Western Heritage : Combined Edition

by Kagan, Donald M.; Ozment, Steven; Turner, Frank M.

• ISBN13: 9780131828391
• ISBN10: 0131828398
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This authoritative book presents an engaging and accessible narrative account of the central developments in Western history. Seamlessly integrating coverage of social, cultural and political history, this book is presented in a flexible chronological organization, helping readers grasp the most significant developments that occurred during a single historical period, laying a useful foundation for the chapters to follow. Attempts to reflect the unprecedented impact of globalization on this century by featuring extensive coverage of popular culture, the relationship between Islam and the West, and the contribution of women in the history of Western Civilization. Some featured essay topics include ancient athletics, religious festivals, medieval games, diets, attitudes towards bathing, and the politics of rock music in the late 20th Century. Particular attention paid to women artists such as Artemisia Gentileschi, Rachel Ruysch, Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun, Lady Butler, and Elizabeth Whiteread--through Art and the West essays. Great coverage of the experience of women in Western civilization, particularly new scholarship on women in the ancient world and the Middle Ages, during the scientific and industrial revolutions and under authoritarian governments of the twentieth century. Major sections on Islam and the Ottoman Empire cover topics such as the rise and decline of the Ottoman Empire from the 17th through the 20th centuries; Islam and the Enlightenment; Islam and the Romantic movement; Islam and Modernity; the French colonization of Algeria, from 1830-1962; Islamic immigration in the 20th-century Europe, and Islamic terrorism before and after September 11, 2001. For use by history career professionals.

Table of Contents

PART 1 THE FOUNDATIONS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT WORLD	1	(191)
1 THE BIRTH OF CIVILIZATION	4	(32)
Early Humans and Their Culture	6	(3)
The Paleolithic Age	6	(1)
The Neolithic Age	7	(2)
The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization	9	(1)
Early Civilizations to about 1000 B.C.E.	9	(6)
Mesopotamian Civilization	9	(6)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Divination in Ancient Mesopotamia	15	(21)
Egyptian Civilization	16	(9)
Ancient Near Eastern Empires	25	(3)
The Hittites	25	(1)
The Assyrians	26	(1)
The Second Assyrian Empire	26	(1)
The Neo-Babylonians	27	(1)
Palestine	28	(1)
The Canaanites and the Phoenicians	28	(1)
The Israelites	28	(1)
The Jewish Religion	28	(1)
General Outlook of Mideastern Cultures	29	(3)
Humans and Nature	29	(1)
Humans and the Gods, Law, and Justice	30	(2)
Toward the Greeks and Western Thought	32	(1)
In Perspective	33	(1)
Review Questions	33	(1)
Suggested Readings	34	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	34	(1)
ART & THE WEST
A Monument to a King's Triumph: The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin	35	(1)
2 THE RISE OF GREEK CIVILIZATION	36	(34)
The Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to about 1150 B.C.E.	38	(4)
The Minoans	38	(1)
The Mycenaeans	39	(3)
The Greek "Middle Ages" to about 750 B.C.E.	42	(3)
Greek Migrations	42	(1)
The Age of Homer	42	(3)
The Polis	45	(1)
The Development of the Polis	45	(1)
The Hoplite Phalanx	45	(1)
The Importance of the Polis	46	(1)
Expansion of the Greek World	46	(2)
Magna Graecia	46	(1)
The Greek Colony	46	(1)
The Tyrants (about 700-500 B.C.E.)	47	(1)
The Major States	48	(7)
Sparta	48	(3)
Athens	51	(4)
Life in Archaic Greece	55	(4)
Society	55	(3)
Religion	58	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Greek Athletics	59	(11)
Poetry	60	(1)
The Persian Wars	61	(5)
The Persian Empire	61	(1)
The Ionian Rebellion	62	(1)
The War in Greece	63	(3)
In Perspective	66	(1)
Review Questions	67	(1)
Suggested Readings	67	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	68	(1)
ART & THE WEST
A Funeral Scene in Eighth-Century B.C.E. Greece: The Dipylon Vase	69	(1)
3 CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC GREECE	70	(40)
Aftermath of Victory	72	(1)
The Delian League	72	(1)
The Rise of Cimon	73	(1)
The First Peloponnesian War: Athens against Sparta	73	(1)
The Thasian Rebellion	73	(1)
The Breach with Sparta	73	(1)
The Division of Greece	73	(1)
Classical Greece	74	(2)
The Athenian Empire	74	(1)
Athenian Democracy	75	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST The Parathamit Festival	76	(34)
The Women of Athens: Legal Status and Everyday Life	77	(4)
Slavery	81	(1)
The Great Peloponnesian War	82	(2)
Causes	83	(1)
Strategic Stalemate	83	(1)
The Fall of Athens	83	(1)
Competition for Leadership in the Fourth Century B.C.E.	84	(1)
The Hegemony of Sparta	84	(1)
The Hegemony of Thebes: The Second Athenian Empire	85	(1)
The Culture of Classical Greece	85	(12)
The Fifth Century E.C.E.	85	(6)
The Fourth Century B.C.E.	91	(1)
Philosophy and the Crisis of the Polis	92	(5)
The Hellenistic World	97	(6)
The Macedonian Conquest	97	(2)
Alexander the Great	99	(3)
The Successors	102	(1)
Hellenistic Culture	103	(3)
Philosophy	103	(1)
Literature	104	(1)
Architecture and Sculpture	105	(1)
Mathematics and Science	105	(1)
In Perspective	106	(1)
Review Questions	107	(1)
Suggested Readings	108	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	108	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Victory and Nobility in Bronze: The Charioteer of Delphi	109	(1)
4 ROME: FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE	110	(36)
Prehistoric Italy	112	(1)
The Etruscans	112	(1)
Government	112	(1)
Religion	112	(1)
Women	113	(1)
Dominion	113	(1)
Royal Rome	113	(2)
Government	113	(1)
The Family	114	(1)
Women in Early Rome	115	(1)
Clientage	115	(1)
Patricians and Plebeians	115	(1)
The Republic	115	(8)
Constitution	115	(3)
The Conquest of Italy	118	(1)
Rome and Carthage	119	(3)
The Republic's Conquest of the Hellenistic World	122	(1)
Civilization in the Early Roman Republic	123	(2)
Religion	123	(1)
Education	123	(2)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Roman Comedy	125	(21)
Slavery	127	(2)
Roman Imperialism: The Late Republic	129	(7)
The Aftermath of Conquest	130	(1)
The Gracchi	130	(3)
Marius and Sulla	133	(3)
The Fall of the Republic	136	(6)
Pompey, Grassus, Caesar and Cicero	136	(1)
Formation of the First Triumvirate	137	(1)
