The Western World A Narrative History, Prehistory to Present

by Esler, Anthony, Professor Emeritus

• ISBN13: 9780134956237
• ISBN10: 0134956230
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1996-12-04
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This comprehensive yet streamlined narrative history of the Western world brings the stories of ordinary people as well as famous leaders and events to life. This book offers exceptionally broad social and geographical coverage highlighting the global setting of Western history and emphasizing the effects of the West's repeated encounters with the non-Western world.

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
Introduction: What is the Western World?	xiv
PART I Ancient Times	1	(126)
Volume I: Chapters 1-14
Shadows of the Pyramids The World Before the West	3	(29)
Prehistoric Peoples	3	(7)
Paleolithic Food-Gathering Peoples	4	(2)
Neolithic Food-Producing Peoples	6	(2)
The Emergence of Civilization	8	(2)
Mesopotamia and the First Cities	10	(6)
The City-States of Sumer	10	(2)
The Empires of Ur and Babylon	12	(1)
The Assyrian Empire	13	(2)
High Culture in Mesopotamia	15	(1)
Egypt and the Growth of Centralized Monarchy	16	(7)
A Kingdom Emerges Along the Nile	16	(1)
Old Kingdom Egypt: The Pyramid Builders	17	(1)
Middle Kingdom Egypt: Transition to Empire	18	(1)
New Kingdom Egypt and the Egyptian Empire	19	(2)
The Culture of the Nile	21	(2)
Persia Unites the Near East	23	(4)
The Near East in Tumult	23	(1)
The Hittites and the Phoenicians	24	(1)
The Persian Empire	25	(2)
The Hebrews and Ethical Monotheism	27	(5)
The Rise of the Hebrews	27	(1)
Hebrew Society	28	(1)
The Prophetic Age	28	(2)
Summary	30	(1)
Some Key Terms	30	(1)
Notes	30	(1)
Reading List	31	(1)
White Cities by the Sea The Greek City-States	32	(28)
The Rise of the Greek City-States	33	(9)
The Greek World: Geography and Culture	34	(2)
Minoans and Mycenaeans	36	(1)
The Greek City-States	37	(2)
Greek Colonies and Commercial Expansion	39	(1)
The Emergence of Athenian Democracy	40	(2)
The Age of Pericles	42	(8)
The Persian Wars	42	(3)
Pericles	45	(1)
Fifth-Century Greek Society	46	(1)
The Athenian Empire	46	(1)
The Peloponnesian Wars	47	(3)
Classical Greek Culture	50	(10)
Religion and History	50	(1)
Greek Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle	51	(1)
Greek Poetry from Homer to Sappho	52	(2)
Greek Drama: Tragedy and Comedy	54	(1)
The Art of the Acropolis	55	(2)
Summary	57	(1)
Some Key Terms	58	(1)
Notes	58	(1)
Reading List	58	(2)
Athena and Isis The Hellenistic World	60	(18)
Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age	60	(5)
Philip Unifies Greece	61	(1)
Alexander Conquers Persia	62	(2)
The Hellenistic Monarchies	64	(1)
Hellenistic Society	65	(3)
Wealth and Poverty	66
Social Tensions	64	(3)
The Hellenization of the East	67	(1)
Hellenistic Culture	68	(10)
The Arts: Realism and Sentimentalism	69	(1)
Literature: From Comical to Pastoral	70	(2)
Science: The Hellenistic Flowering	72	(1)
Religion: Growth of the Mystery Cults	73	(1)
Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, and Cynics	74	(1)
Summary	75	(1)
Some Key Terms	76	(1)
Notes	76	(1)
Reading List	76	(2)
The City on the Seven Hills The Roman Republic	78	(25)
Roman Beginnings	80	(3)
Rome and the Mediterranean	80	(1)
Early Roman Society	81	(2)
Early Political Institutions	83	(1)
The Struggle of the Orders	83	(6)
The Expansion of Rome	84	(1)
The Conquest of Italy	84	(1)
The Wars with Carthage	85	(3)
The Conquest of the East	88	(1)
Disorder and Civil Strife	89	(7)
Social Strains	90	(1)
The Roman Civil War	91	(2)
The Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar	93	(2)
The Triumph of Augustus	95	(1)
Roman Culture	96	(7)
