What the Face Reveals Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

by Ekman, Paul; Rosenberg, Erika L.

• ISBN13: 9780195179644
• ISBN10: 0195179641
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-14
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

While we have known for centuries that facial expressions can reveal what people are thinking and feeling, it is only recently that the face has been studied scientifically for what it can tell us about internal states, social behavior, and psychopathology. Today's widely available,sophisticated measuring systems have allowed us to conduct a wealth of new research on facial behavior that has contributed enormously to our understanding of the relationship between facial expression and human psychology. The chapters in this volume present the state-of-the-art in this research.They address key topics and questions, such as the dynamic and morphological differences between voluntary and involuntary expressions, the relationship between what people show on their faces and what they say they feel, whether it is possible to use facial behavior to draw distinctions amongpsychiatric populations, and how far research on automating facial measurement has progressed. The book also includes follow-up commentary on all of the original research presented and a concluding integration and critique of all the contributions made by Paul Ekman. As an essential reference for all those working in the area of facial analysis and expression, this volume will be indispensable for a wide range of professionals and students in the fields of psychology, psychiatry, and behavioral medicine.

Author Biography

Paul Ekman was a Professor of Psychology for 32 years in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California at San Francisco. He also served as chief psychologist in the U.S. Army, Fort Dix New Jersey from 1958-1960. His interests have focused on two separate, but related topics: He originally focused on nonverbal behavior, and by the mid-60s concentrated on the expression and physiology of emotion. His other interest is interpersonal deception. His research program was supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the DOD, loosely affiliated with UCSF. His many honors have included the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association in 1991, and an honorary doctor of humane letters from the University of Chicago in 1994. Dr. Ekman retired from UCSF in 2004. He currently serves as the chairman of the board of the Institute of Analytic Interviewing and continues to consult on research and training related to emotion and deception. Erika Rosenberg is an emotions researcher, a health psychologist, and an expert in facial expression measurement. Dr. Rosenberg currently consults with a variety of academic and non-academic clients on issues related to facial behavior, teaches workshops in FACS and emotional communication, and is a Lecturer in the Department of Psychology at the University of California, Davis.