Julius Caesar and His Government of Rome	137	(3)
The Second Triumvirate and the Emergence of Octavian	140	(2)
In Perspective	142	(1)
Review Questions	143	(1)
Suggested Readings	143	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	144	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Family and Honor: A Roman Patrician with the Busts of His Ancestors	145	(1)
5 THE ROMAN EMPIRE	146	(46)
The Augustarv Principale	148	(2)
Administration	148	(1)
The Army and Defense	149	(1)
Religion and Morality	149	(1)
Civilization of the Ciceronen and Augustaa Ages	150	(4)
The Late Republic	150	(1)
The Age of Augustus	151	(3)
Imperial Rome 14-180 C.E.	154	(11)
The Emperors	154	(2)
The Administration of the Empire	156	(4)
Women of the Upper Classes	160	(1)
Life in Imperial Rome: The Apartment House	161	(1)
The Culture of the Early Empire	162	(3)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Chariot Racing	165	(29)
The Rise of Christianity	166	(4)
Jesus of Nazareth	166	(2)
Paul of Tarsus	168	(1)
Organization	168	(1)
The Persecution of Christians	169	(1)
The Emergence of Catholicism	169	(1)
Rome as a Center of the Early Church	170	(1)
The Crisis of the Third Century	170	(2)
Barbarian Invasions	170	(1)
Economic Difficulties	171	(1)
The Social Order	171	(1)
Civil Disorder	172	(1)
The Late Empire	172	(8)
The Fourth Century and Imperial Reorganization	172	(3)
The Triumph of Christianity	175	(5)
Arts and Letters in the Late Empire	180	(2)
The Preservation of Classical Culture	180	(1)
Christian Writers	180	(2)
The Problem of the Decline and Fall of the Empire in the West	182	(1)
In Perspective	182	(1)
Review Questions	183	(1)
Suggested Readings	183	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	184	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Portrait of a Young Woman from Pompeii	185	(1)
THE WEST & THE WORLD:
Ancient Warfare	186	(6)
PART 2 THE MIDDLE AGES, 476-1300	192	(96)
6 THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES: CREATING A NEW EUROPEAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE (476-1000)	194	(34)
On the Eve of the Frankisk Ascendancy	196	(1)
Germanic Migrations	196	(1)
Fall of the Roman Empire	197	(1)
The Byzantine Empire	197	(5)
The Reign of Justinian	198	(4)
Eastern Influences	202	(1)
Islam and the Islamic World	202	(3)
Muhammad's Religion	203	(1)
Islamic Diversity	204	(1)
Islamic Empires	205	(1)
The Western Debt to Islamic Culture	205	(1)
Western Society and the Developing Christian Church	205	(5)
Monastic Culture	207	(1)
The Doctrine of Papal Primacy	208	(1)
The Division o f Christendom	209	(1)
The Kingdom of the Franks	210	(7)
Merovingians and the Carolingians: From Clovis to Charlemagne	210	(2)
The Reign of Charlemagne (768-814)	212	(5)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Medieval Cooking	217	(11)
Breakup of the Carolingian Kingdom	218	(3)
Feudal Society	221	(3)
Origins	221	(1)
Vassalage and the Fief	222	(1)
Fragmentation and Divided Loyalty	223	(1)
In Perspective	224	(1)
Review Questions	224	(1)
Suggested Readings	225	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	225	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Hagia Sophia: A Temple Surpassing that of Solomon	226	(2)
7 THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES: THE RISE OF EUROPEAN EMPIRES AND STATES (1000-1300)	228	(28)
Otto I and the Revival of the Empire	230	(1)
Unifying Germany	230	(1)
Embracing the Church	230	(1)
The Reviving Catholic Church	231	(11)
The Cluny Reform Movement	231	(1)
The Investiture Struggle: Gregory VII and Henry IV	232	(2)
The First Crusades	234	(4)
The Pontificate of Innocent III (r. 1198-1216)	238	(4)
England and France: Hastings (1066) to Bouvines (1214)	242	(4)
William the Conqueror	242	(1)
Henry II	243	(1)
Eleanor of Aquitaine and Court Culture	243	(1)
Popular Rebellion and Magna Carta	244	(1)
Philip H Augustus	245	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Pilgrimage	246	(10)
France in the Thirteenth Century: The Reign of Louis IX	247	(1)
Generosity Abroad	247	(1)
Order and Excellence at Home	247	(1)
The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152-1272)	248	(4)
Frederick I Barbarossa	248	(3)
Henry VI and the Sicilian Connection	251	(1)
Otto IV and the Welf Interregnum	251	(1)
Frederick II	251	(1)
In Perspective	252	(1)
Review Questions	253	(1)
Suggested Readings	253	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	253	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Salisbury Cathedral: A Church Filled with Light	254	(2)
8 MEDIEVAL SOCIETY: HIERARCHIES, TOWNS, UNIVERSITIES, AND FAMILIES (1000-1300)	256	(32)
The Traditional Order of Life	258	(2)
Nobles	258	(2)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Warrior Games	260	(30)
Clergy	261	(2)
Peasants	263	(2)
Towns and Townspeople	265	(6)
The Chartering of Towns	266	(1)
The Rise of Merchants	267	(1)
Challenging the Old Lords	267	(1)
New Models of Government	268	(1)
Towns and Kings	269	(1)
Jews in Christian Society	270	(1)
Schools and Universities	271	(6)
University of Bologna	271	(1)
Cathedral Schools	272	(1)
University of Paris	272	(1)
The Curriculum	273	(2)
Philosophy and Theology	275	(2)
Women in Medieval Society	277	(1)
The Lives of Children	278	(2)
In Perspective	280	(1)
Review Questions	280	(1)
Suggested Readings	281	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	281	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Illuminated Manuscripts: The Luttrell Psalter	282	(2)
THE WEST & THE WORLD:
The Invention of Printing in China and Europe	284	(4)
PART 3 EUROPE IN TRANSITION, 1300-1750	288	(298)
9 THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL BREAKDOWN (1300-1527)	290	(26)
The Hundred Years' War and the Rise of National Sentiment	292	(4)
Causes of the War	292	(1)
Progress of the War	293	(3)
The Black Death	296	(3)
Preconditions and Causes	296	(2)
Popular Remedies	298	(1)
Social and Economic Consequences	298	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Medieval Medicine	299	(17)
New Conflicts and Opportunities	301	(1)
Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival:
The Late Medieval Church	302	(7)
The Thirteenth-Century Papacy	302	(1)
Boniface VIII and Philip the Fall	303	(1)
The Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)	304	(2)
John Wycliffe and John Huss	306	(2)
The Great Schism (1378-1417) and the Conciliar Movement to 1449	308	(1)
Medieval Russia	309	(3)
Politics and Society	309	(1)