The Hellenization of Rome	96	(1)
Roman Literature	97	(2)
Roman Law	99	(1)
Roman Art and Engineering	99	(1)
Summary	100	(1)
Some Key Terms	100	(1)
Notes	101	(1)
Reading List	101	(2)
The Power of the Caesars The Roman Empire	103	(24)
The Roman Peace	104	(8)
Augustus and the Golden Age	104	(2)
Emperors of the First and Second Centuries	106	(2)
Imperial Government	108	(2)
Economic Expansion	110	(1)
Social Life in Ancient Rome	110	(2)
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire	112	(5)
Breakdown and Recovery	112	(2)
Fifth-Century Collapse	114	(2)
Why Did Rome Fall?	116	(1)
The Rise of Christianity	117	(3)
Judaism and Jesus	117	(2)
The Message of Christ	119	(1)
The Christian Church Takes Shape	120	(7)
Christianity Under the Sign of the Fish	120	(2)
The Emergence of the Church	122	(1)
Heresy and Schism	123	(1)
The Fathers of the Church	124	(1)
Summary	124	(1)
Some Key Terms	125	(1)
Notes	125	(1)
Reading List	125	(2)
PART II The Centuries of Christendom	127	(112)
Out of the Ruins The Early Middle Ages	129	(23)
Centuries of Struggle	130	(8)
Germanic Kingdoms of the Early Middle Ages	130	(2)
Charlemagne's Empire	132	(3)
Raiders and Settlers: Vikings, Arabs, Magyars	135	(2)
Efforts at State Building: Alfred and Canute	137	(1)
Early Medieval Society	138	(5)
Royal Government in the Early Middle Ages	138	(1)
Feudal Politics	139	(2)
Manorial Agriculture	141	(2)
The Spread of Christianity	143	(4)
Early Medieval Popes---Gregory the Great	144	(1)
Missionaries	145	(1)
Monks and Nuns	146	(1)
Early Medieval Culture	147	(5)
Literature and Scholarship	147	(1)
The Celtic Flowering	148	(1)
The Carolingian Renaissance	148	(1)
Summary	149	(1)
Some Key Terms	150	(1)
Notes	150	(1)
Reading List	150	(2)
Sailing to Byzantium Europe's Eastern Neighbors	152	(26)
The Byzantine Empire	153	(8)
Byzantine Origins	153	(1)
Justinian and Theodora	154	(2)
The Power of Byzantine Autocracy	156	(2)
The Wealth of Constantinople	158	(1)
Byzantine Art and Thought	159	(2)
Kievan Russia	161	(5)
Eastern Europe and Its Peoples	161	(1)
The Slavs and the Varargian Princes	162	(1)
The Impact of Byzantium	163	(1)
The Age of Yaroslav the Wise	164	(2)
The Arab Empire	166	(12)
The Desert Peoples	166	(1)
The Vision of Muhammad	167	(2)
The Arab Conquests	169	(2)
The Arab Caliphs	171	(1)
Unity and Disunity in the Muslim World	172	(1)
The Arab Golden Age	173	(2)
Summary	175	(1)
Some Key Terms	175	(1)
Notes	176	(1)
Reading List	176	(2)
When the Cathedrals Were White The High Middle Ages	178	(32)
The Revival of Trade and Towns	179	(5)
Agricultural Improvements	179	(1)
The Resurgence of Trade	179	(2)
The Growth of Cities	181	(3)
The Commercial Revolution	184	(1)
The Feudal Monarchies	184	(7)
The Emergence of Feudal Monarchy	185	(1)
The Capetians: Philip Augustus, St. Louis, and Royal Power in France	185	(1)
From William the Conqueror to the First Parliament in England	186	(3)
Imperial Power in Germany: Otto the Great, Frederick Barbarossa, and Frederick II	189	(2)
The Medieval Church Triumphant	191	(5)
Corruption, Hersey, Friars, and Inquisitors	192	(1)
Church Reform and Papal Power: From Gregory VII to Innocent III	193	(3)
Women in the High Medieval Church	196	(1)
High Medieval Society and Culture	196	(6)
The Religious Culture of the Age of Faith	197	(1)
Gothic Architecture and Art	197	(1)
Scholasticism and the Twelfth-Century Renaissance	198	(2)
Chivalric Culture and Courtly Love	200	(1)
Jewish Life and Culture	201	(1)
The Medieval Expansion of Europe	202	(8)
The Reconquista and the Drang nach Osten	202	(1)
The Crusades	203	(2)
The Crusader States	205	(1)
Summary	206	(1)
Some Key Terms	207	(1)
Notes	207	(1)
Reading List	207	(3)
Apocalypse The End of the Middle Ages	210	(29)
Plague, Depression, and Social Strife	210	(7)