Table of Contents

Foreword	v
M. BREWSTER SMITH
Contributors	xix
Introduction: The Study of Spontaneous Facial Expressions in Psychology	3	(16)
ERIKA L. ROSENBERG
Part One Basic Research on Emotion	19	(408)
1 Is the Startle Reaction an Emotion?	21	(19)
PAUL EKMAN, WALLACE V. FRIESEN, RONALD C. SIMONS
Afterword: The Startle and Emotion	36	(1)
PAUL EKMAN
Afterword: FACS in the Study of the Latah Syndrome	38	(1)
RONALD C. SIMONS
2 The Asymmetry of Facial Actions Is Inconsistent with Models of Hemispheric Specialization	40	(23)
JOSEPH C. HAGER, PAUL EKMAN
Afterword: Asymmetry in Facial Muscular Actions	58	(1)
JOSEPH C. HAGER
3 Coherence Between Expressive and Experiential Systems in Emotion	63	(26)
ERIKA L. ROSENBERG, PAUL EKMAN
Afterword: Emotions as Unified Responses	86	(1)
ERIKA L. ROSENBERG
4 Will the Real Relationship Between Facial Expression and Affective Experience Please Stand Up: The Case of Exhilaration	89	(23)
WILLIBALD RUCH
Afterword: The FACS in Humor Research	109	(1)
WILLIBALD RUCH
5 Extraversion, Alcohol, and Enjoyment	112	(21)
WILLIBALD RUCH
Afterword: Laughter and Temperament	131	(1)
WILLIBALD RUCH
6 Signs of Appeasement: Evidence for the Distinct Displays of Embarrassment, Amusement, and Shame	133	(28)
DACHER KELTNER
Afterword: The Forms and Functions of Embarrassment	158	(1)
DACHER KELTNER
7 Genuine, Suppressed, and Faked Facial Behavior During Exacerbation of Chronic Low Back Pain	161	(20)
KENNETH D. CRAIG, SUSAN A. HYDE, CHRISTOPHER J. PATRICK
Afterword: On Knowing Another's Pain	178	(1)
KENNETH D. CRAIG
8 The Consistency of Facial Expressions of Pain: A Comparison Across Modalities	181	(20)
KENNETH M. PRKACHIN
Afterword: The Consistency of Facial Expressions of Pain	198	(1)
KENNETH M. PRKACHIN
9 Smiles When Lying	201	(16)
PAUL EKMAN, WALLACE V. FRIESEN, MAUREEN O'SULLIVAN
Afterword: Smiles When Lying	215	(1)
PAUL EKMAN
10 Behavioral Markers and Recognizability of the Smile of Enjoyment	217	(26)
MARK G. FRANK, PAUL EKMAN, WALLACE V. FRIESEN
Afterword: Some Thoughts on FACS, Dynamic Markers of Emotion, and Baseball	239	(1)
MARK G. FRANK
11 Components and Recognition of Facial Expression in the Communication of Emotion by Actors	243	(28)
PIERRE GOSSELIN, GILLES KIROUAC, FRANCSOIS Y. DORE
Afterword: Components and Recognition of Facial Expression in the Communication of Emotion by Actors	268	(1)
PIERRE GOSSELIN, GILLES KIROUAC
12 Differentiating Emotion Elicited and Deliberate Emotional Facial Expressions	271	(18)
URSULA HESS, ROBERT E. KLECK
Afterword: Objective Differences versus Observers' Ratings	287	(1)
URSULA HESS
13 Japanese and American Infants' Responses to Arm Restraint	289	(13)
LINDA A. CAMRAS, HARRIET OSTER, JOSEPH J. CAMPOS, KAZUO MIYAKE, DONNA BRADSHAW
Afterword: The Cross-Cultural Study of Infant Facial Expressions	300	(1)
LINDA A. CAMRAS
14 Differential Facial Responses to Four Basic Tastes in Newborns	302	(26)
DIANA ROSENSTEIN, HARRIET OSTER
Afterword: Facial Expression as a Window on Sensory Experience and Affect in Newborn Infants	320	(1)
HARRIET OSTER
15 All Smiles Are Positive, but Some Smiles Are More Positive Than Others	328	(26)
DANIEL MESSINGER, ALAN FOGEL, K. LAURIE DICKSON
Afterword: A Measure of Early Joy?	350	(1)
DANIEL S. MESSINGER
16 Signal Characteristics of Spontaneous Facial Expressions: Automatic Movement in Solitary and Social Smiles	354	(17)
KAREN L. SCHMIDT, JEFFREY F. COHN, YINGLI TIAN
17 Automated Face Analysis by Feature Point Tracking Has High Concurrent Validity With Manual FACS Coding	371	(22)
JEFFREY F. COHN, ADENA J. ZLOCHOWER, JAMES LIEN, TAKEO KANADE
Afterword: Automated Analysis of the Configuration and Timing of Facial Expression	388	(1)
JEFFREY F. COHN
18 Toward Automatic Recognition of Spontaneous Facial Actions	393	(34)
MARIAN STEWART BARTLETT, JAVIER R. MOVELLAN, GWEN LITTLEWORT, BJONR BRAATHEN, MARK G. FRANK, TERRENCE J. SEJNOWSKI
Afterword: The Next Generation of Automatic Facial Expression Measurement	413	(1)
JAVIER R. MOVELLAN, MARIAN STEWART BARTLETT
Part Two Applied Research	427	(178)
19 Facial Expression in Affective Disorders	429	(12)
PAUL EKMAN, DAVID MATSUMOTO, WALLACE V. FRIESEN
Afterword: Depression and Expression	440	(1)
PAUL EKMAN
20 Emotional Experience and Expression in Schizophrenia and Depression	441	(18)
HOWARD BERENBAUM, THOMAS F. OLTMANNS
Afterword: Emotion, Facial Expression, and Psychopathology	456	(1)
HOWARD BERENBAUM, LAURA NISENSON
21 Interaction Regulations Used by Schizophrenic and Psychosomatic Patients: Studies on Facial Behavior in Dyadic Interactions	459	(25)
EVELYNE STEIMER-KRAUSE, RAINER KRAUSE, GUNTER WAGNER
Afterword: Interaction Regulations Used by Schizophrenic and Psychosomatic Patients	479	(1)
RAINER KRAUSE
22 Nonverbal Expression of Psychological States in Psychiatric Patients	484	(12)
HEINER ELLGRING
Afterword: Nonverbal Expression of Psychological States in Psychiatric Patients	493	(1)
HEINER ELLGRING
23 Depression and Suicide Faces	496	(16)
MICHAEL HELLER, VERONIQUE HAYNAL
Afterword: Perspectives for Studies of Psychopathology and Psychotherapy	506	(1)
MICHAEL HELLER, VERONIQUE HAYNAL
24 Protypical Affective Microsequences in Psychotherapeutic Interaction	512	(20)
EVA BANNINGER-HUBER
Afterword: From PAMS to TRAPS: Investigating Guilt Feelings with FACS	529	(1)
EVA BANNINGER-HUBER
25 Facial Expressions of Emotion and Psychopathology in Adolescent Boys	532	(19)
DACHER KELTNER, TERRIE E. MOFFITT, MAGDA STOUTHAMER-LOEBER
Afterword: Facial Expression, Personality, and Psychopathology	548	(1)
DACHER KELTNER
26 Type A Behavior Pattern: Facial Behavior and Speech Components	551	(16)
MARGARET A. CHESNEY, PAUL EKMAN, WALLACE V. FRIESEN, GEORGE W. BLACK, MICHAEL H. L. HECKER
Afterword: Type A and Facial Behavior	565	(1)
PAUL EKMAN, ERIKA L. ROSENBERG, MARGARET CHESNEY
27 Linkages Between Facial Expressions of Anger and Transient Myocardial Ischemia in Men with Coronary Artery Disease	567	(16)
ERIKA L. ROSENBERG, PAUL EKMAN, WEI JIANG, MICHAEL BABYAK, R. EDWARD COLEMAN, MICHAEL HANSON, CHRISTOPHER O'CONNOR, ROBERT WAUGH, JAMES A. BLUMENTHAL
Afterword: Facial Expression and Emotion in the Study of Heart Disease	580	(1)
ERIKA L. ROSENBERG
28 Effects of Smoking Opportunity on Cue-Elicited Urge: A Facial Coding Analysis	583	(22)
MICHAEL A. SAYETTE, JOAN M. WERTZ, CHRISTOPHER S. MARTIN, JEFFREY F. COHN, MICHAEL A PERROTT, JILL HOBEL
Afterword: Using FACS to Identify Contextual Factors Influencing Craving	603	(1)
MICHAEL SAYETTE
Conclusion: What We Have Learned by Measuring Facial Behavior: Further Comments and Clarifications	605	(22)
PAUL EKMAN
Index	627