Mongol Rule (1243-1480)	310	(1)
Liberation	311	(1)
In Perspective	312	(1)
Review Questions	312	(1)
Suggested Readings	312	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	313	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Images of Death in the Late Middle Ages	314	(2)
10 RENAISSANCE AND DISCOVERY	316	(36)
The Renaissance in Italy (1375-1527)	318	(4)
The Italian City-State	319	(2)
Humanism	321	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST The Garden	322	(30)
Renaissance Art	327	(1)
Slavery in the Renaissance	328	(2)
Italy's Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494-1527)	330	(3)
The Treaty of Lodi	330	(1)
Charles VIII's March through Italy	331	(1)
Pope Alexander VI and the Borgis Family	331	(1)
Pope Julius II	332	(1)
Niccolò Machiavelli	333	(1)
Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe	333	(4)
France	335	(1)
Spain	335	(1)
England	336	(1)
The Holy Roman Empire	336	(1)
The Northern Renaissance	337	(3)
The Printing Press	337	(1)
Erasmus	338	(1)
Humanism and Reform	339	(1)
Voyages of Discovery and the New Empire in the West	340	(9)
Gold and Spices	340	(1)
The Spanish Empire in the New World	341	(1)
A Conquered World	342	(3)
The Church in Spanish America	345	(1)
The Economy of Exploitation	345	(2)
The Impact on Europe	347	(2)
In Perspective	349	(1)
Review Questions	349	(1)
Suggested Readings	350	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	350	(1)
ART & THE WEST
An Unprecedented Self-Portrait	351	(1)
11 THE AGE OF REFORMATION	352	(36)
Society and Religion	354	(2)
Social and Political Conflict	354	(1)
Popular Religious Movements and Criticism of the Church	354	(2)
Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525	356	(5)
Justification by Faith Alone	357	(1)
The Attack on Indulgences	357	(1)
Election of Charles V	358	(1)
Luther's Excommunication and the Diet of Worms	359	(1)
Imperial Distractions: France and the Turks	360	(1)
How the Reformation Spread	360	(1)
The Peasant's Revolt	360	(1)
The Reformation Elsewhere	361	(5)
Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation	361	(3)
Anabaptists and Radical Protestants	364	(1)
John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation	365	(1)
Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation	366	(2)
The Diet of Augsburg	366	(1)
The Expansion of the Reformation	367	(1)
Reaction against Protestants: The Interim	367	(1)
The Peace of Augsburg	367	(1)
The English Reformation to 1553	368	(2)
The Preconditions of Reform	368	(1)
The King's Affair	368	(1)
The "Reformation Parliament"	368	(1)
Wives of Henry VIII	369	(1)
The King's Religious Conservatism	369	(1)
The Protestant Reformation under Edward V7	370	(1)
Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation	370	(4)
Sources of Catholic Reform	370	(1)
Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits	371	(1)
The Council of Trent (1545-1563)	372	(2)
The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe	374	(4)
The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions	375	(1)
The Reformation and Education	376	(1)
The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women	377	(1)
Family Life in Early Modern Europe	378	(2)
Later Marriages	378	(1)
Arranged Marriages	379	(1)
Family Size	379	(1)
Birth Control	379	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Table Manners	380	(8)
Wet Nursing	381	(1)
Loving Families?	381	(1)
Literary Imagination in Transition	381	(3)
Miguel de Cervantes Saaverdra: Rejection of Idealism	381	(2)
William Shakespeare: Dramatist of the Age	383	(1)
In Perspective	384	(1)
Review Questions	384	(1)
Suggested Readings	385	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	385	(2)
ART & THE WEST
Lucas Cranach's Portrait of Martin Luther and Katherine von Bora	387	(1)
12 THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS	388	(28)
Renewed Religious Struggle	390	(1)
The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)	391	(4)
Anti-Protestant Measures and the Struggle for Political Power	391	(1)
Appeal of Calvinism	391	(1)
Catherine de Médicis and the Guises	392	(1)
The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre	393	(1)
The Edict of Nantes	394	(1)
Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II (r. 1556-1598)	395	(6)
Pillars of Spanish Power	395	(2)
The Revolt in the Netherlands	397	(4)
England and Spain (1553-1603)	401	(3)
Mary 7	401	(1)
Elizabeth I	401	(3)
The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)	404	(2)
Preconditions for War	405	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Going to the Theater	406	(10)
Four Periods of War	409	(4)
The Treaty of Westphalia	413	(1)
In Perspective	413	(1)
Review Questions	413	(1)
Suggested Readings	414	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	414	(1)
ART & THE WEST
A Woman Paints Her Life and Times	415	(1)
13 PATHS TO CONSTITUTIONALISM AND ABSOLUTISM: ENGLAND AND FRANCE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY	416	(32)
Two Models of European Political
Development	418	(2)
Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England	420	(2)
James I	420	(2)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Early Controversy over Tobacco and Smoking	422	(26)
Charles 7	423	(2)
Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic	425	(2)
Charles II and the Restoration the Monarchy	427	(2)
James II and Renewed Fears a Catholic England	429	(1)
The "Glorious Revolution"	429	(1)
Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France	430	(13)
Henry IV and Sully	431	(1)
Louis XIII and Richelieu	431	(1)
Young Louis XIV and Mazarin	432	(1)
The Years of Louis XIV's Personal Rule	432	(1)
King by Divine Right	433	(1)
Versailles	433	(1)
Suppression of the Jansenists	434	(1)
Government Geared for Warfare	435	(1)
Louis's Early Wars	436	(1)
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes	437	(1)
Louis's Later Wars	437	(5)
Louis XIV's Legacy	442	(1)
In Perspective	443	(1)
Review Questions	444	(1)
Suggested Readings	444	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	445	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Rigaud's Louis XIV The State Portrait	446	(2)
14 NEW DIRECTIONS IN THOUGHT AND CULTURE IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES	448	(32)
The Scientific Revolution	450	(4)
Nicholaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-centered Universe	450	(2)
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Make New Scientific Observations	452	(1)
Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe Mathematical Laws	453	(1)
Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws Gravitation	454	(1)
Philosophy Responds to Changing Science	454	(8)
Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method	455	(1)
René Descartes: The Method of Rational Deduction	456	(3)
Thomas Hobbes: Apologist for Absolutism	459	(2)
John Locke: Defender of Moderate Liberty and Toleration	461	(1)
The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge	462	(2)
Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution	464	(3)
The New Science and Religious Faith	467	(3)
The Case of Galileo	467	(1)
Blaise Pascal: Reason and Faith	467	(2)
The English Approach to Science and Religion	469	(1)
Continuing Superstition	470	(5)
Witch Hunts and Panic	471	(1)
Village Origins	472	(1)
Influence of the Clergy	473	(1)
Why Women?	473	(1)
End of the Witch Hunts	473	(2)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Midwives	475	(5)
In Perspective	476	(1)
Review Questions	476	(1)
Suggested Readings	476	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	477	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Vermeer's The Geographer and The Astronomer: Painting and The New Knowledge	478	(2)
15 SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL PATHS TO POWER (1686-1 740)	480	(32)
The Maritime Powers	482	(8)
The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline	482	(2)
France after Louis XIV	484	(2)
Great Britain: The Age of Walpole	486	(4)
Central and Eastern Europe and the Ottoman Empire	490	(11)
Sweden: The Ambitions of Charles XII	491	(1)
The Ottoman Empire	492	(3)
Poland: Absence of Strong Central Authority	495	(1)
The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction	496	(1)
Prussia and the Hohenzollerns	497	(4)
Russia Enters the European Political Arena	501	(2)
Birth of the Romannu Dynasty	501	(1)
Peter the Great	501	(1)
Taming the Streltsy and Boyars	502	(1)
Developing a Navy	502	(1)
Russian Expansion in the Baltic: The Great Northern War	502	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Public Executions	503	(9)
Founding St. Petersburg	504	(1)
Reorganizing Domestic Administration	505	(1)
The Case of Peter's Son Aleksei	505	(1)
Reforming of Peter the Great's Final Years	505	(2)
In Perspective	507	(1)
Review Questions	508	(1)
Suggested Readings	508	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	509	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Rachel Ruysch, Flower Still Life: Flowers, Commerce, and Morality	510	(2)
16 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY UNDER THE OLD REGIME IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY	512	(38)
Major Features of Life in the Old Regime	514	(1)
Maintenance of Tradition	514	(1)
Hierarchy and Privilege	514	(1)
The Aristocracy	514	(3)
Varieties of Aristocratic Privilege	515	(1)
Aristocratic Resurgence	516	(1)
The Land and Its Tifiers	517	(2)
Peasants and Serfs	517	(2)
Aristocratic Domination the Countryside: The English Game Laws	519	(1)
Family Structures and Family Economy	519	(7)
Households	521	(1)
The Family Economy	522	(1)
Women and the Family Economy	523	(1)
Children and the World the Family Economy	524	(2)
The Revolution in Agriculture	526	(3)
Expansion of the Population	528	(1)
The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century	529	(10)
A Revolution in Consumption	530	(1)
Industrial Leadership of Great Britain	530	(2)
New Methods of Textile Production	532	(1)
The Steam Engine	533	(1)
Iron Production	533	(2)
The Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions Working Women	535	(4)
The Growth of Cities	539	(2)
Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization	539	(1)
Urban Classes	540	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Water, Washing, and Bathing	541	(9)
The Urban Riot	543	(1)
The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto	544	(2)
In Perspective	546	(1)
Review Questions	547	(1)
Suggested Readings	547	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	547	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Two Scenes of Domestic Life in the Old Regime	548	(2)
17 THE TRANSATLANTIC ECONOMY, TRADE WARS, AND COLONIAL REBELLION	550	(36)
Periods of European Overseas Empires	552	(1)
Mercantile Empires	553	(1)
Mercantilist Goals	553	(1)
French-British Rivalry	554	(1)
The Spanish Colonial System	554	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Sugars Enters the Western Diet	555	(33)
Colonial Government	556	(1)
Trade Regulation	556	(1)
Colonial Reform under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs	556	(4)
Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy	560	(7)
The African Presence in the Americas	560	(2)
Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy	562	(1)
The Experience of Slavery	562	(5)
Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars	567	(5)
The War of Jenkins's Ear	567	(1)
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)	568	(1)
The "Diplomatic Revolution" of 1756	569	(1)
The Seven Years' War (1756-1763)	569	(3)
The American Revolution and Europe	572	(6)
Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue	572	(1)
The Crisis and Independence	573	(1)
American Political Ideas	574	(1)
Events in Great Britain	574	(3)
Broader Impact of the American Revolution	577	(1)
In Perspective	578	(1)
Review Questions	578	(1)
Suggested Readings	579	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	579	(1)
ART & THE WEST
A Dramatic Moment in the Transatlantic World: Copley's Watson and the Shark	580	(2)
THE WEST & THE WORLD:
The Columbian Exchange: Disease, Animals, and Agriculture	582	(4)
PART 4 ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION	586	(192)
18 THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT: EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY THOUGHT	588	(36)
The Philosophes	590	(2)
Voltaire-First Among the Philosophes	591	(1)
Formative Influences on the Enlightenment	592	(2)
Ideas of Newton and Locke	592	(1)
The Example of British Toleration and Stability	592	(1)
The Emergence of a Print Culture	593	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Coffeehouses and Enlightenment	594	(30)
The Encyclopedia	595	(2)
The Enlightenment and Religion	597	(6)
Deism	597	(1)
Toleration	598	(1)
Radical Enlightenment Criticism Christianity	598	(1)
Jewish Thinkers in the Age Enlightenment	598	(3)
Islam in Enlightenment Thought	601	(2)
The Enlightenment and Society	603	(1)