The Black Death	211	(3)
Economic Decline and Stagnation	214	(1)
Social Disarry	215	(2)
The Hundred Years' War	217	(7)
Causes of Conflict	218	(1)
Edward III and English Victories	219	(1)
Henry V, Joan of Arc, and the Turn of the Tide	220	(1)
Marauding Mercenaries and Bastard Feudalism	221	(1)
The Monarchies Challenged	222	(2)
The Church Divided	224	(4)
The Avignon Papacy	224	(2)
The Great Schism	226	(1)
Mysticism, Lay Piety, and Resurgent Heresy	227	(1)
Mongol and Muslim Attacks	228	(4)
The Decline of Kievan Russia and the Byzantine Empire	228	(2)
The Yoke of the Golden Horde	230	(1)
The Fall of Constantinople	231	(1)
The Survival of the West	232	(7)
The Growth of Government	232	(1)
Business Recovery	233	(2)
Late Medieval Art	235	(1)
The Climax of Medieval Literature: Dante and Chaucer	235	(2)
Summary	237	(1)
Some Key Terms	237	(1)
Notes	237	(1)
Reading List	237	(2)
PART III The Early Modern West	239	(130)
The West Reborn The Renaissance	241	(29)
Economic Revival	241	(6)
Renewed Population Growth	242	(1)
Agriculture, Trade, and Technology	243	(1)
Renaissance Cities	244	(1)
Renaissance Merchant Bankers	245	(2)
Renaissance Princes	247	(8)
The Revival of Political Power	247	(1)
Renaissance Despots: The Medici and the Borgias	248	(1)
The Spider King and the First Tudor	249	(2)
Ferdinand and Isabella	251	(2)
Czars and Emperors	253	(2)
An Evolving Society	255	(3)
The New Aristocracy	255	(1)
Women in the Renaissance	256	(1)
Cities and Villages	256	(1)
The Jews in the Renaissance	257	(1)
Humanism and Literature	258	(4)
Rediscovering the Classics	258	(1)
Humanist Social Thought	259	(1)
Innovative Spirits: Petrarch to Cervantes	260	(1)
Shakespeare and the English Renaissance	261	(1)
Renaissance Art	262	(8)
Renaissance Painting	262	(1)
Italian Painters: Giotto to Titian	263	(1)
Northern Painters: Durer to El Greco	264	(1)
Architecture and Sculpture	265	(1)
Women and Renaissance Art	266	(1)
Summary	266	(1)
Some Key Terms	267	(1)
Notes	267	(1)
Reading List	268	(2)
Faith and Fury The Reformation	270	(27)
The Lutheran Revolution	270	(5)
Martin Luther's Religious Crisis	271	(1)
The Religious Core of Protestantism	271	(2)
The Spread of Lutheranism	273	(2)
Secular Sources of Revolt	275	(1)
Calvinism and the International Protestant Movement	275	(4)
Calvin's Theology	276	(1)
Calvinist Geneva	277	(1)
Anabaptists and Other Sects	277	(1)
Protestantism and Society	278	(1)
The Catholic Reformation	279	(2)
The Reformation Popes	279	(1)
The Catholic Counterattack	279	(1)
Loyola and the Jesuits	280	(1)
The Nation-States in the Sixteenth Century	281	(7)
Henry VIII and the English Reformation	281	(1)
Francis I and the French Monarchy	282	(1)
Charles V and the Habsburg Predominance	282	(2)
Good Queen Bess	284	(2)
Philip II and the Power of Spain	286	(1)
Ivan the Terrible and the Growth of Russian Autocracy	287	(1)
The Wars of Religion	288	(1)
The Habsburg-Valois Wars	288	(1)
The Reformation Wars	289	(8)
The French Wars of Religion	290	(1)
The Dutch Revolt	291	(2)
The Birth of Toleration	293	(1)
Summary	294	(1)
Some Key Terms	295	(1)
Notes	295	(1)
Reading List	295	(2)
Volume II: Chapters 12-30
I Am the State The Age of Absolutism	297	(25)
The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century	297	(6)
The Thirty Years' War	298	(2)
The Midcentury Rebellions	300	(1)
Famine, Depression, and Disease	301	(1)
The Great Witch Craze	302	(1)
The Triumph of Absolute Monarchy: France	303	(5)
``I Am the State''	303	(2)
The Sun King	305	(1)
Mercantilism and War	306	(2)
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe	308	(4)
The New Habsburg Empire	308	(1)
The Rise of the Hohenzollerns	309	(1)
Peter the Great	310	(1)
The Founding of Modern Russia	311	(1)
