolt	842	(2)
Postwar Art and Literature	844	(1)
The Philosophical Dilemma: Existentialism	845	(1)
The Explosion of Popular Culture	846	(1)
Conclusion	847	(1)
Notes	848	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	849	(1)
The Contemporary Western World Since 1973	850	(37)
Toward a New Western Order	851	(16)
The Revolutionary Era in the Soviet Union	851	(4)
Eastern Europe: The Revolutions of 1989 and Collapse of the Communist Order	855	(2)
The Reunification of Germany	857	(1)
The Disintegration of Yugoslavia	858	(2)
Western Europe: The Winds of Change	860	(4)
The Unification of Europe	864	(2)
The United States: Turmoil, Tranquillity, and Terrorism	866	(1)
Contemporary Canada	867	(1)
After the Cold War: New World Order or Age of Terrorism?	867	(3)
The End of the Cold War	868	(1)
An Age of Terrorism?	869	(1)
Terrorist Attack on the United States	869	(1)
The West and Islam	870	(1)
New Directions and New Problems in Western Society	870	(4)
Transformation in Women's Lives	871	(1)
Guest Workers and Immigrants	872	(1)
The Environment and the Green Movements	872	(2)
Western Culture Today	874	(8)
Postmodern Thought	874	(1)
Trends in Art, Literature, and Music	874	(3)
Varieties of Religious Life	877	(1)
The World of Science and Technology	877	(2)
Popular Culture: Image and Globalization	879	(3)
Toward a Global Civilization?	882	(5)
Notes	884	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	885	(2)
Glossary	887	(8)
Pronunciation Guide	895	(8)
Credits	903	(12)
Index	915