Beccaria and Reform of Criminal Law	603	(1)
The Physiocrats and Economic Freedom	603	(1)
Adam Smith on Economic Growth and Social Progress	603	(1)
Political Thought of the Philosophes	604	(3)
Montesquieu and Spirit of the Laws	604	(1)
Rousseau: A Radical Critique Modern Society	605	(2)
Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment	607	(3)
Enlightened Absolutism	610	(10)
Frederick the Great of Prussia	612	(1)
Joseph II of Austria	612	(3)
Catherine the Great of Russia	615	(2)
The Partition of Poland	617	(1)
The End of the Eighteenth Century in Central and Eastern Europe	618	(2)
In Perspective	620	(1)
Review Questions	620	(1)
Suggested Readings	620	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	621	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Joseph Wright, An Experiment on a Bird in the Air-Pump: Science in the Drawing Room	622	(2)
19 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION	624	(42)
The Crisis of the French Monarchy	626	(1)
The Monarchy Seeks New Taxes	626	(1)
Calonne's Reform Plan and the Assembly of Notables	627	(1)
Deadlock and the Calling the Estates General	627	(1)
The Revolution of 1789	627	(10)
The Estates General Becomes the National Assembly	630	(2)
Fall of the Bastille	632	(2)
The "Great Fear" and the Night August 4	634	(2)
The Declaration of the Rights Man and Citizen	636	(1)
The Parisian Women's March Versailles	636	(1)
The Reconstruction of France	637	(3)
Political Reorganization	637	(1)
Economic Policy	638	(2)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST The Metric System	640	(26)
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy	642	(1)
Couterrevolutionary Activity	642	(2)
The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution	644	(4)
The Convention and the Role the Sans-culottes	645	(3)
Europe at War with the Revolution	648	(1)
Edmund Burke Attacks the Revolution	648	(1)
Suppression of Reform in Britain	649	(1)
War with Europe	649	(1)
The Reign of Terror	649	(8)
The Republic Defended	651	(1)
The "Republic of Virtue" and Robespierre's justification of Terror	651	(2)
Repression of the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women	653	(2)
De-Christianization	655	(1)
Revolutionary Tribunals	655	(1)
The End of Terror	655	(2)
The Thermidorian Reaction	657	(2)
Establishment of the Directory	659	(1)
Removal of the Sans-culottes from Political Life	659	(2)
In Perspective	661	(1)
Review Questions	661	(1)
Suggested Readings	662	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	663
ART & THE WEST
Jacques-Louis David Champions Republican Values: Lictors Bringing to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons	644	(22)
20 THE AGE OF NAPOLEON AND THE TRIUMPH OF ROMANTICISM	666	(38)
The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte	668	(1)
Early Military Victories	668	(1)
The Constitution of the Year VIII	668	(1)
The Consulate in France (1799-1804)	669	(2)
Suppressing Foreign Enemies and Domestic Opposition	669	(2)
Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church	671	(1)
The Napoleonic Code	671	(1)
Establishing a Dynasty	671	(1)
Napoleon's Empire (1804-1814)	671	(3)
Conquering an Empire	672	(2)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Sailors and Canned Food	674	(30)
The Continental System	676	(1)
European Response to the Empire	676	(5)
German Nationalism and Prussian Reform	676	(3)
The Wars of Liberation	679	(1)
The Invasion of Russia	679	(2)
European Coalition	681	(1)
The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement	681	(4)
Territorial Adjustments	683	(1)
The Hundred Days and the Quadruple Alliance	684	(1)
The Romantic Movement	685	(2)
Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason	687	(1)
Rousseau and Education	687	(1)
Kant and Reason	687	(1)
Romantic Literature	688	(4)
The English Romantic Writers	689	(3)
The German Romantic Writers	692	(1)
Religion in the Romantic Period	692	(2)
Methodism	692	(2)
New Directions in Continental Religion	694	(1)
Romantic Views of Nationalism and History	694	(5)
Herder and Culture	694	(1)
Hegel and History	695	(1)
Islam, The Middle East, and Romanticism	696	(3)
In Perspective	699	(1)
Review Questions	699	(1)
Suggested Readings	700	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	701	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Francisco Goya Memorializes a Night of Executions: The Third of May, 1808	702	(2)
21 THE CONSERVATIVE ORDER AND THE CHALLENGES OF REFORM (1815-1832)	704	(38)
The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism	706	(4)
The Emergence of Nationalism	706	(1)
Early Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism	707	(3)
Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order	710	(4)
Conservative Outlooks	710	(1)
Liberalism and Nationalism Resisted in Austria and the Germanies	711	(1)
Postwar Repression in Great Britain	712	(2)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Dueling in Germany	714	(28)
Bourbon Restoration in France	715	(1)
The Conservative International Order	716	(3)
The Congress System	717	(1)
The Spanish Revolution of 1820	717	(1)
Revolt Against Ottoman Rule in the Balkans	718	(1)
The Wars of Independence in Latin America	719	(5)
The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe	724	(8)
Russia: The Decembrist Revolt of 1825	724	(2)
Revolution in France (1830)	726	(3)
Belgium Becomes Independent (1830)	729	(1)
The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832)	730	(2)
In Perspective	732	(1)
Review Questions	732	(1)
Suggested Readings	733	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	733	(1)
ART & THE WEST
John Constable's Harmonious Landscapes in Unstable Times	734	(2)
THE WEST & THE WORLD:
The Abolition of Slavery in the Transatlantic Economy	736	(6)
22 ECONOMIC ADVANCE AND SOCIAL UNREST (1830-1850)	742	(36)
Toward an Industrial Society	744	(1)
Britain's Industrial Leadership	744	(1)
Population and Migration	744	(1)
Railways	745	(1)
The Labor Force	745	(2)
Proletarianization of Factory
Workers and Urban Artisans	746	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST The Potato and the Great Hunger in Ireland	747	(33)
Working-Class Political Action: The Example of British Chartistu	750	(1)
Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution	750	(2)
Family in the Early Factory System	751	(1)
Women in the Early Industrial Revolution	752	(4)
Opportunities and Exploitation in Employment	752	(1)