Constitutional Government: England and the Netherlands	312	(10)
Challenge to Royal Power in England	312	(2)
Cromwell and the English Commonwealth	314	(1)
The First Bill of Rights	315	(1)
The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic	316	(2)
The Rewards of Freedom	318	(1)
Summary	319	(1)
Some Key Terms	319	(1)
Notes	320	(1)
Reading List	320	(2)
Michelangelo's Dome and Newton's Apple The Birth of the Modern Mind	322	(23)
The Beginnings of Modern Political Thought	322	(4)
The Concept of Sovereignty	323	(1)
Hobbes and the Leviathan State	323	(2)
Locke and Government by Consent of the Governed	325	(1)
Expanding Horizons of Art	326	(6)
Baroque Art	327	(2)
Classical Art	329	(1)
Art for the Middle Classes	330	(2)
The Scientific Revolution	332	(5)
The Need for a New Paradigm	332	(1)
The Copernican Breakthrough	333	(2)
Newton and the Law of Gravity	335	(1)
Progress in Other Sciences	336	(1)
Impact of the New Science	337	(8)
The Philosophers of the Scientific Revolution	338	(2)
The Rage for Science	340	(1)
The New Worldview	341	(1)
Summary	342	(1)
Some Key Terms	342	(1)
Notes	342	(1)
Reading List	343	(2)
Empires Beyond the Seas The Rise of Western Imperialism	345	(24)
The Beginnings of Western Imperialism	345	(5)
The World Beyond the West	346	(1)
Motives for Imperial Expansion	346	(2)
The Technology of Empire Building	348	(1)
Phases and Forms of Imperialism	349	(1)
Sixteenth-Century Empires: The Iberian Powers	350	(5)
The Portuguese in Asia	351	(1)
The Spanish in the Americas	352	(1)
The Conquistadors	352	(2)
Spain's American Empire	354	(1)
Seventeenth-Century Empires: The North Atlantic Powers	355	(5)
The Dutch Commercial Empire	356	(1)
The French Mercantilist Empire	357	(1)
The Rise of Britain's World Empire	358	(1)
Russia's Eastward Expansion	359	(1)
Global Impact of Western Expansion	360	(9)
Asian Imports and the African Slave Trade	360	(2)
Produce and Precious Metals from the Americas	362	(1)
Ecological and Demographic Impact	363	(1)
Impact of Western Ideas and Economic Power	364	(1)
The West at the World's Center	365	(1)
Summary	366	(1)
Some Key Terms	366	(1)
Notes	366	(1)
Reading List	367	(2)
PART IV The Eighteenth Century: New Directions	369	(95)
The Pillars of Civilization Europe in the Old Regime	371	(25)
The Great Powers of Europe	371	(6)
France and the Legacy of Louis XIV	373	(2)
Britain and the First Prime Minister	375	(1)
Austria's New Empire	376	(1)
The Rise of Prussia	376	(1)
Russia: The Heritage of Peter the Great	377	(1)
The Power Structure	377	(3)
The Royal Center	378	(1)
Ministers and Servants of the State	378	(1)
Centers of Resistance to Royal Power	379	(1)
Classes and Communities	380	(7)
Aristocracy and Bourgeoisie	380	(1)
Urban Workers and Peasants	381	(2)
Women, Work, and the Family	383	(1)
The Village and the Preindustrial City	384	(2)
The Jewish Community: Persecution and Assimilation	386	(1)
Wars and International Relations	387	(9)
States and Empires	387	(1)
The War of the Austrian Succession	388	(1)
The Seven Years' War	389	(3)
Victims: Poland and Turkey	392	(1)
Summary	393	(1)
Some Key Terms	394	(1)
Notes	394	(1)
Reading List	395	(1)
The Age of Reason The Challenge of the Enlightenment	396	(23)
The Eighteenth-Century Philosophers	397	(5)
Voltaire and the Enlightenment	397	(1)
Philosophes and Saloniers	398	(1)
The Enlightenment Faith in Reason	399	(2)
Nature, Humanity, and Progress	401	(1)
Enlightenment Social Thought	402	(7)
The Enlightenment Critique	402	(1)
Montesquieu and the Powers of Government	403	(1)
Rousseau and the Social Contract	404	(1)
Adam Smith and the Laws of the Free Market	405	(2)
Enlightenment Ideas About Women	407	(1)
Religion and Philosophy	408	(1)
The Enlightened Absolutists	409	(4)
