The West's Road to 9/11 offers a detailed explanation of the handling of the challenge of terrorism by the USA, the UK and the West over the last thirty years. David Carlton contends that anti-terrorist rhetoric by the Governments of the West frequently masked indifference to the activities of many practitioners of non-state violence; and that in the case of the United States it did not hesitate even to sponsor those terrorist movements if deemed supportive of its wider geopolitical objectives.

David Carlton is a Senior Lecturer in International Studies at the University of Warwick.

List of Abbreviations

vii

Preface

ix

Part One: Introduction

1

(12)

Part Two: The 1970's: Appeasing Terrorism

13

(106)

Chapter 1 1970: The West's First Major Test

15

(24)

Chapter 2 The 1970's: The West's Collective Response to Terrorism Following Dawson's Field

39

(8)

Chapter 3 Rewarding the Palestinians

47

(17)

Chapter 4 Appeasing Two European Insurgencies

64

(24)

Introduction

64

(1)

Northern Ireland

64

(16)

The ETA insurgency

80

(8)

Chapter 5 Equivocal West European Responses to 1968-Inspired Terrorism

88

(21)

Introduction

88

(1)

West Germany and the Rote Armee Fraktion

89

(7)

Italy and the Red Brigades

96

(6)

The Netherlands and the South Moluccans

102

(7)

Chapter 6 Appeasing Iran as a Sponsor of Terrorism: The Tehran Embassy Occupation

109

(10)

Part Three: The 1980's: Resisting, Appeasing and Sponsoring Terrorism

119

(70)

Chapter 7 The 1980's: The West's Collective Response to Terrorism

121

(7)

Chapter 8 The 1980's: Resisting Terrorism

128

(13)

Naming and shaming the US's terrorist enemies

128

(2)

The US assault on Libya

130

(5)

US backing for counterterrorist measures in Central America

135

(6)

Chapter 9 The 1980's: Appeasing Terrorism

141

(31)

The Middle East: the West on the run

141

(9)

Southern Africa: U-turns in Washington and London

150

(10)

Northern Ireland: Thatcher the irresolute

160

(7)

Salman Rushdie

167

(5)

Chapter 10 The 1980's: Encouraging and Sponsoring Terrorism

172

(17)

Afghanistan

172

(7)

Nicaragua and the Iran/Contra affair

179

(10)

Part Four: The 1990's: A Schizophrenic Decade

189

(66)

Chapter 11 The 1990's: Business-as-Usual: Resisting, Appeasing and Sponsoring Terrorism

191

(38)

Introduction

191

(3)

The West's recognition of Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia

194

(4)

Afghanistan and Pakistan

198

(5)

Somalia

203

(4)

Northern Ireland

207

(9)

Kosovo

216

(13)

Chapter 12 The 1990's: Business-not-as-Usual: In Awe of Terrorism

229

(26)

Introduction

229

(1)

The New York City conspirators

229

(4)

The targeting of airliners by the 'New Terrorists'

233

(4)

Chemical and biological terrorism in Japan

237

(4)

Oklahoma City

241

(4)

Islam-related assaults on US personnel overseas

245

(10)

Part Five: Conclusion

255

(24)

Chapter 13 9/11 as a Catalyst for Consistency?

257

(22)

The West's initial response to 9/11

257

(1)

The longer-term Western response to 9/11

258

(8)

Towards a Neo-Metternichian international system?

266

(13)

Bibliography

279

(7)

Index

286

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