Scholars continue to study the origins of fundamentalist religion in the twentieth-century. The importance of this study is evident to all who would seek to understand the complex political and religious currents influencing the modern world. This study focuses on the Emergence of Protestant fundamentalism in Los Angeles, beginning with late nineteenth-century trends towards religious radicalism and culminating in the splitting of radical and moderate fundamentalist groups an the Bible Institute of Los Angeles in the late 1920s. Highlighted in this study are the complex tensions between mainline Protestants and an emerging sectarian trend among those who would become militant fundamentalist, which continues to shape Protestant religion today.

Daniel W. Draney is and adjunct instructor in the field of American Religious History at Fuller Seminary, where he received his PhD in 1996

Foreword	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
MacInnis and the Historiography of Fundamentalism	p. 4
Scholarly Sources	p. 5
Popular Sources	p. 11
Goals of This Study	p. 13
The Nature of This Work	p. 13
Defining Fundamentalism	p. 15
Primary Arguments and Issues	p. 20
John Murdoch MacInnis: Higher Fundamentalist	p. 24
Early Life and Influences	p. 25
Canadian Roots	p. 25
A Cleansing of Ways	p. 29
MacInnis and Moody Bible Institute	p. 29
Moody Bible Institute and the Evangelical Experience	p. 32
A Presbyterian Parson	p. 35
Ordination	p. 35
Pastorates: The Early Years, 1897-1909	p. 36
MacInnis, Torrey, and the Montrose Bible Conference	p. 38
Pastorates: The Later Years, 1910-1922	p. 40
Educational Advancement	p. 45
Conclusions	p. 52
Biola: The Origins and Educational Ideology of an American Bible School, 1908-1918	p. 57
The Bible Institute Idea	p. 58
Dwight L. Moody and the Origins of an Idea	p. 58
From Moody to Biola: Changing Perspectives	p. 62
Lyman Stewart and the Ideological Origins of Biola	p. 65
Formation of the Bible Institute of Los Angeles	p. 72
Education at Biola	p. 75
Knowledge of the Bible	p. 76
Use of the Bible	p. 82
Transforming Ideals	p. 83
John Murdoch MacInnis and the Transformation of the Bible Institute Ideal, 1919-1929	p. 85
Curriculum Transformation at the Bible Institute of Los Angeles	p. 88
How the Bible Ideal Functioned to Limit Curricular Change	p. 88
Broadening the Vision of Bible School Training	p. 92
John Murdoch MacInnis and the New Curriculum	p. 96
Changes in Leadership, 1923-1924	p. 100
The Passing of the Old Guard	p. 100
A New Administration	p. 103
John MacInnis: Liberal Arts Progressive or Bible School Idealist?	p. 105
Other Changes that Affected Bible Institute Ideals: The Effects of Institutionalization	p. 112
Mission Agency or Training School?	p. 113
Postscript	p. 117
The MacInnis Controversy in Los Angeles, 1925-1927	p. 118
Introduction	p. 118
Assessing Fundamentalism in Southern California	p. 119
Emerging Fundamentalist Sectarianism at Biola	p. 123
The Decline of Cooperative Church Relationships	p. 127
MacInnis and the Restitution of Goodwill Between Los Angeles Churches and Biola	p. 132
The Emergence of Local Opposition to MacInnis	p. 134
MacInnis and the World's Christian Fundamentals Association	p. 134
MacInnis and Fundamentalist Attitudes Toward Evolution	p. 139
MacInnis and Premillennial Dispensationalism	p. 144
From Local Opposition to National Controversy	p. 153
A Fractured Front: The MacInnis Controversy, 1927-1929	p. 154
The New Policy and the Problem of Militancy	p. 154
E. Stanley Jones and Biola's Loss of Credibility	p. 160
A Revival of the Moody Spirit	p. 165
Peter the Fisherman Philosopher	p. 176
Beginnings of the Controversy	p. 178
Responses to the Growing Crisis	p. 185
Divisions in the Fundamentalist Camp	p. 188
Bible School and Independent Fundamentalist Support	p. 189
Interdenominational Moderate Evangelical Support	p. 193
Mainline Protestant Support	p. 195
The Final Days of the MacInnis Administration	p. 200
Resolution of the Controversy	p. 206
Aftermath	p. 211
Peter the Fisherman Philosopher: Toward an Historical Interpretation	p. 213
On the Origin of Peter the Fisherman Philosopher	p. 213
On the Purpose of Peter the Fisherman Philosopher	p. 218
On Peter the Fisherman Philosopher as Literature	p. 222
Attitudes	p. 222
Literary Style	p. 223
Doctrinal Controversy	p. 227
Higher Fundamentalism: Truth Out There Or Truth Mediated Through Experience?	p. 227
Atonement	p. 230
Revelation and Inspiration	p. 234
Christianity and Culture	p. 238
Concluding Remarks	p. 241
The MacInnis Controversy and American Protestant Fundamentalism: A Concluding Postscript	p. 244
Bibliography	p. 251
Primary Sources	p. 251
Special Collections	p. 251
Miscellaneous Literature	p. 251
Periodical Literature	p. 252
Newspapers	p. 252
Books	p. 252
Secondary Sources	p. 254
Books	p. 254
Articles	p. 259
Thesis Literature	p. 263
Miscellaneous Literature	p. 264
Index of Persons and Subjects	p. 265
List of Illustrations
Photograph of MacInnis	p. 46
Facade of Biola	p. 65
Photograph of T. C. Horton	p. 73
Larkin Charts Advertisement	p. 77
Photograph of Reuben Torrey	p. 81
A "Gospel Car" of the 1920s	p. 87
Picture of Biola on the Bible	p. 89
Premillennial Illustration	p. 145
Apostasy Cartoon	p. 158
Photograph of G. Campbell Morgan	p. 170
Science and Philosophy Cartoon	p. 181
Los Angeles Times Article	p. 210
Cover of The King's Business, January 1914	p. 215
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