Enlightenment and Absolutism	410	(1)
Frederick the Great	411	(1)
Maria Theresa and Joseph II	412	(1)
Catherine the Great	412	(1)
Eighteenth-Century Culture	413	(6)
Neoclassical and Rococo Art	414	(1)
Middle-Class Realism in the Arts	415	(1)
Popular Culture	415	(1)
Summary	416	(1)
Some Key Terms	417	(1)
Notes	417	(1)
Reading List	417	(2)
Revolutionary Beginnings The American Revolution and the Industrial Revolution	419	(22)
The Agricultural Revolution and the Population Explosion	420	(3)
Agricultural Improvements	420	(1)
Causes of the Population Explosion	421	(1)
Soaring Population Figures	422	(1)
The Industrial Revolution	423	(6)
Causes of the Industrial Revolution	424	(2)
England and the Industrial Takeoff	426	(1)
Cotton, Coal, and Iron	426	(1)
Women in the Industrial Revolution	427	(1)
The Dawn of Modern Industrialism	428	(1)
Political Revolts in Europe	429	(2)
Pressures for Change	429	(1)
Peasant Revolts and Urban Turbulence	429	(2)
Aristocratic Resistance and Bourgeois Agitation	431	(1)
The American Revolution	431	(5)
Seeds of Revolt in North America	432	(1)
Minutemen, Liberty Boys, and the First Continental Congress	433	(1)
The War for Independence	434	(1)
The Oldest Constitution	435	(1)
Colonial Revolts in Latin America	436	(5)
Reforms and Discontents	437	(1)
Indian Uprisings and Slave Revolts	438	(1)
Summary	439	(1)
Some Key Terms	439	(1)
Notes	439	(1)
Reading List	440	(1)
From the Bastille to Waterloo The French Revolution and Napoleon's Empire	441	(23)
The Roots of Crisis	441	(4)
Social Problems of the Old Regime	442	(2)
Economic and Financial Disasters	444	(1)
The Political Crisis of 1789	444	(1)
The Revolution of Liberty, Equality, and Brotherhood	445	(5)
The Estates General	445	(2)
The Fall of the Bastille and the March on Versailles	447	(1)
Dismantling the Old Order	448	(2)
The Reign of the Guillotine	450	(4)
The Committee of Public Safety	450	(1)
The Reign of Terror	451	(1)
The Directory	452	(1)
Women in REvolt	452	(2)
Napoleon's European Empire	454	(10)
The Rise of Napoleon	454	(1)
General Napoleon	455	(2)
Napoleon and France	457	(1)
Napoleon and Europe	458	(1)
The Road to Waterloo, 1815	459	(1)
Summary	460	(1)
Some Key Terms	461	(1)
Notes	461	(1)
Reading List	462	(2)
PART V The Nineteenth Century: Western Supremacy	464	(128)
Power and Principles The Rise of Industrialism and Ideology	466	(27)
The Industrialization of the West	466	(5)
Britain and the Age of Steam	467	(1)
Industrialism Spreads to Europe and the Americas	468	(2)
Power Sources, Transportation, Communication	470	(1)
Free Enterprise and Big Business	471	(4)
The Rise of Free Enterprise	471	(2)
Corporations and Cartels	473	(1)
Economic Integration and Growth	474	(1)
A Changing Society	475	(5)
Classes in Conflict	475	(1)
Population and Migration	476	(1)
The New Industrial City	477	(1)
Women and Work in the Nineteenth Century	477	(2)
A Subculture of Youth	479	(1)
Conservatism and Liberalism	480	(3)
The Conservative Reaction	480	(1)
Nineteenth-Century Liberalism	481	(1)
Democracy and Welfare	482	(1)
Nationalism, Socialism, Feminism	483	(10)
Cultural and Political Nationalism	483	(2)
Chauvinism and Racism	485	(1)
Utopian Socialism and Marxism	486	(1)
The Rise of Social Democracy	487	(1)
The Emergence of Feminism	488	(1)
Summary	489	(1)
Some Key Terms	490	(1)
Notes	490	(1)
Reading List	490	(3)
The Springtime of the Peoples Revolution and Reaction	493	(29)
The Vienna Settlement	493	(6)
The Congress of Vienna	494	(1)
Redrawing the Map of Europe	495	(2)
Restoring the Old Order	497	(1)
The Concert of Europe	498	(1)
Successes and Failures of 1815	498	(1)
1820: The Fringe Revolutions	499	(6)
Rumblings of Discontent	499	(2)
Rebellions in Southern Europe	501	(1)
The Russian Revolution of 1825	502	(1)