Changing Expectations in Working-Class Marriage	753	(3)
Problems of Crime and Order	756	(1)
New Police Forces	756	(1)
Prison Reform	756	(1)
Classical Economics	757	(3)
Malthus on Population	758	(1)
Ricardo on Wages	758	(1)
Government Policies Based on Classical Economics	759	(1)
Early Socialism	760	(4)
Utopian Socialism	760	(1)
Anarchism	761	(1)
Marxism	762	(2)
1848: Year of Revolutions	764	(10)
France: The Second Republic and Louis Napoleon	764	(5)
The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism Resisted	769	(3)
Italy: Republicanism Defeated	772	(1)
Germany: Liberalism Frustrated	772	(2)
In Perspective	774	(1)
Review Questions	774	(1)
Suggested Readings	775	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	775	(1)
ART & THE WEST
J.M.W. Turner, Rain, Steam, and Speed-The Great Western Railway	776	(2)
PART 5 TOWARD THE MODERN WORLD	778	(216)
23 THE AGE OF NATIONSTATES	780	(34)
The Crimean War (1853-1856)	782	(1)
Reforms in the Ottoman Empire	782	(2)
Italian Unification	784	(4)
Romantic Republicans	784	(1)
Cavour's Policy	785	(1)
The New Italian State	786	(2)
German Unification	788	(3)
Bismarck	788	(2)
The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire (1870-1871)	790	(1)
France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic	791	(5)
The Paris Commune	792	(1)
The Third Republic	793	(2)
The Dreyfus Affair	795	(1)
The Habsburg Empire	796	(5)
Formation of the Dual Monarchy	797	(1)
Unrest of Nationalities	797	(4)
Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary Stirrings	801	(3)
Reforms of Alexander II	801	(1)
Revolutionaries	802	(2)
Great Britain: Toward Democracy	804	(2)
The Second Reform Act (1867)	805	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST The Arrival of Penny Postage	806	(8)
Gladstone's Great Ministry (1868-1874)	807	(1)
Disraeli in Office (1874-1880)	807	(1)
The Irish Question	807	(2)
In Perspective	809	(1)
Review Questions	810	(1)
Suggested Readings	810	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	811	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Elizabeth Thompson, Lady Butler, Roll Call after an Engagement, Crimea (1874)	812	(2)
24 THE BUILDING OF EUROPEAN SUPREMACY: SOCIETY AND POLITICS TO WORLD WAR I	814	(38)
Population Trends and Migration	816	(1)
The Second Industrial Revolution	816	(2)
New Industries	816	(1)
Economic Difficulties	817	(1)
The Middle Classes in Ascendancy	818	(1)
Social Distinctions within the Middle Classes	818	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Bicycles: Transportation, Freedom, and Sport	819	(33)
Late Nineteenth-Century Urban Life	820	(4)
The Redesign of Cities	820	(2)
Urban Sanitation, Housing Reform, and Middle-Class Values	822	(2)
Varieties of Late Nineteenth-Century Women's Experiences	824	(10)
Social Disabilities Confronted by All Women	824	(2)
New Employment Patterns for Women	826	(1)
Working-Class Women	827	(1)
Poverty and Prostitution	828	(1)
Women of the Middle Class	828	(3)
The Rise of Political Feminism	831	(3)
Jewish Emancipation	834	(1)
Differing Degrees of Citizenship	834	(1)
Broadened Opportunities	835	(1)
Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I	835	(12)
Trade Unionism	836	(1)
Democracy and Political Parties	837	(1)
Karl Marx and the First International	837	(1)
Great Britain: Fabianism and Early Welfare Programs	838	(1)
France: "Opportunism" Rejected	838	(1)
Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism	839	(1)
Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevism	840	(7)
In Perspective	847	(1)
Review Questions	847	(1)
Suggested Readings	847	(2)
Documents CD-ROM	849	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Édouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergere: Painting Modern Life	850	(2)
25 THE BIRTH OF MODERN EUROPEAN THOUGHT	852	(32)
The New Reading Public	854	(1)
Advances in Primary Education	854	(1)
Reading Material for the Mass Audience	854	(1)
Science at Midcentury	855	(1)
Comte, Positivism, and the Prestige of Science	855	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST The Birth of Science Fiction	856	(28)
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection	857	(1)
Science and Ethics	858	(1)
Christianity and the Church under Siege	859	(5)
Intellectual Skepticism	859	(1)
Conflict between Church and State	860	(1)
Areas of Religious Revival	861	(1)
The Roman Catholic Church and the Modern World	861	(1)
Islam and Late-Nineteenth-Century European Thought	862	(2)
Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind	864	(11)
Science: The Revolution in Physics	864	(1)
Literature: Realism and Naturalism	865	(2)
Modernism	867	(1)
Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt against Reason	868	(1)
The Birth of Psychoanalysis	869	(2)
Retreat from Rationalism in Politics	871	(1)
Racism	871	(2)
Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism	873	(2)
Women and Modern Thought	875	(5)
Antifeminism in Late-Century Thought	875	(2)
New Directions in Feminism	877	(3)
In Perspective	880	(1)
Review Questions	880	(1)
Suggested Readings	880	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	881	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Cubism Changes the Shape of Painting	882	(2)
26 IMPERIALISM, ALLIANCES, AND WAR	884	(48)
Expansion of European Power and the New Imperialism	886	(6)
The New Imperialism	886	(1)
Motives for the New Imperialism: The Economic Interpretation	887	(1)
Cultural, Religious, and Social interpretations	888	(1)
Strategic and Political Interpretations: The Scramble for Africa	888	(3)
The Irrational Element	891	(1)
Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873-1890)	892	(6)
Bismarck's Leadership (1873-1890)	892	(4)
Forging of the Triple Entente (1890-1907)	896	(2)
World War I	898	(11)
The Road to War (1908-1914)	898	(2)
Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War (June-August 1914)	900	(3)
Strategies and Stalemate: 1914-1917	903	(6)
The Russian Revolution	909	(2)
The Provisional Government	909	(1)
Lenin and the Bolsheviks	909	(1)
The Communist Dictatorship	910	(1)
The End of World War I	911	(4)
Germany's Last Offensive	912	(1)
German Republican Government Accepts Defeat	912	(2)
Ottoman Empire: The Creation of the Modern Near East	914	(1)
The Settlement at Paris	915	(2)
Obstacles Faced by the Peacemakers	916	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST War Propaganda and the Movies: Charlie Chaplin	917	(15)
The Peace	918	(3)
Evaluation of the Peace	921	(1)