The Latin American Wars of Liberation	503	(2)
1830: Revolution Returns to the Center	505	(4)
Unsolved Problems of the Restoration	505	(1)
The July Days in Paris	506	(2)
Britain's Reform Bill of 1832	508	(1)
Other Revolutions of 1830	509	(1)
The Advance of the Revolutionary Spirit	509	(3)
Changes in the Conservative Order	509	(1)
Liberalism and Radicalism in Western Europe	510	(1)
Liberalism and Nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe	511	(1)
Economic and Political Grievances	512	(1)
1848: The Springtime of the Peoples	512	(10)
The Two French Revolutions of 1848	513	(2)
The New Napoleon	515	(1)
The Revolutions of 1848 in Italy	515	(1)
The Revolutions of 1848 in Germany	516	(1)
Revolution Reaches the Land of Metternich	517	(1)
British and Russian Responses to Radicalism	518	(1)
Summary	519	(1)
Some Key Terms	520	(1)
Notes	520	(1)
Reading List	521	(1)
Blood and Iron Reshaping the Nations	522	(24)
Political Changes, East and West	522	(6)
Britain's Era of Reform	523	(1)
France: The Second Empire and the Third Republic	524	(2)
Austria and Russia: Autocracies under Pressure	526	(2)
The Birth of Two New Nations	528	(5)
Cavour and the Unification of Italy	528	(2)
Bismarck and the Unification of Germany	530	(2)
Bismarck's Later Policies	532	(1)
The Evolving Americas	533	(4)
Democracy and Division in the United States	533	(2)
The Civil War and the Gilded Age	535	(1)
Caudillos and Centralization in Latin America	536	(1)
The Drive for Social Change	537	(9)
Social Reforms: Voting, Work, Education	538	(1)
The Labor Movement	539	(1)
The Women's Movement	540	(1)
The Jews: Assimilation and Antisemitism	541	(2)
Summary	543	(1)
Some Key Terms	544	(1)
Notes	544	(1)
Reading List	544	(2)
Byron's Heart, Darwin's Ape, and Van Gogh's Ear Romanticism, Materialism, and Nonrationalism	546	(21)
Romanticism: The Triumph of the Heart	547	(6)
The Primacy of Emotion	547	(1)
The Romantic World-view	548	(1)
Romantic Rebellion in Literature	549	(2)
Art Full of Action and Color	551	(1)
Music from Beethoven to Bayreuth	552	(1)
Philosophy in the Romantic Age	553	(1)
Materialism: The Triumph of Reality	553	(6)
Philosophical Materialism	553	(1)
Scientific Breakthroughs in the Age of Darwin	554	(2)
Social Darwinism and Positivism	556	(1)
Realism and Naturalism in Fiction	557	(2)
Realism and Impressionism in Art	559	(1)
The New Nonrationalism	559	(8)
The Rejection of Materialism	560	(1)
Freud and Psychoanalysis	560	(1)
Nietzsche and the Death of God	561	(1)
Nonrational Forces	562	(1)
Fin-de-Siecle Art and Literature	563	(1)
Summary	564	(1)
Some Key Terms	565	(1)
Notes	565	(1)
Reading List	565	(2)
Empires on Which the Sun Never Sets The Climax of Western Imperialism	567	(25)
The New Imperialism	568	(3)
Forms of Imperialism	568	(1)
Causes of the New Imperialism	569	(1)
The Tools of the New Imperialism	570	(1)
The Western Predominance in Asia	571	(7)
The Eastern Question	572	(1)
British India	573	(1)
Colonizing Southeast Asia	574	(1)
Opening Up China	575	(2)
Japan Joins the Imperialists	577	(1)
The Western Conquest of Africa	578	(4)
The Pattern of Western Penetration	578	(1)
British Indirect Rule: Cape to Cairo	578	(3)
French Assimilation: West Africa	581	(1)
Other African Colonies	582	(1)
Internal Imperialism	582	(3)
The Continental Countries	582	(1)
Conditions for Conquest	583	(1)
Destruction of Non-Western Societies	583	(2)
The Impact of the New Imperialism	585	(7)
Imperialism and the West	585	(2)
Imperialism and the Non-Western World	587	(1)
Summary	588	(1)
Some Key Terms	589	(1)
Notes	589	(1)
Reading List	590	(2)
PART VI The Twentieth Century: The West in a Changing World	592	(189)
The Trenches and the Barricades World War I and the Russian Revolution	594	(23)
The Turn of the Century	594	(4)
Society and Politics	595	(1)
Chauvinists in Germany, Bolsheviks in Russia	596	(1)
The Progressive Movement in the United States	597	(1)
Origins of World War I	598	(3)
Causes of Conflict	598	(1)
Two Armed Camps	599	(1)
The Chain of Crises	600	(1)
The Great War, 1914-1918	601	(5)
Campaigns and Battles of World War I	601	(2)
Trench Warfare	603	(1)
The Home Front	604	(1)
Turning Points	604	(2)
The Russian Revolution of 1917	606	(3)
The February Revolution	606	(1)
The October Revolution	607	(1)
Enemies of the Revolution	607	(1)
Civil War and Communist Victory	608	(1)
The Peace of Paris	609	(8)
The Fall of the Last Emperors	609	(2)
A War-Shaken World	611	(1)
The Peacemakers	612	(1)
The Treaty of Versailles	613	(1)
The League of Nations	613	(1)
Summary	614	(1)
Some Key Terms	615	(1)
Notes	615	(1)
Reading List	615	(2)
Tomorrow the World Depression and Dictatorship	617	(27)
The Western Economy Between the Wars	617	(4)
Overproduction and the World Economy	618	(1)
The Role of the United States	618	(2)
The Great Depression	620	(1)
The Democracies Between the Wars	621	(5)
FDR and the New Deal	621	(3)
Britain: A Diminishing Pie	624	(1)
France Muddles Through	624	(1)
Weathering the Crisis	625	(1)
Nazis and Fascists	626	(5)
Totalitarianism	626	(1)
Mussolini and Fascist Italy	627	(1)
The Rise of Hitler	628	(2)
Building the Thousand-Year Reich	630	(1)
Communists, Militarists, and Other Dictators	631	(6)
Stalin and the Five-Year Plans	631	(3)
Stalinist Terror: The Purges and the Gulag	634	(1)
Dictatorship Around the World	635	(2)
A Society of Subcultures	637	(7)
The Consumer Society	637	(1)
Work Modes and Mass Culture	638	(1)
Women in Democracies and Authoritarian States	639	(1)
The Conflict of Generations	640	(1)
Summary	641	(1)
Some Key Terms	642	(1)
Notes	642	(1)
Reading List	642	(2)
From Blitzkrieg to Hiroshima World War II Divides the Century	644	(24)
Aggression and Appeasement	644	(6)
Aggression in China, Ethiopia, and Spain	646	(1)
Hitler in the Rhineland and Austria	647	(1)
The Axis, Munich, and the Hitler-Stalin Pact	648	(2)
Axis Victories, 1939-1942	650	(5)
Hitler's Blitzkrieg	650	(3)
The Battle of Britain	653	(1)
The Invasion of Russia	654	(1)
Pearl Harbor	654	(1)
Allied Triumphs, 1942-1945	655	(6)
Turning Points	655	(2)
Building Momentum: Russia, Africa, and Italy	657	(1)
D-Day in Western Europe	658	(2)
Across the Pacific	660	(1)
Unconditional Surrender, 1945	660	(1)
The Human Cost	661	(7)
The Home Front	661	(1)
The Air War	662	(1)
Repression and Resistance	663	(1)
Hitler's ``Final Solution''	663	(1)
The Holocaust	664	(1)
Summary	665	(1)
Some Key Terms	666	(1)
Notes	666	(1)
Reading List	666	(2)
A World Divided The Cold War and the End of the Western Empires	668	(31)
The Iron Curtain Descends	668	(8)
The United Nations	662	(8)
A Split in the Western World	670	(2)
Stalin's Domination of Eastern Europe	672	(2)
Mao's China, Korea and Vietnam Divided	674	(2)
Organizing the Cold War	676	(1)
The Long Twilight Struggle	676	(8)
Kennedy and Khrushchev: Hungary, Berlin, Cuba	678	(2)
Challenges in Czechoslovakia and Chile	680	(2)
Interventions in Vietnam and Afghanistan	682	(1)
Continuing Conflict around the World	683	(1)
Winding Down the Cold War	684	(2)
Detente and Disarmament	684	(1)
The End of the Cold War	685	(1)
Colonies on the Eve of Independence	686	(3)
Development and Independence Movements	686	(1)
World War II and the Overseas Empires	687	(1)
A New Generation of Leaders	688	(1)
The End of the Western Empires	689	(10)
The Liberation of India and Pakistan	689	(1)
End of Empire in Southeast Asia	690	(1)
Israel and the Arab Nations	690	(2)
Algeria and French West Africa	692	(1)
British Africa---Ghana to Kenya	693	(1)