In Perspective	922	(1)
Review Questions	922	(1)
Suggested Readings	923	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	923	(1)
ART & THE WEST
John Singer Sargent, Gassed: The Horrors of Modern War	924	(2)
THE WEST & THE WORLD:
Imperialism: Ancient and Modern	926	(6)
27 POLITICL EXPERIMENTS OF THE 1920's	932	(32)
Political and Economic Factors after the Paris Settlement	934	(2)
New Governments	934	(1)
Demands for Revision of the Paris Settlement	934	(1)
Postwar Economic Problems	934	(1)
New Roles for Government and Labor	935	(1)
The Soviet Experiment Begins	936	(5)
War Communism	936	(2)
The New Economic Policy	938	(1)
Stalin Versus Trotsky	938	(1)
The Third International	939	(2)
Women and the Family in the Early Soviet Union	941	(1)
The Fascist Experiment in Italy	941	(5)
The Rise of Mussolini	943	(2)
The Fascists in Power	945	(1)
Motherhood for the Nation in Fascist Italy	946	(1)
Joyless Victors	946	(4)
France: The Search for Security	946	(2)
Great Britain: Economic Confusion	948	(2)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST The Coming of Radio: The BBC	950	(14)
Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe	951	(3)
Economic and Ethnic Pressures	951	(1)
Poland: Democracy to Military Rule	952	(1)
Czechoslovakia: A Viable Democratic Experiment	952	(1)
Hungary: Turmoil and Authoritarianism	952	(1)
Austria: Political Turmoil and Nazi Conquest	953	(1)
Southeastern Europe: Royal Dictatorships	953	(1)
The Weimar Republic in Germany	954	(6)
Constitutional Flaws	954	(1)
Lack of Broad Popular Support	954	(1)
Invasion of the Ruhr and inflation	954	(1)
Hitler's Early Career	955	(3)
The Stresemann Years	958	(1)
Locarno	959	(1)
In Perspective	960	(1)
Review Questions	960	(1)
Suggested Readings	960	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	961	(1)
ART & THE WEST
George Grosz Satirizes Germany's Social and Political Elite	962	(2)
28 EUROPE AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION OF THE 1930's	964	(30)
Toward the Great Depression	966	(3)
The Financial Tailspin	966	(1)
Problems in Agriculture Commodities	967	(1)
Depression and Government Policy	968	(1)
Confronting the Great Depression in the Democracies	969	(3)
Great Britain The National Government	969	(1)
France: The Popular Front	970	(2)
Germany: The Nazi Seizure of Power	972	(2)
Depression and Political Deadlock	972	(1)
Hitler Comes to Power	972	(1)
Hitler's Consolidation of Power	973	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Cinema of the Political Left and Right	974	(22)
The Police State and Anti-Semitism	975	(2)
Racial Ideology and the Lives of Women	977	(2)
Nazi Economic Policy	979	(3)
Italy: Fascist Economics	982	(1)
Syndicates	982	(1)
Corporations	983	(1)
The Soviet Union: Central Economic Planning, Collectivization, and Party Purges	983	(8)
The Decision for Rapid Industrialization	983	(2)
The Collectivization of Agriculture	985	(2)
Flight to the Soviet Cities	987	(1)
Urban Consumer Shortages	987	(1)
Foreign Reactions and Repercussions	987	(1)
The Purges	988	(3)
In Perspective	991	(1)
Review Questions	991	(1)
Suggested Readings	991	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	992	(1)
ART & THE WEST
René Magritte, The Human Condition: Exploring illusion and Reality	993	(1)
PART 6 GLOBAL CONFLICT, COLD WAR, AND NEW DIRECTIONS	994
29 WORLD WAR II	996	(40)
Again the Road to War (1933-1939	998	(6)
Hitler's Goals	998	(1)
Italy Attacks Ethiopia	999	(1)
Remilitarization of the Rhineland	1000	(1)
The Spanish Civil War	1000	(1)
Austria and Czechoslovakia	1001	(1)
Munich	1002	(2)
The Nazi-Soviet Pact	1004	(1)
World War II (1939-1945)	1004	(8)
The German Conquest of Europe	1004	(2)
The Battle of Britain	1006	(1)
The German Attack on Russia	1007	(1)
Hitler's Plans for Europe	1008	(2)
Japan and the United States Enter the War	1010	(1)
The Tide Turns	1010	(2)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Rosie the Riveter and American Women in the War Effort	1012	(24)
The Defeat of Nazi Germany	1015	(1)
Fall of the Japanese Empire	1015	(2)
The Cost of War	1017	(1)
Racism and the Holocaust	1018	(5)
The Destruction of the Polish Jewish Community	1018	(2)
Polish Anti-Semitism Between the Wars	1020	(1)
The Nazi Assault on the Jews of Poland	1020	(1)
Explanations of the Holocaust	1021	(2)
The Domestic Fronts	1023	(6)
Germany: From Apparent Victory to Defeat	1023	(2)
France: Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance	1025	(2)
Great Britain: Organization for Victory	1027	(1)
The Soviet Union: "The Great Patriotic War"	1028	(1)
Preparations for Peace	1029	(3)
The Atlantic Charter	1030	(1)
Tehran: Agreement on a Second Front	1030	(1)
Yalta	1031	(1)
Potsdam	1031	(1)
In Perspective	1032	(1)
Review Questions	1033	(1)
Suggested Readings	1033	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	1034	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Picasso's Guernica	1035	(1)
30 THE COLD WAR ERA AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE NEW EUROPE	1036	(48)
The Emergence of the Cold War	1038	(9)
Containment in American Foreign Policy	1039	(2)
Soviet Assertion of Domination of Eastern Europe	1041	(1)
The Postwar Division of Germany	1042	(2)
NATO and the Warsaw Pact	1044	(1)
The Creation of the State of Israel	1045	(1)
The Korean War	1046	(1)
The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet Union	1047	(1)
The Last Years of Stalin	1047	(1)
Khrushchev's Domestic Policies	1048	(1)
The Three Crises of 1956	1048	(2)
The Suez Intervention	1048	(1)
Poland's Efforts Toward Independent Action	1049	(1)
Uprising in Hungary	1050	(1)
Later Cold War Confrontations	1050	(2)
Collapse of the 1960 Paris Summit Conference	1050	(1)
The Berlin Wall	1051	(1)
The Cuban Missile Crisis	1051	(1)
Brezhnev and the Invasion of Czechoslovakia	1052	(1)
Decolonization: The European Retreat from Empire	1052	(5)
Major Areas of Colonial Withdrawal	1053	(1)
India	1054	(1)
Further British Retreat from Empire	1055	(2)
The Turmoil of French Decolonization	1057	(4)
France and Algeria	1057	(1)
France and Vietnam	1058	(1)
Vietnam Drawn into the Cold War	1059	(1)
Direct U.S. Involvement	1060	(1)
Western European Political Developments during the Cold War	1061	(1)
Christian Democratic Parties	1061	(1)
Economic Concerns within Western Europe	1062	(1)
Toward Western European Unification	1062	(1)
Postwar Cooperation	1062	(1)
The European Economic Community	1062	(1)
The European Union	1062	(1)
The Brezhnev Era in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe	1063	(3)