The Congo and Southern Africa	694	(1)
South Africa and Apartheid	694	(2)
Summary	696	(1)
Some Key Terms	696	(1)
Notes	697	(1)
Reading List	697	(2)
Fat Years, Lean Years An Age of Affluence and Uncertainty	699	(32)
Political Trends in the U.S and Western Europe, 1940s-1990s	700	(10)
The United States: Fair Deal to Great Society	700	(2)
America's Conservative Resurgence	702	(1)
Sound and Fury in the 1990s	703	(1)
The New Germany: Democracy and Prosperity	704	(1)
France: Gaullism to Socialism	705	(2)
Britain: Welfare State to Enterprise Culture	707	(1)
Western Europe: Prosperity and Problems North and South	708	(2)
The Nations of the Commonwealth Face New Challenges	710	(1)
Political Trends in the USSR and Eastern Europe, 1940s-1990s	710	(4)
The Soviet Union: The Thaw and the Cadres	710	(1)
The Soviet Satellite States Survive	711	(1)
The Gorbachev Revolution in the Soviet Union	712	(1)
The Revolutions of 1989 in the Satellite States	713	(1)
The Disintegration of the Soviet Union, 1990-1991	713	(1)
The Western Economy: Welfare Capitalism	714	(8)
The United States and the Postwar Recovery	715	(2)
The Long Boom in the Capitalist West, 1950s-1970s	717	(2)
The Lean Years in the Capitalist West, 1970s-1990s	719	(2)
A High-Tech World	721	(1)
Western Society: Shifting Foundations	722	(9)
Population Growth, Migration, and the Changing City	722	(1)
Growth of the Welfare State	723	(1)
Middle Class, Working Class, Underclass	724	(1)
Ethnicity in the West	725	(1)
A Wider Choice for Women	726	(1)
The Youth: Militance and Withdrawl	727	(1)
Summary	728	(1)
Some Key Terms	728	(1)
Notes	728	(1)
Reading List	729	(2)
All Coherence Gone A Revolution in Western Culture	731	(27)
The Second Scientific Revolution	731	(6)
Matter and Energy	732	(1)
Relativity and Cosmology	733	(2)
Biology and Psychology	735	(1)
New Paradigms	736	(1)
Upheaval in Religion and Philosophy	737	(4)
Secularism and Salvation	737	(1)
Positivism and Pragmatism	738	(1)
Existentialism	739	(1)
From Structuralism to Deconstruction	740	(1)
Writers in Revolt	741	(6)
The Modernist Rebellion	741	(1)
Experimental Fiction	741	(2)
Plays and Poetry in the Waste Land	743	(1)
The Dada-Surrealist Stream	744	(1)
From Socialist Realism to Magical Realism	745	(1)
Late Modernism and Postmodernism	746	(1)
Artistic Experiments	747	(11)
Testing the Limits	747	(1)
The Evolution of Modernist Art	748	(1)
Modern Sculpture and Architecture	749	(1)
Modern Music and Dance	750	(2)
The Emerging Art of the Film	752	(3)
Summary	755	(1)
Some Key Terms	755	(1)
Notes	756	(1)
Reading List	756	(2)
Towards 2000 The West and the World at the End of the Millennium	758	(23)
The West and the Developing Nations	759	(5)
Defining the Third World	760	(1)
Old Agendas and Pressures for Change	761	(1)
Capital, Trade, Aid, and Loans	762	(1)
Women, Emancipation, and Poverty	763	(1)
The Roots of Non-Western Poverty	764	(1)
The West and the Non-Western Powers	764	(7)
Latin American Development	765	(1)
Leadership and Conflict in the Middle East	766	(2)
Japan as an Economic Powerhouse	768	(1)
The Tiger Economies: South Korea to Singapore	769	(1)
The Future of China and India	770	(1)
The West and a World in Disarray	771	(3)
Anxieties, Fears---and Anger	772	(1)
Economic Problems	772	(1)
Social Difficulties	773	(1)
Creeds in Conflict	774	(1)
The West and a Planet at Risk	774	(2)
The Population Explosion Roars On	774	(1)
Pollution and Dwindling Resources	775	(1)
The Environmental Crisis	775	(1)
Toward a New World Order?	776	(5)
A Watershed in Human Events	777	(1)
The Pax Americana	777	(1)
The Coming Boom	778	(1)
Shared Goals and Common Institutions	779	(2)
Summary	781	(1)
Some Key Terms	781	(1)
Notes	781	(1)
Reading List	781
Glossary	G-1
Index	I-1