The United States and Détente	1063	(1)
Invasion of Afghanistan	1064	(1)
Communism and Solidarity in Poland	1064	(2)
Relations with the Reagan Administration	1066	(1)
The Collapse of European Communism	1066	(2)
Gorbachev Redirects the Soviet Union	1066	(2)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Rock Music and Political Protest	1068	(16)
1989: Year of Revolution in Eastern Europe	1069	(2)
The Collapse of the Soviet Union	1071	(3)
The Yeltsin Decade	1074	(1)
The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War	1075	(3)
Implications of the Collapse of Communism	1078	(1)
Europe at the Opening of the Global Century	1079	(1)
Review Questions	1079	(1)
Suggested Readings	1080	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	1081	(1)
ART & THE WEST
Cultural Divisions and the Cold War	1082	(2)
31 THE WEST AT THE DAWN OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY	1084
The Twentieth-Century Movement of People	1086	(3)
External and Internal Migration	1086	(1)
The New Muslim Population	1087	(2)
European Population Trends	1089	(1)
The Welfare State	1089	(1)
New Patterns in the Work and Expectations of Women	1090	(3)
Feminism	1090	(2)
More Married Women in the Work Force	1092	(1)
New Work Patterns	1092	(1)
Women in the New Eastern Europe	1093	(1)
Transformations in Knowledge and Culture	1093	(6)
Communism and Western Europe	1094	(1)
Existentialism	1095	(2)
Expansion of the University
Population and Student Rebellion	1097	(1)
The Americanization of Europe	1097	(1)
A Consumer Society	1098	(1)
Environmentalism	1098	(1)
ENCOUNTERING THE PAST Toys from Europe Conquer the United States	1099
The Christian Heritage	1101	(3)
Neo-Orthodoxy	1102	(1)
Liberal Theology	1102	(1)
Roman Catholic Reform	1102	(2)
Late Twentieth-Century Technology: The Arrival of the Computer	1104	(2)
The Demand for Calculating Machines	1105	(1)
Early Computer Technology	1105	(1)
The Development of Desktop Computers	1105	(1)
The Rise of Radical Political Islamism	1106	(5)
Arab Nationalism	1107	(1)
The Iranian Revolution	1107	(1)
Invasion of Afghanistan	1108	(1)
Dispersion of Afghan Muslim Fighters	1108	(2)
A Transformed West	1110	(1)
In Perspective	1111	(1)
Review Questions	1111	(1)
Suggested Readings	1112	(1)
Documents CD-ROM	1113	(1)
ART & THE WEST
The Minimalist Movement: Rachel Whiteread's House and Nameless Library	1114	(2)
THE WEST & THE WORLD:
Energy and the Modern World	1116
Glossary G-1
Index I-1

Excerpts

The heritage of Western civilization is a major point of departure for understanding the twenty-first century. The unprecedented globalization of daily life that is a hallmark of our era has occurred in large measure through the spread of Western technological, economic, and political influences. From the sixteenth century onwards, the West has exerted vast influences throughout the globe for both good and ill, and today's global citizens live in the wake of that impact. It is the goal of this book to introduce its readers to the Western heritage, so that they may be better informed and more culturally sensitive citizens of the emerging global age. The attacks upon the mainland of the United States on September 11, 2001 and the events that have succeeded those attacks have concentrated the attention of teachers, students, and informed citizens upon the heritage and future of Western civilization as have no other events since the end of World War II. Whereas previously commentary about global civilization involved analysis of the spread of Western economic, technological, and political influences, such commentary now requires us to explain how the West has defined itself over many centuries and to think about how the West will articulate its core values as it confronts new and daunting challenges. Twenty years ago, the West defined itself mainly in terms of the East-West tensions associated with the Cold War. The West is now in the process of defining itself in terms of global rivalries arising from conflict with political groups that are not identical with nation states and that define themselves in terms of opposition to what they understand the West to be. We have thus entered a new era in which citizens of the West need to understand how their culture, values, economy, and political outlooks have emerged. They cannot leave it to those who would attack the West to define Western civilization or to articulate its values. SinceThe Western Heritagefirst appeared, we have sought to provide our readers with a work that does justice to the richness and variety of Western civilization. We hope that such an understanding of the West will foster lively debate about its character, values, institutions, and global influence. Indeed, we believe such a critical outlook on their own culture has characterized the peoples of the West since its earliest history. Through such debates we define ourselves and the values of our culture. Consequently, we welcome the debate and hope thatThe Western Heritage,eighth edition, can help foster a genuinely informed discussion through its overview of Western civilization, the West's strengths and weaknesses, and the controversies surrounding Western history. Human beings make, experience, and record their history. In this edition as in past editions, our goal has been to present Western civilization fairly, accurately, and in a way that does justice to its great variety of human enterprise. History has many facets, no one of which alone can account for the others. Any attempt to tell the story of the West from a single overarching perspective, no matter how timely, is bound to neglect or suppress some important parts of that story. Like all authors of introductory texts, we have had to make choices, but we have attempted to provide the broadest possible introduction to Western civilization. To that end we hope that the many documents included in this book will allow the widest possible spectrum of people to give personal voice to their experiences over the centuries and will enable our readers to share that experience. We also believe that any book addressing the experience of the West must also look beyond its historical European borders. Students reading this book come from a wide variety of cultures and experiences. They live in a world of highly interconnected economies and instant communication between cultures. In this emerging multicultural society it